星载数字多波束相控阵天线若干关键技术研究
|
摘要
多波束天线技术是提高卫星通信容量和覆盖性能的一项关键技术。随着数字信号处理器件和微波单片集成电路(MMIC)技术的发展,数字多波束相控阵天线技术应用于LEO卫星移动通信系统已成为可能。星载天线多波束赋形技术、射频通道间的幅相误差分析和校正以及DBF系统的非线性失真特性分析与测试等是数字多波束相控阵天线系统设计和实现的关键技术,这些关键技术的解决对星载数字多波束相控阵天线系统的研制起着重要的作用。本文针对这几项关键技术进行了研究。
在LEO卫星移动通信系统中,“等通量”覆盖和最佳波束赋形是提高星载天线覆盖效率、保证最大系统容量的关键技术。与接收天线的波束赋形不同,发射天线的波束赋形除了满足主、旁瓣的要求外,还必须考虑阵列幅度加权对功率放大器效率的不利影响。论文提出了一种有限幅度加权的波束赋形新方法,并采用双重编码遗传算法实现阵列加权矢量的优化。通过有限位长的二进制编码把阵列加权矢量的幅度离散化来实现有限幅度加权,使幅度加权值仅仅在几个离散的台阶上变化,缩小了搜索空间,提高了算法的收敛速度;同时对阵列加权矢量的相位采用实数编码,保持了解的精确性。为了克服遗传算法的“早熟”,在采用自适应交叉和变异概率的基础上,提出一种“物种多样性”选择保留策略,使算法更有把握达到全局最优解或准全局最优解。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法能够在赋形波束的低旁瓣特性和功率放大器的高效率之间取得较好的折衷。
射频通道间的幅相误差对DBF系统的性能有着重要影响,是DBF系统研究的一个热点。通常考虑幅相误差对DBF系统旁瓣电平、波束指向、方向图增益等性能指标的影响。近年来,误差矢量幅度(EVM)作为评估通信系统的信号调制质量的一个指标,已经在许多商业标准中获得了应用,它表征了实际测量信号与参考信号之间的误差。论文以EVM指标为评估对象,利用概率统计的方法分析了DBF系统射频通道间的幅相误差对通信信号调制性能的影响,并通过仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。研究表明,引入EVM指标不仅可以更加全面地反映DBF系统幅相误差所引起的传输信号的损伤,而且可以简化DBF系统测试的复杂度。
在多变的空间环境中,射频通道的幅相特性会随着温度、时间的变化而改变,因此,DBF系统中通道间的幅相误差必须进行实时校正。在研究几种常用的星地环路校正技术的基础上,提出了一种m/WH复合正交码的星地环路校正新方法,研究表明该方法具有更好的鲁棒性;并进一步针对LEO卫星通信系统中附加路径损耗对校正性能的影响进行了仿真分析。
在星载相控阵天线系统中,虽然星地环路校正方法可以较好地实现通道间的幅相误差的校正,但是校正系数的获得容易受到星地链路的影响。因此,论文提出了一种校正DBF系统发射射频通道幅相误差的星上校正方法,该方法在发射通道中同时注入多路正交码变换的校正测试信号,通过接收多路发射机输出的合成信号,在基带校正算法单元利用正交码的时间相关性和IDFT并行处理方法,同时得到多路射频通道的校正系数。仿真实验结果表明该方法可以有效地实现发射射频通道幅相误差的校正。
发射组件是有源相控阵天线系统的核心部件,而发射组件的功率放大器又是发射组件的最关键部件,也是有源相控阵天线系统的最基本和最重要的部件。它直接决定了有源相控阵天线系统的性能和可靠性。它也是星载数字(发射)多波束相控阵天线系统中非线性失真的主要来源,非线性产生的带内失真和带外失真将直接影响DBF系统的性能。本文首先针对多波束系统,建立了表征互调波束特性的数学模型,对三阶互调波束进行了仿真分析;然后,通过ADS软件,构建了DBF系统级仿真模型,结合CDMA以及OFDM通信体制,分析了DBF系统发射机的带外和带内失真特性以及多波束的非线性失真特性,给出了相应的仿真结果。进一步研究了末级滤波器对DBF系统发射机非线性失真特性的影响。研究表明,末级滤波器可以有效抑制带外失真特性,但同时会导致带内失真的上升;与带内失真的上升相比,其带外失真特性的改善更具吸引力。DBF系统级的仿真分析可以更加全面有效地评估系统性能,降低设计风险,为星载DBF系统的工程实现提供参考与依据。
Multi-beam antenna is a key technique to increase satellite communication system's capability and antenna coverage rate. With the development of digital signal processing device and microwave monolithic integrated circuit(MMIC) technology makes it impossible to using digital multi-beam phased array technique in LEO satellite mobile communication system. Multi-beam antenna beam shaping technology, radio frequency channels' amplitude and phase errors analysis and correction, as well as nonlinearity distortion analysis of power amplifiers are key techniques in design and analysis of satellite digital multi-beam phased array antenna system. In this paper, these key techniques have been studied.
In LEO satellite communication system, "iso-flux" illumination and beam shaping are key techniques of improving antenna coverage rate and communication capability. Different from the receiving beam shaping , for the transmitting beam shaping, the effects of the amplitude weighted on power amplifiers' efficiency must be considered. In this paper, a transmitting beam shaping scheme with limited amplitude weighted values is presented. The array weighted vectors' optimization are implemented by a dual coding genetic algorithm. Phase and amplitude of array weighted vectors are encoded by real coding and finite bit length binary coding, respectively, which, reduces the amplitude dynamic range and improves the power amplifiers' efficiency . In order to overcome the prematurity and obtain better global optimization or quasi-global optimization, a new dual coding genetic algorithm based on "species diversity retention" strategy and adaptive crossover and mutation probability is presented. The presented method can gain the tradeoff between lower sidelobe and higher power amplifiers' efficiency.
Amplitude and phase errors among radio frequency channels have always been a research focus and have a critical effect on DBF system's performance. Usually, the sidelobe level, beam pointing and pattern gain are considered. In recent years, error vector magnitude (EVM), which has been applied to many commercial standards, is used widely to evaluate and analyze the communication system performance and characterizes the error between the actual signal and reference signal. So in this paper, evaluating the effects of amplitude and phase errors on DBF system performance by EVM parameter is presented and validated by computer simulation. The research shows the introduction of EVM can fully describe the transmission signal's impairment due to amplitude and phase errors and simplify the testing complexity of DBF system.
In changeable space environment, amplitude and phase errors among radio frequency channels need to be calibrated frequently and quickly since the errors easily occurs due to thermal characteristics of each radio frequency circuit. A satellite-ground loop calibration scheme based on m/WH composite orthogonal codes is presented. The result shows the method is more robust. The effect of additional path-loss in LEO satellite communication system on calibration accuracy is then further studied.
For the satellite-ground calibration scheme, the calculation of calibration coefficient is easily affected by satellite-ground links' performance, to avoid the effect, a calibration method based on onboard processing is proposed. This method is conducted by receiving the sum of the output signal of all radio frequency channels, including the temporally multiplexed orthogonal codes injected from the base-band, the calibration factors for all radio frequency channels can be simultaneously obtained by temporal correlation of the orthogonal codes and the IDFT parallel processing technology. The simulation shows the proposed method can effectively calibrate the amplitude and phase errors among radio frequency channels.
The power amplifiers , which are the most importmant component of the transmitting device in satellite digital multi-beam phased array antenna system, are the nonilinear distortion's main source, the in-band and out-band distortion produced affect the DBF system's performance greatly. In this paper, firstly, for the multi-beam system, a mathematic model is found to study the 3rd intermodulation beams. Then, through the ADS software, a system-level simulation model for DBF system is found. Combining with the CDMA and OFDM, this work researches out-band and in-band distortion behavior of DBF system and discusses the effect of final stage filter on DBF system's nonlinearity distortion characteristic. The results show the final stage filter's existence makes in-band distortion increase and out-band distortion decrease. System-level simulation can effectively evaluate the system's performance , reduce the risk of system design and give the reference for satellite DBF system's engineering implement.
在LEO卫星移动通信系统中,“等通量”覆盖和最佳波束赋形是提高星载天线覆盖效率、保证最大系统容量的关键技术。与接收天线的波束赋形不同,发射天线的波束赋形除了满足主、旁瓣的要求外,还必须考虑阵列幅度加权对功率放大器效率的不利影响。论文提出了一种有限幅度加权的波束赋形新方法,并采用双重编码遗传算法实现阵列加权矢量的优化。通过有限位长的二进制编码把阵列加权矢量的幅度离散化来实现有限幅度加权,使幅度加权值仅仅在几个离散的台阶上变化,缩小了搜索空间,提高了算法的收敛速度;同时对阵列加权矢量的相位采用实数编码,保持了解的精确性。为了克服遗传算法的“早熟”,在采用自适应交叉和变异概率的基础上,提出一种“物种多样性”选择保留策略,使算法更有把握达到全局最优解或准全局最优解。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法能够在赋形波束的低旁瓣特性和功率放大器的高效率之间取得较好的折衷。
射频通道间的幅相误差对DBF系统的性能有着重要影响,是DBF系统研究的一个热点。通常考虑幅相误差对DBF系统旁瓣电平、波束指向、方向图增益等性能指标的影响。近年来,误差矢量幅度(EVM)作为评估通信系统的信号调制质量的一个指标,已经在许多商业标准中获得了应用,它表征了实际测量信号与参考信号之间的误差。论文以EVM指标为评估对象,利用概率统计的方法分析了DBF系统射频通道间的幅相误差对通信信号调制性能的影响,并通过仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。研究表明,引入EVM指标不仅可以更加全面地反映DBF系统幅相误差所引起的传输信号的损伤,而且可以简化DBF系统测试的复杂度。
在多变的空间环境中,射频通道的幅相特性会随着温度、时间的变化而改变,因此,DBF系统中通道间的幅相误差必须进行实时校正。在研究几种常用的星地环路校正技术的基础上,提出了一种m/WH复合正交码的星地环路校正新方法,研究表明该方法具有更好的鲁棒性;并进一步针对LEO卫星通信系统中附加路径损耗对校正性能的影响进行了仿真分析。
在星载相控阵天线系统中,虽然星地环路校正方法可以较好地实现通道间的幅相误差的校正,但是校正系数的获得容易受到星地链路的影响。因此,论文提出了一种校正DBF系统发射射频通道幅相误差的星上校正方法,该方法在发射通道中同时注入多路正交码变换的校正测试信号,通过接收多路发射机输出的合成信号,在基带校正算法单元利用正交码的时间相关性和IDFT并行处理方法,同时得到多路射频通道的校正系数。仿真实验结果表明该方法可以有效地实现发射射频通道幅相误差的校正。
发射组件是有源相控阵天线系统的核心部件,而发射组件的功率放大器又是发射组件的最关键部件,也是有源相控阵天线系统的最基本和最重要的部件。它直接决定了有源相控阵天线系统的性能和可靠性。它也是星载数字(发射)多波束相控阵天线系统中非线性失真的主要来源,非线性产生的带内失真和带外失真将直接影响DBF系统的性能。本文首先针对多波束系统,建立了表征互调波束特性的数学模型,对三阶互调波束进行了仿真分析;然后,通过ADS软件,构建了DBF系统级仿真模型,结合CDMA以及OFDM通信体制,分析了DBF系统发射机的带外和带内失真特性以及多波束的非线性失真特性,给出了相应的仿真结果。进一步研究了末级滤波器对DBF系统发射机非线性失真特性的影响。研究表明,末级滤波器可以有效抑制带外失真特性,但同时会导致带内失真的上升;与带内失真的上升相比,其带外失真特性的改善更具吸引力。DBF系统级的仿真分析可以更加全面有效地评估系统性能,降低设计风险,为星载DBF系统的工程实现提供参考与依据。
Multi-beam antenna is a key technique to increase satellite communication system's capability and antenna coverage rate. With the development of digital signal processing device and microwave monolithic integrated circuit(MMIC) technology makes it impossible to using digital multi-beam phased array technique in LEO satellite mobile communication system. Multi-beam antenna beam shaping technology, radio frequency channels' amplitude and phase errors analysis and correction, as well as nonlinearity distortion analysis of power amplifiers are key techniques in design and analysis of satellite digital multi-beam phased array antenna system. In this paper, these key techniques have been studied.
In LEO satellite communication system, "iso-flux" illumination and beam shaping are key techniques of improving antenna coverage rate and communication capability. Different from the receiving beam shaping , for the transmitting beam shaping, the effects of the amplitude weighted on power amplifiers' efficiency must be considered. In this paper, a transmitting beam shaping scheme with limited amplitude weighted values is presented. The array weighted vectors' optimization are implemented by a dual coding genetic algorithm. Phase and amplitude of array weighted vectors are encoded by real coding and finite bit length binary coding, respectively, which, reduces the amplitude dynamic range and improves the power amplifiers' efficiency . In order to overcome the prematurity and obtain better global optimization or quasi-global optimization, a new dual coding genetic algorithm based on "species diversity retention" strategy and adaptive crossover and mutation probability is presented. The presented method can gain the tradeoff between lower sidelobe and higher power amplifiers' efficiency.
Amplitude and phase errors among radio frequency channels have always been a research focus and have a critical effect on DBF system's performance. Usually, the sidelobe level, beam pointing and pattern gain are considered. In recent years, error vector magnitude (EVM), which has been applied to many commercial standards, is used widely to evaluate and analyze the communication system performance and characterizes the error between the actual signal and reference signal. So in this paper, evaluating the effects of amplitude and phase errors on DBF system performance by EVM parameter is presented and validated by computer simulation. The research shows the introduction of EVM can fully describe the transmission signal's impairment due to amplitude and phase errors and simplify the testing complexity of DBF system.
In changeable space environment, amplitude and phase errors among radio frequency channels need to be calibrated frequently and quickly since the errors easily occurs due to thermal characteristics of each radio frequency circuit. A satellite-ground loop calibration scheme based on m/WH composite orthogonal codes is presented. The result shows the method is more robust. The effect of additional path-loss in LEO satellite communication system on calibration accuracy is then further studied.
For the satellite-ground calibration scheme, the calculation of calibration coefficient is easily affected by satellite-ground links' performance, to avoid the effect, a calibration method based on onboard processing is proposed. This method is conducted by receiving the sum of the output signal of all radio frequency channels, including the temporally multiplexed orthogonal codes injected from the base-band, the calibration factors for all radio frequency channels can be simultaneously obtained by temporal correlation of the orthogonal codes and the IDFT parallel processing technology. The simulation shows the proposed method can effectively calibrate the amplitude and phase errors among radio frequency channels.
The power amplifiers , which are the most importmant component of the transmitting device in satellite digital multi-beam phased array antenna system, are the nonilinear distortion's main source, the in-band and out-band distortion produced affect the DBF system's performance greatly. In this paper, firstly, for the multi-beam system, a mathematic model is found to study the 3rd intermodulation beams. Then, through the ADS software, a system-level simulation model for DBF system is found. Combining with the CDMA and OFDM, this work researches out-band and in-band distortion behavior of DBF system and discusses the effect of final stage filter on DBF system's nonlinearity distortion characteristic. The results show the final stage filter's existence makes in-band distortion increase and out-band distortion decrease. System-level simulation can effectively evaluate the system's performance , reduce the risk of system design and give the reference for satellite DBF system's engineering implement.
引文
[1].张更新,张杭等.卫星移动通信系统.北京:人民邮电出版社,2001
[2].余金培,杨根庆,梁旭文.现代小卫星技术与应用.上海:上海科学普及出版社,2004
[3].周乐柱,李斗,郭文嘉.卫星通信多波束天线综述.电子学报,2001,29(6):824-828
[4].Jacomb-Hood A.,Lier E..Multibeam Active Phased Arrays for Communications Satellites.IEEE Microwave Magazine,2000,1(4):40-47
[5].Zaghloul A.I.,Gupta R.K.,Kohls E.C.,et al..Design and Performance Assessment of Active Phased Arrays for Communications Satellites.IEEE International Conference on Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:197-201
[6].Elbert B.R..The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook.2~(nd) ed..Boston London:Artech House,2004
[7].汪茂光,吕善伟,刘瑞祥.阵列天线分析与综合.成都:电子科技大学出版社,1989
[8].Li W.,Xinpin Huang,Leung H..Performance Evaluation of Digital Beamforming Strategies for Satellite Communications.IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2004,40(1):12-26
[9].Woodward P.M.,Lawson J.D..The theoretical precision with which an arbitrary radiation pattern may be obtained from a source of finite size.J.IEE,1948,95-Ⅲ:363-370
[10].Orchard H.J.,Elliott R.S.,Stem G.J..Optimizing the synthesis of shaped beam antenna patterns.Proc.IEE,1985,132-H(1):63-68
[11].Suan Soo Foo.Smart Antennas for Wireless Applications.Australia:School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Queensland,2000
[12].Rodriguez A.,Cid J.M.,Ares F.et al..Synthesis of satellite footprints by perturbation of Woodward-Lawson solutions for planar array antennas.J.Electromagn.Waves Appl,2000,14:3-10
[13].Johnson J.M.,Rahmat-Samii Y.Genetic Algorithms Optimaization and its Application to Antenna Design.IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium Digest,1994:326-329
[14].Allard K.J.,Wemer D.H.,Werner P.L..Radiation Pattern Synthesis for Arrays of Conformal Antennas Mounted on Arbitrarily-Shaped Three-Dimensional Platforms Using Genetic Algorithms.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,2003,51(5):1054-1062
[15].刘源,邓维波,许容庆.应用遗传算法进行阵列天线综合.电子与信息学报,2004,26(3):400-404
[16].Villegas F.J..Parallel Genetic-Algorithm Optimization of Shaped Beam Coverage Areas Using Planar 2-D Phased Arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,2007,55(6):1745-1753
[17].Marcano D.and Duran F..Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms.IEEE Ant.Prop.Mag.,2000,42(3):12-20
[18].晋军.基于遗传算法的LEO卫星面阵天线多波束赋形与自适应调零技术研究.南京:解放军理工大学通信工程学院博士论文,2005
[19].贾铂奇.阵列天线多波束赋形技术研究.上海:中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所硕士论文,2007
[20].Allen J.L.,et al..Phased Array Studies.Technical Report,No.236.MIT Lincoln Laboratory,1961
[21].Ruze J..The effect of Aperture Errors on the Antenna Radiation Pattern.I1 Nuovo Cimento,Suppl,1952,9(3):364-380
[22].Elliott R..Mechanical and Electrical Tolerance for Two-Dimensional Scanning Antenna Arrays.IRE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1958,6(1):114-120
[23].Allen J.L..The Theory of Array Antennas.MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report.No.323,1963
[24].Hsiao J.K..Array Sidelobe,Error Tolerance,Gain,and Beamwidth.ADA 147 004,1984
[25].Kaplan.P.D..Predicting Antenna Sidelobe Performance.A D-A172 708.Microwave Journal,1986
[26].Lange M..Impact of Statistical Errors on Active Phased-Array Antenna Performance.IEEE Military Commun.Conf.,2007:1-5
[27].郭燕昌等著.相控阵与频率扫描天线原理.北京:国防工业出版社,1978
[28].张良,靖季洛.固态有源相控阵雷达的幅相误差影响分析及其校准方法研究(上).现代雷达,1995,(6):54-60
[29].倪晋麟,苏为民,储晓彬.幅相不一致性对自适应阵列性能的影响.应用科学学报,2000,18(3):223-226
[30].朱丽,贾铂奇,龚文斌等.通道响应失配对星载平面阵列多波束天线成形的影响.无线通信技术,2007,(1):45-49
[31].Hassun R.,Flaherty M.,Matreci R.,et al..Effective Evaluation of Link Quality Using Error Vector Magnitude Techniques.In Proc.IEEE Wireless Commun.Conf.,1997: 89-94
[32].Voelker K..Apply error vector measurements in communications design.Microwave RF.1995:143-152
[33].Using Error vector Magnitude Measurements to Analyze and Troubleshoot Vector-Modulated Signals.Product Note 89400-14,literature number 5965-2898E,Http://www.agilent.com.cn
[34].Ku H.,Kenney J.S..Estimation of error vector magnitude using two-tone intermodulation distortion measurements.In Proc.IEEE/MTT Microwave Symp.Dig..2001,1:17-20
[35].Mahmoudi R,Tauritz J L.On the impact of receiver RX filters on EDGE EVM measurements.IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference,2002,2:43-46
[36].Georgiadis A..Gain,Phase Imbalance,and Phase Noise Effects on Error Vector Magnitude.IEEE Trans.Veh.Techno.,2004,53(2):443-449
[37].Warrier A.,Xinping Zeng,Zhaizhang Chen.Error Performance of a Duplex Retrodirective Array System.IEEE AP-S int.Syrup.,2007:4204-4207
[38].Wang A.K.,Ligmanowski R.,Castro J.,et al..EVM Simulation and Analysis Techniques.In Proc.IEEE Military Commun.Conf.,2006:1-7
[39].Qiang Chen,Lin Wang,Iwaki T.,et al..Modulated scattering array antenna for MIMO applications.IEICE Electronics Express,2007,4(23):745-749
[40].王文,李垣陵,欧钢.基于EVM指标分析的BPSK数字调制发射机性能检测与故障诊断.Micro-Electronics,2004,1:79-85
[41].范秀利,郑建宏,陈莉.TD-SCDMA的EVM测试及分析.重庆邮电学院学报,2005,17(2):156-159
[42].Friedlaner B.,Weiss A.J..Eigenstructure methods for direction finding with sensor gain and phase uncertainties.In Proc.IEEE Int.Cone Acoust.,Speech,Signal Processing,1988,5:2681-2684
[43].See C.M.S..Sensor array calibration in the Presence of mutual coupling and unknown sensor gains and phases.Electronics Letters,1994,30(5):373-374
[44].Dandekar,K.R.,Hao Ling,Guanghan Xu.Smart antenna array calibration procedure including amplitude and phase mismatch and mutual coupling effects.IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communieations,2000:293-297
[45].王布宏,王永良,陈辉.多径条件下基于加权空间平滑的阵元幅相误差校正.通信学报,2004,25(5):166-175
[46].郑雪飞,高铁.相控阵天线中场校正技术研究.微波学报,2005,21(5):22-25
[47].苏洪涛,张守宏,保铮.发射阵列互耦及幅相误差校正.电子与信息学报,2006,28(5):941-944
[48].Mano S.and Katagi.T..A Method for Measuring amplitude and phase of each radiating element of a phased array antenna.Trans.IECE,1982,J65-B(5):555-560
[49].Silverstein S.D.,Nevin R.L.,Engeler W.E..Method and Apparatus for Remotely Calibration A Phased Array System Used for Satellite Communication.U.S.Patent 5572219
[50].Silverstein S.D..Application of orthogonal codes to the calibration of active phased array antennas for communication satellites.IEEE Transactionon Signal Processing,1997,45(1):206-218
[51].Silverstein S.D..Remote calibration of active phased array antennas for communication satellites.IEEE International Conferenee on Aeousties,Speech and Signal Proeessing,1997,5:4057-4060
[52].Silverstein S.D..Algorithms for Remote Calibration of Active Phased Array Antennas for Communication Satellites.IEEE,1997:1181-1186
[53].Ashe,J.M.,Yanf,W.,Shen,T.,et al..Experimental study of remote calibration for active array transmitters.Thirtieth Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems & Computers,1997,1:709-712
[54].Lier E.,Purdy D.,Ashe J.,et al..An On-Board Integrated Beam Conditioning System for Active Phased Array Satellite Antennas.IEEE International Conference on phased array systems and technology,2000:509-512
[55].OODO M.,MIURA R..A remote calibration for a transmitting array antenna by using synchronous orthogonal codes.IEICE Trans.Commun.,2001,E84-B(7):689-693
[56].Sorace R..Phased Array Calibration.IEEE Ant.Prop.,2001,49(4):533-536
[57].Takemura N.,Ohtsuka M.,Chiba I.,et al..An improved rotating-element electric-field vector method using amplitude and phased of composite field for phased array antennas.IEICE,2002,J85-B(9):1558-1565
[58].Shitikov A.M.,Bondarik A.V..Multi-Element PAA Calibration with REV Method.International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques,2003,2:761-764
[59].Pawlak H.,N(o｜¨)tel D.,Jacob A.F..Compact Calibration Scheme for Planar DBF Transmit Antenna Arrays Using Circular Polarization at Ka-band.IEEE AP-S int.Syrup.,2005,2B:752-755
[60].Yu-Liang Zheng,Yong-Hong Zhang,Jing-Zhao She,et al..A Remote Calibrations Method Based On Amplitude Measurement For Large Active Phased Array Antenna. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference,2003
[61].方敏.星载相控阵天线波束校正.成都:电子科技大学硕士论文,2007
[62].朱丽.星载多波束天线校正技术研究.上海:微系统与信息技术研究所硕士论文,2007
[63].Thomas C.,Weidner M.,Dun'ani S..Digital amplitude-phase keying with M-ary alphabets.IEEE Trans.Commun.,1974,22(2):168-180
[64].Chen S.-W.,Panton W.,Gilmore R..Effects of Nonlinear Distortion on CDMA Communication Systems.IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech.,1996,44(12):2743-2750
[65].Conti A.,Dardari D.,Tralli V..An Analytical Framework for CDMA Systems with a Nonlinear Amplifier and AWGN.IEEE Trans.Commun.,2002,50(7):1110-1120
[66].APARIN V..Analysis of CDMA signal spectral regrowth and wavefrom quality.IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech,2001,49(2):2306-2314
[67].Rapp C..Effects of HPA-nonlinearity on 4-DPSK/OFDM signal for digital sound broadcasting systems.In Proc.ECSC'91,1991
[68].Costa E.,Midrio M.,pupolin S..Impact of amplifier nonlinearities on OFDM transmission system performance.IEEE Trans.Commun..1999,3(2):37-39
[69].Dardari D.,Tralli V.,Vaccari A..A theoretical characterization of nonlinear distortion effects in OFDM systems.IEEE Trans.Commun.,2000,48(10):1755-1764
[70].陈国庆,高文焕,王志华等.HPA的非线性对DAB信号的影响.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(7):47-50
[71].林强,张祖荫,郭伟.微波功率放大器非线性失真分析.微波学报,2004,20(4):79-82
[72].杨智伟,林茂六.前向信道CDMA信号频谱增生算法与仿真实验.电子学报,2005,(10):1872-1875
[73].Sandrin W..Spatial distribution of intermodulation products in active phased arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1973,21(6):864-868
[74].Acampora A..Digital Error Rate Performance of Active Phased Array Satellite Systems.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1978,26(6):833-842
[75].Kohls E.C.,Ekelman E.P.,Zaghloul A.I.,et al..Intermodulation and bit-error ratio performance of a Ku-band multibeam high-power phase array.IEEE AP-S int.Symp.,1995,3:1404-1407
[76].De Guadenzi R.,Silberger A..Payload Nonlinearity Effects on the Globalstar Forward Link.Proceedings of ICUPC,1997,1:311-315
[77].Maalouf K.J.,Gaus R.C.,Jr.,Sowelam S..Error Rate Estimation in a Multi- Channel Active Phased Array.IEEE International Communications,1998,1:402-406
[78].De Gsudenzi R..Payload nonlinearity impact on the globalstar forward link multiplex part Ⅰ:Physical layer analysis.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,1999,48:960-976
[79].Purdy D.S.,Lier E..EIRP and C/I Analysis of Multibeam Active Phased Array Transmit Antennas for Communication Satellites.IEEE Int.Conf.Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:203-206
[80].Obermier M.,Powers E.J..The Effects of Nonlinear High Power Amplifiers on Space Based Phased Array Antenna Patterns.IEEE Int.Conf.Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:45-48
[81].Hemmi C..Pattern Characteristics of Harmonic and Intermodulation Products in BroadBand Active Transmit Arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..2002,50(6):858-865
[82].Zaghloul A.I.,Kilic O..Transmission Impairment Parameters in Multiple-beam Satellite Communications Systems.URSI General Assembly,Maastricht,the Netherlands,2002
[83].Maalouf K.J.,Lier E..Theoretical and Experimental Study of Interference in Multibeam Active Phased Array Transmit Antenna for Satellite Communications.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..2004,52(2):587-592
[84].Loyka S.L..The influence of electromagnetic environment on operation of active array antennas:anlysis and simulation techniques.IEEE Ant.Prop.Mag..1999,41(6):23-39
[85].Wennstr(o｜¨)m M.,(O｜¨)berg T.,Rydberg A..Effects of Nonlinear Distortion on Switched Multibeam FDMA Systems.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..2003,51(3):575-584
[86].李小浩,刘燕.星载数字多波束天线技术.2006星座卫星通信论坛论文集,南京,2006:251-255
[87].周宇昌.国外通信卫星有源相控阵天线及发展.空间电子技术,1999,2:8-21
[88].Acosta R.,Johnson S.,et al..Ka-band phased array system characterization.7~(th)Ka Band Utilization Conference,2001:26-28
[89].Zaqhloul A.I.,Kilic O..Use of active phased arrays for multiple-beam cellular communications system.9~(th) National Radio Science Conference,2002:1-12
[90].Zaqhloul A.I.,Kilic O.,Kohls E.C..System aspects and transmission impairments of active phased arrays for satellite communications.IEEE Trans.Aero.Electro.Systems,2007,43(1):176-186
[91].Metzen P.L..Globalstar Satellite Phased Array Antennas.IEEE Int.Conf.Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:207-210
[92].甘仲民,张更新,王华力等.毫米波通信技术与系统.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[93].尹继凯.发射数字多波束天线技术研究.无线电工程,2005,35(5):39-40
[94].Safaai-Jazi A..A New formulation for the Design of Chebyshev Arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1994,42(3):439-443
[95].Haupt R.L..Thinned Arrays Using Genetic Algorithms.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..1994,42(7):993-999
[96].Rodriguez J.A.,Munoz R.,Es(?)vez H.,et al..Synthesis of Planar Arrays with Arbitrary Geometry Generating Arbitrary Footprint Patterns.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,2004,52(9):2484-2488
[97].Holland J.H.Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan press,1975
[98].De Jong K.A.An Analysis of the Behavior of a Class of Genetic Adaptive Systems,University of Miehigan Ph.D Dissertation,1975
[99].Goldberg D E.Genetic Algorithms in Search,Optimization and Machine Learning.New York:Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co.,1989
[100].陈国良,王煦法,庄镇泉等.遗传算法及其应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,1996.
[101].Chunguo W,Yanchun L,Puch L.H.,et.al..Generalized chromosome genetic algorithm for generalized traveling salesman problems and its applications for machining.Physical Review E 70,016701,2004
[102].王东署,迟健男,徐芳等.遗传神经网络法及其在机器人误差补偿中的应用.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(7):13-16
[103].杨建军,刘扬,魏力新等.基于双重编码遗传算法的注水系统运行优化.石油矿场机械,2006,35(4):8-11
[104].陈秀,葛文杰,张永红等.基于遗传算法的柔性机构形状变化综合优化研究.航空学报,2007,28(5):1230-1235
[105].Wright A H..Genetic algorithms for real parameter optimization.Foundations of Genetic Algorithms.San Matec:Morgan Kaulmarm,1991,205-218
[106].周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2000
[107].Fogel D.B..An Introduction to Simulated Evolutionary Optimization.IEEE Transactions On Neural Networks,1994,5(1):3-14
[108].Buckley M.J..Synthesis of shaped beam antenna patterns using implicitly constrained current elements.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1996,44(2):192-197
[109].Deb K,Joshi D,Anand A..Real-Coded evolutionary algorithms with parent-centric recombination.Kanpur:Indian Institute of Technology,2001
[110].Jin Jun,Wang Huali,Zhu Wenming,et al..GA BASED SYNTHESIS OF SATELLITE-BORNE MULTI-BEAM PLANAR ARRAY WITH ARBITRARY GEOMETRY.JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS,2006,23(4):637-640
[111].Srinivas M.,Patnaik L.M..Adaptive Probabilities of Crossover and Mutation in Genetic Algorithms.IEEE Trans.On SMC,1994,24(4):656-667
[112].陈长征,王楠.遗传算法中交叉和变异概率选择的自适应方法及作用机理.控制理论与应用,2002,19(1):41-43
[113].王小平,曹立明.遗传算法-理论、应用与软件实现.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[114].任子武,闪冶.自适应遗传算法的改进及在系统辨识中应用研究.系统仿真学报.2006,18(1):41-66
[115].John Litva and Titus Kwok-Yeung LO.Digital Beamforming in Wireless Communic -ations.Boston London:Artech House,1996
[116].Robert J.Mailloux(美)著,南京电子技术研究所译.相控阵天线手册,第二版.北京:电子工业出版社,2007
[117].束咸荣,何炳发,高铁.相控阵雷达天线.北京:国防工业出版社,2007
[118].赵辉,王昌明,焦君圣等.阵元信号相幅非一致性对波束形成的影响.测试技术学报,2007,21(2):144-148
[119].张曙光,丁淑娟,孙广俊等.幅相误差对数字波束形成系统的影响.现代电子技术,2008,(3):7-10
[120].黄亚.幅、相误差对米波圆阵雷达方向图的影响分析.现代雷达,2006,28(7):27-29
[121].Hsiao J.K..Design of Error Tolerance of a Phased Array.Elect.Letters,1985,21(19):834-836
[122].Lange M..IMPACT OF STATISTICAL ERRORS ON ACTIVE PHASED Array ANTENNA PERFORMANCE.IEEE Military Commun.Conf.,.2007:1-5
[123].Steinberg B.D..Principles of Aperture and Array Systems Design,New York:John Wiley and Sons,1976.
[124].3GPP TS 34.122 V490 2003-09.Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project:Technical Specification Group Terminal:Terminal Conformance Specification;Radio Transmission and Reception(TDD)
[125].3GPP TS 25.945 v430,Technical Specification:RF requirements for 1.28Mcps UTRA TDD option
[126].3GPP TS 25.102 v430,Technical Specification:UTRA(UE):Radio Transmission and Reception
[127].Kobayakawa S.,Tsutsui M.,Tanaka Y..A blind calibration method for adaptive array antenna in DS-CDMA systems using a MMSE algorithm.IEEE Conf.Veh.Technol.2000,1:21-25
[128].俄光西,龚耀寰.一种新的阵列天线校正方法.信号处理,2003,19(5):404-406
[129].Miura R.,Matsumoto Y..A calibration method for DBF receiving array antenna by using maximal-ratio-combining weights.IEICE Tech.Rep.,A.p-97-96,1997
[130].冯成燕,吴援明,刘刚等.基于改进NLMS算法的通道校正技术研究.信号处理,2005,21(6):649-653
[131].Tanaka M.,MatsumotoY.,Kozono S.et.al.On-orbit measurement of phased arrays in satellites by rotating element electric field vector method,IEICE,1998,1(1):1-13
[132].Kojima N.,Shiramatsu K.,Chiba I.,et al..Measurement and Evaluation Techniques for an Airborne Active Phased Array Antenna.IEEE Int.Symp.I'hased Array Systems and Technology,1996:231-236
[133].LAL CHAND GODARA[美]著,左群声,金林,胡明春等译.无线通信天线手册.北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[134].祁世玉,邵世祥.现代移动通信系统.北京:人民邮电出版社,1999
[135].John G Proakis[美]著,张力军,张宗橙,郑宝玉等译.数字通信,第四版.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[136].徐元中,张宇.扩频码序列的改进与实现.湖北工学院学报,2004,19(1):54-56
[137].Tsoulos G,McGeehan J,Beach M.Space division multiple access(SDMA) field trials,Part 2:Calibration and linearity issues.IEE Proc.Radar,Sonar Navig.,1998,145(1):79-84
[138].De Gaudenzi R..Payload Nonlinearity Impact on the Globalstar Forward Link Multiplex Part Ⅱ:System Analysis.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,1999,48(3):977-984
[139].Gard K.G.,Larson L.E.,Steer M.B..The Impact of RF Front-End Characteristics on the Spectral Regrowth of Communications Signal.IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech.,2005,53(6):2179-2187
[140].Junghwan,Kim,Cheng-Ying Yang,Jang J.S..Performance Analysis of Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) Mobile-Satellite System Using Moment-Based Approximation of Degradation Factors.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,2006,55(3):876-886
[141].Nadarajah S..Performance Analyasis of Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) Mobile-Satellite System Using Moment-Based Approximation of Degradation Factors.IEEE Trans.Veh. Technol.,2007,55(6):3606-3607
[142].M.O'Droma,Mqebrishvili N.,Goacher A..Theoretical Analysis of Intermodulation Distortion in OFDM Signals in the Presence of Nonlinear RF High Power Amplifiers.IEEE 59~(th) Vehicular Technology Conference,2004,3:1295-1299
[143].Tri T.Ha,Solid-State Microwave Amplifier Design,New York:John Wiley & Sons,1981
[144].Andrei Grebennikov著,张玉兴,赵宏飞译.射频与微波功率放大器设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[145].Ghannouchi F.M.,Ghazel A..AM-AM and AM-PM Distortion Characterization of Satellite Transponders/Based Station Transmitters Using Spectrum Measurements.IEEE Int.Conf.Recent Advances in Space Technologies,2003:141-144
[146].Agilent Technologies Using a Network Analyzer to characterize high-power components.Application Note 1287-6,1998
[147].Reinhold Ludwig,Pavel Bretchko著,王子宇,张肇仪,徐承和等译.射频电路设计-理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[148].李文明.固态功率放大器的优越性及其在卫星通信地球站中的成功应用.电子器件,2000,23(1):25-30
[149].Le M.T.,Thibault L..Performance evaluation of COFDM for digital audio broadcasting.Part Ⅱ.Effects of HPA nonlinearities.IEEE Trans.Broadcast.,1998,44(2):165-171
[150].Loyka S.L..On use of Cann's model for nonlinear behavioral-level simulation.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,2000,49(5):1982-1985
[151].Ghorbani A.,Sheikhan M..The effects of solid state power amplifiers(SSPAs)nonlinearities on MPSK and M-QAM signal transmission.1991 6~(th) International Conference on Digital Processing of Signals in Commnications,1991:193-197
[152].Golovanevsky L.,Pattabiraman G.,Thakar K.,et al..Globalstar Link Verification.IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conferece,1999,3:1182-1187
[153].De Gaudenzi R.,Giannetti E,Luise M.Advances in Satellite CDMA Transmission for Mobile and Personal Communications.Proccdings of IEEE.1996,84(1):18-39
[154].Jeruchim M.C.,Balaban P.,Shanmugan K.S..Simulation of communications systems:Modelling,Methodology,and Techniques,2~(nd) ed.New York:Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers,2000
[155].TIA/EIA/IS-95 Rev A.Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread-Spectrum Cellular Systems.Washington:TIA/EIA Standard, 1995
[156].Help Document of"Advanced Design System",Agilent's EDA software
[157].FERNADO W.A.C.,RAJATHEVA R.M.A.P..Performance of COFDM for LEO satellite channels in global mobile communications.IEEE Int.Communications,1998,1:412-416
[158].Wan L.Dubey V K.Performance of frequency and time domain coded OFDM over fast fading LEO Channels.IEEE Information systems for enhanced public safety and security,2000,179-183
[159].Van Nee R.,Prasad R..OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications.London:Artech House,2000
[160].安亚东.正交频分复用(OFDM)技术在无线通信中的应用.现代通信技术,2005,(1):31-35
[161].佟学俭,罗涛.OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003
[2].余金培,杨根庆,梁旭文.现代小卫星技术与应用.上海:上海科学普及出版社,2004
[3].周乐柱,李斗,郭文嘉.卫星通信多波束天线综述.电子学报,2001,29(6):824-828
[4].Jacomb-Hood A.,Lier E..Multibeam Active Phased Arrays for Communications Satellites.IEEE Microwave Magazine,2000,1(4):40-47
[5].Zaghloul A.I.,Gupta R.K.,Kohls E.C.,et al..Design and Performance Assessment of Active Phased Arrays for Communications Satellites.IEEE International Conference on Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:197-201
[6].Elbert B.R..The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook.2~(nd) ed..Boston London:Artech House,2004
[7].汪茂光,吕善伟,刘瑞祥.阵列天线分析与综合.成都:电子科技大学出版社,1989
[8].Li W.,Xinpin Huang,Leung H..Performance Evaluation of Digital Beamforming Strategies for Satellite Communications.IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2004,40(1):12-26
[9].Woodward P.M.,Lawson J.D..The theoretical precision with which an arbitrary radiation pattern may be obtained from a source of finite size.J.IEE,1948,95-Ⅲ:363-370
[10].Orchard H.J.,Elliott R.S.,Stem G.J..Optimizing the synthesis of shaped beam antenna patterns.Proc.IEE,1985,132-H(1):63-68
[11].Suan Soo Foo.Smart Antennas for Wireless Applications.Australia:School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Queensland,2000
[12].Rodriguez A.,Cid J.M.,Ares F.et al..Synthesis of satellite footprints by perturbation of Woodward-Lawson solutions for planar array antennas.J.Electromagn.Waves Appl,2000,14:3-10
[13].Johnson J.M.,Rahmat-Samii Y.Genetic Algorithms Optimaization and its Application to Antenna Design.IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium Digest,1994:326-329
[14].Allard K.J.,Wemer D.H.,Werner P.L..Radiation Pattern Synthesis for Arrays of Conformal Antennas Mounted on Arbitrarily-Shaped Three-Dimensional Platforms Using Genetic Algorithms.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,2003,51(5):1054-1062
[15].刘源,邓维波,许容庆.应用遗传算法进行阵列天线综合.电子与信息学报,2004,26(3):400-404
[16].Villegas F.J..Parallel Genetic-Algorithm Optimization of Shaped Beam Coverage Areas Using Planar 2-D Phased Arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,2007,55(6):1745-1753
[17].Marcano D.and Duran F..Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic algorithms.IEEE Ant.Prop.Mag.,2000,42(3):12-20
[18].晋军.基于遗传算法的LEO卫星面阵天线多波束赋形与自适应调零技术研究.南京:解放军理工大学通信工程学院博士论文,2005
[19].贾铂奇.阵列天线多波束赋形技术研究.上海:中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所硕士论文,2007
[20].Allen J.L.,et al..Phased Array Studies.Technical Report,No.236.MIT Lincoln Laboratory,1961
[21].Ruze J..The effect of Aperture Errors on the Antenna Radiation Pattern.I1 Nuovo Cimento,Suppl,1952,9(3):364-380
[22].Elliott R..Mechanical and Electrical Tolerance for Two-Dimensional Scanning Antenna Arrays.IRE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1958,6(1):114-120
[23].Allen J.L..The Theory of Array Antennas.MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report.No.323,1963
[24].Hsiao J.K..Array Sidelobe,Error Tolerance,Gain,and Beamwidth.ADA 147 004,1984
[25].Kaplan.P.D..Predicting Antenna Sidelobe Performance.A D-A172 708.Microwave Journal,1986
[26].Lange M..Impact of Statistical Errors on Active Phased-Array Antenna Performance.IEEE Military Commun.Conf.,2007:1-5
[27].郭燕昌等著.相控阵与频率扫描天线原理.北京:国防工业出版社,1978
[28].张良,靖季洛.固态有源相控阵雷达的幅相误差影响分析及其校准方法研究(上).现代雷达,1995,(6):54-60
[29].倪晋麟,苏为民,储晓彬.幅相不一致性对自适应阵列性能的影响.应用科学学报,2000,18(3):223-226
[30].朱丽,贾铂奇,龚文斌等.通道响应失配对星载平面阵列多波束天线成形的影响.无线通信技术,2007,(1):45-49
[31].Hassun R.,Flaherty M.,Matreci R.,et al..Effective Evaluation of Link Quality Using Error Vector Magnitude Techniques.In Proc.IEEE Wireless Commun.Conf.,1997: 89-94
[32].Voelker K..Apply error vector measurements in communications design.Microwave RF.1995:143-152
[33].Using Error vector Magnitude Measurements to Analyze and Troubleshoot Vector-Modulated Signals.Product Note 89400-14,literature number 5965-2898E,Http://www.agilent.com.cn
[34].Ku H.,Kenney J.S..Estimation of error vector magnitude using two-tone intermodulation distortion measurements.In Proc.IEEE/MTT Microwave Symp.Dig..2001,1:17-20
[35].Mahmoudi R,Tauritz J L.On the impact of receiver RX filters on EDGE EVM measurements.IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference,2002,2:43-46
[36].Georgiadis A..Gain,Phase Imbalance,and Phase Noise Effects on Error Vector Magnitude.IEEE Trans.Veh.Techno.,2004,53(2):443-449
[37].Warrier A.,Xinping Zeng,Zhaizhang Chen.Error Performance of a Duplex Retrodirective Array System.IEEE AP-S int.Syrup.,2007:4204-4207
[38].Wang A.K.,Ligmanowski R.,Castro J.,et al..EVM Simulation and Analysis Techniques.In Proc.IEEE Military Commun.Conf.,2006:1-7
[39].Qiang Chen,Lin Wang,Iwaki T.,et al..Modulated scattering array antenna for MIMO applications.IEICE Electronics Express,2007,4(23):745-749
[40].王文,李垣陵,欧钢.基于EVM指标分析的BPSK数字调制发射机性能检测与故障诊断.Micro-Electronics,2004,1:79-85
[41].范秀利,郑建宏,陈莉.TD-SCDMA的EVM测试及分析.重庆邮电学院学报,2005,17(2):156-159
[42].Friedlaner B.,Weiss A.J..Eigenstructure methods for direction finding with sensor gain and phase uncertainties.In Proc.IEEE Int.Cone Acoust.,Speech,Signal Processing,1988,5:2681-2684
[43].See C.M.S..Sensor array calibration in the Presence of mutual coupling and unknown sensor gains and phases.Electronics Letters,1994,30(5):373-374
[44].Dandekar,K.R.,Hao Ling,Guanghan Xu.Smart antenna array calibration procedure including amplitude and phase mismatch and mutual coupling effects.IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communieations,2000:293-297
[45].王布宏,王永良,陈辉.多径条件下基于加权空间平滑的阵元幅相误差校正.通信学报,2004,25(5):166-175
[46].郑雪飞,高铁.相控阵天线中场校正技术研究.微波学报,2005,21(5):22-25
[47].苏洪涛,张守宏,保铮.发射阵列互耦及幅相误差校正.电子与信息学报,2006,28(5):941-944
[48].Mano S.and Katagi.T..A Method for Measuring amplitude and phase of each radiating element of a phased array antenna.Trans.IECE,1982,J65-B(5):555-560
[49].Silverstein S.D.,Nevin R.L.,Engeler W.E..Method and Apparatus for Remotely Calibration A Phased Array System Used for Satellite Communication.U.S.Patent 5572219
[50].Silverstein S.D..Application of orthogonal codes to the calibration of active phased array antennas for communication satellites.IEEE Transactionon Signal Processing,1997,45(1):206-218
[51].Silverstein S.D..Remote calibration of active phased array antennas for communication satellites.IEEE International Conferenee on Aeousties,Speech and Signal Proeessing,1997,5:4057-4060
[52].Silverstein S.D..Algorithms for Remote Calibration of Active Phased Array Antennas for Communication Satellites.IEEE,1997:1181-1186
[53].Ashe,J.M.,Yanf,W.,Shen,T.,et al..Experimental study of remote calibration for active array transmitters.Thirtieth Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems & Computers,1997,1:709-712
[54].Lier E.,Purdy D.,Ashe J.,et al..An On-Board Integrated Beam Conditioning System for Active Phased Array Satellite Antennas.IEEE International Conference on phased array systems and technology,2000:509-512
[55].OODO M.,MIURA R..A remote calibration for a transmitting array antenna by using synchronous orthogonal codes.IEICE Trans.Commun.,2001,E84-B(7):689-693
[56].Sorace R..Phased Array Calibration.IEEE Ant.Prop.,2001,49(4):533-536
[57].Takemura N.,Ohtsuka M.,Chiba I.,et al..An improved rotating-element electric-field vector method using amplitude and phased of composite field for phased array antennas.IEICE,2002,J85-B(9):1558-1565
[58].Shitikov A.M.,Bondarik A.V..Multi-Element PAA Calibration with REV Method.International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques,2003,2:761-764
[59].Pawlak H.,N(o｜¨)tel D.,Jacob A.F..Compact Calibration Scheme for Planar DBF Transmit Antenna Arrays Using Circular Polarization at Ka-band.IEEE AP-S int.Syrup.,2005,2B:752-755
[60].Yu-Liang Zheng,Yong-Hong Zhang,Jing-Zhao She,et al..A Remote Calibrations Method Based On Amplitude Measurement For Large Active Phased Array Antenna. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference,2003
[61].方敏.星载相控阵天线波束校正.成都:电子科技大学硕士论文,2007
[62].朱丽.星载多波束天线校正技术研究.上海:微系统与信息技术研究所硕士论文,2007
[63].Thomas C.,Weidner M.,Dun'ani S..Digital amplitude-phase keying with M-ary alphabets.IEEE Trans.Commun.,1974,22(2):168-180
[64].Chen S.-W.,Panton W.,Gilmore R..Effects of Nonlinear Distortion on CDMA Communication Systems.IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech.,1996,44(12):2743-2750
[65].Conti A.,Dardari D.,Tralli V..An Analytical Framework for CDMA Systems with a Nonlinear Amplifier and AWGN.IEEE Trans.Commun.,2002,50(7):1110-1120
[66].APARIN V..Analysis of CDMA signal spectral regrowth and wavefrom quality.IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech,2001,49(2):2306-2314
[67].Rapp C..Effects of HPA-nonlinearity on 4-DPSK/OFDM signal for digital sound broadcasting systems.In Proc.ECSC'91,1991
[68].Costa E.,Midrio M.,pupolin S..Impact of amplifier nonlinearities on OFDM transmission system performance.IEEE Trans.Commun..1999,3(2):37-39
[69].Dardari D.,Tralli V.,Vaccari A..A theoretical characterization of nonlinear distortion effects in OFDM systems.IEEE Trans.Commun.,2000,48(10):1755-1764
[70].陈国庆,高文焕,王志华等.HPA的非线性对DAB信号的影响.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(7):47-50
[71].林强,张祖荫,郭伟.微波功率放大器非线性失真分析.微波学报,2004,20(4):79-82
[72].杨智伟,林茂六.前向信道CDMA信号频谱增生算法与仿真实验.电子学报,2005,(10):1872-1875
[73].Sandrin W..Spatial distribution of intermodulation products in active phased arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1973,21(6):864-868
[74].Acampora A..Digital Error Rate Performance of Active Phased Array Satellite Systems.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1978,26(6):833-842
[75].Kohls E.C.,Ekelman E.P.,Zaghloul A.I.,et al..Intermodulation and bit-error ratio performance of a Ku-band multibeam high-power phase array.IEEE AP-S int.Symp.,1995,3:1404-1407
[76].De Guadenzi R.,Silberger A..Payload Nonlinearity Effects on the Globalstar Forward Link.Proceedings of ICUPC,1997,1:311-315
[77].Maalouf K.J.,Gaus R.C.,Jr.,Sowelam S..Error Rate Estimation in a Multi- Channel Active Phased Array.IEEE International Communications,1998,1:402-406
[78].De Gsudenzi R..Payload nonlinearity impact on the globalstar forward link multiplex part Ⅰ:Physical layer analysis.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,1999,48:960-976
[79].Purdy D.S.,Lier E..EIRP and C/I Analysis of Multibeam Active Phased Array Transmit Antennas for Communication Satellites.IEEE Int.Conf.Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:203-206
[80].Obermier M.,Powers E.J..The Effects of Nonlinear High Power Amplifiers on Space Based Phased Array Antenna Patterns.IEEE Int.Conf.Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:45-48
[81].Hemmi C..Pattern Characteristics of Harmonic and Intermodulation Products in BroadBand Active Transmit Arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..2002,50(6):858-865
[82].Zaghloul A.I.,Kilic O..Transmission Impairment Parameters in Multiple-beam Satellite Communications Systems.URSI General Assembly,Maastricht,the Netherlands,2002
[83].Maalouf K.J.,Lier E..Theoretical and Experimental Study of Interference in Multibeam Active Phased Array Transmit Antenna for Satellite Communications.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..2004,52(2):587-592
[84].Loyka S.L..The influence of electromagnetic environment on operation of active array antennas:anlysis and simulation techniques.IEEE Ant.Prop.Mag..1999,41(6):23-39
[85].Wennstr(o｜¨)m M.,(O｜¨)berg T.,Rydberg A..Effects of Nonlinear Distortion on Switched Multibeam FDMA Systems.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..2003,51(3):575-584
[86].李小浩,刘燕.星载数字多波束天线技术.2006星座卫星通信论坛论文集,南京,2006:251-255
[87].周宇昌.国外通信卫星有源相控阵天线及发展.空间电子技术,1999,2:8-21
[88].Acosta R.,Johnson S.,et al..Ka-band phased array system characterization.7~(th)Ka Band Utilization Conference,2001:26-28
[89].Zaqhloul A.I.,Kilic O..Use of active phased arrays for multiple-beam cellular communications system.9~(th) National Radio Science Conference,2002:1-12
[90].Zaqhloul A.I.,Kilic O.,Kohls E.C..System aspects and transmission impairments of active phased arrays for satellite communications.IEEE Trans.Aero.Electro.Systems,2007,43(1):176-186
[91].Metzen P.L..Globalstar Satellite Phased Array Antennas.IEEE Int.Conf.Phased Array Systems and Technology,2000:207-210
[92].甘仲民,张更新,王华力等.毫米波通信技术与系统.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[93].尹继凯.发射数字多波束天线技术研究.无线电工程,2005,35(5):39-40
[94].Safaai-Jazi A..A New formulation for the Design of Chebyshev Arrays.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1994,42(3):439-443
[95].Haupt R.L..Thinned Arrays Using Genetic Algorithms.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop..1994,42(7):993-999
[96].Rodriguez J.A.,Munoz R.,Es(?)vez H.,et al..Synthesis of Planar Arrays with Arbitrary Geometry Generating Arbitrary Footprint Patterns.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,2004,52(9):2484-2488
[97].Holland J.H.Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan press,1975
[98].De Jong K.A.An Analysis of the Behavior of a Class of Genetic Adaptive Systems,University of Miehigan Ph.D Dissertation,1975
[99].Goldberg D E.Genetic Algorithms in Search,Optimization and Machine Learning.New York:Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co.,1989
[100].陈国良,王煦法,庄镇泉等.遗传算法及其应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,1996.
[101].Chunguo W,Yanchun L,Puch L.H.,et.al..Generalized chromosome genetic algorithm for generalized traveling salesman problems and its applications for machining.Physical Review E 70,016701,2004
[102].王东署,迟健男,徐芳等.遗传神经网络法及其在机器人误差补偿中的应用.东北大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(7):13-16
[103].杨建军,刘扬,魏力新等.基于双重编码遗传算法的注水系统运行优化.石油矿场机械,2006,35(4):8-11
[104].陈秀,葛文杰,张永红等.基于遗传算法的柔性机构形状变化综合优化研究.航空学报,2007,28(5):1230-1235
[105].Wright A H..Genetic algorithms for real parameter optimization.Foundations of Genetic Algorithms.San Matec:Morgan Kaulmarm,1991,205-218
[106].周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2000
[107].Fogel D.B..An Introduction to Simulated Evolutionary Optimization.IEEE Transactions On Neural Networks,1994,5(1):3-14
[108].Buckley M.J..Synthesis of shaped beam antenna patterns using implicitly constrained current elements.IEEE Trans.Ant.Prop.,1996,44(2):192-197
[109].Deb K,Joshi D,Anand A..Real-Coded evolutionary algorithms with parent-centric recombination.Kanpur:Indian Institute of Technology,2001
[110].Jin Jun,Wang Huali,Zhu Wenming,et al..GA BASED SYNTHESIS OF SATELLITE-BORNE MULTI-BEAM PLANAR ARRAY WITH ARBITRARY GEOMETRY.JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS,2006,23(4):637-640
[111].Srinivas M.,Patnaik L.M..Adaptive Probabilities of Crossover and Mutation in Genetic Algorithms.IEEE Trans.On SMC,1994,24(4):656-667
[112].陈长征,王楠.遗传算法中交叉和变异概率选择的自适应方法及作用机理.控制理论与应用,2002,19(1):41-43
[113].王小平,曹立明.遗传算法-理论、应用与软件实现.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002
[114].任子武,闪冶.自适应遗传算法的改进及在系统辨识中应用研究.系统仿真学报.2006,18(1):41-66
[115].John Litva and Titus Kwok-Yeung LO.Digital Beamforming in Wireless Communic -ations.Boston London:Artech House,1996
[116].Robert J.Mailloux(美)著,南京电子技术研究所译.相控阵天线手册,第二版.北京:电子工业出版社,2007
[117].束咸荣,何炳发,高铁.相控阵雷达天线.北京:国防工业出版社,2007
[118].赵辉,王昌明,焦君圣等.阵元信号相幅非一致性对波束形成的影响.测试技术学报,2007,21(2):144-148
[119].张曙光,丁淑娟,孙广俊等.幅相误差对数字波束形成系统的影响.现代电子技术,2008,(3):7-10
[120].黄亚.幅、相误差对米波圆阵雷达方向图的影响分析.现代雷达,2006,28(7):27-29
[121].Hsiao J.K..Design of Error Tolerance of a Phased Array.Elect.Letters,1985,21(19):834-836
[122].Lange M..IMPACT OF STATISTICAL ERRORS ON ACTIVE PHASED Array ANTENNA PERFORMANCE.IEEE Military Commun.Conf.,.2007:1-5
[123].Steinberg B.D..Principles of Aperture and Array Systems Design,New York:John Wiley and Sons,1976.
[124].3GPP TS 34.122 V490 2003-09.Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project:Technical Specification Group Terminal:Terminal Conformance Specification;Radio Transmission and Reception(TDD)
[125].3GPP TS 25.945 v430,Technical Specification:RF requirements for 1.28Mcps UTRA TDD option
[126].3GPP TS 25.102 v430,Technical Specification:UTRA(UE):Radio Transmission and Reception
[127].Kobayakawa S.,Tsutsui M.,Tanaka Y..A blind calibration method for adaptive array antenna in DS-CDMA systems using a MMSE algorithm.IEEE Conf.Veh.Technol.2000,1:21-25
[128].俄光西,龚耀寰.一种新的阵列天线校正方法.信号处理,2003,19(5):404-406
[129].Miura R.,Matsumoto Y..A calibration method for DBF receiving array antenna by using maximal-ratio-combining weights.IEICE Tech.Rep.,A.p-97-96,1997
[130].冯成燕,吴援明,刘刚等.基于改进NLMS算法的通道校正技术研究.信号处理,2005,21(6):649-653
[131].Tanaka M.,MatsumotoY.,Kozono S.et.al.On-orbit measurement of phased arrays in satellites by rotating element electric field vector method,IEICE,1998,1(1):1-13
[132].Kojima N.,Shiramatsu K.,Chiba I.,et al..Measurement and Evaluation Techniques for an Airborne Active Phased Array Antenna.IEEE Int.Symp.I'hased Array Systems and Technology,1996:231-236
[133].LAL CHAND GODARA[美]著,左群声,金林,胡明春等译.无线通信天线手册.北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[134].祁世玉,邵世祥.现代移动通信系统.北京:人民邮电出版社,1999
[135].John G Proakis[美]著,张力军,张宗橙,郑宝玉等译.数字通信,第四版.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[136].徐元中,张宇.扩频码序列的改进与实现.湖北工学院学报,2004,19(1):54-56
[137].Tsoulos G,McGeehan J,Beach M.Space division multiple access(SDMA) field trials,Part 2:Calibration and linearity issues.IEE Proc.Radar,Sonar Navig.,1998,145(1):79-84
[138].De Gaudenzi R..Payload Nonlinearity Impact on the Globalstar Forward Link Multiplex Part Ⅱ:System Analysis.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,1999,48(3):977-984
[139].Gard K.G.,Larson L.E.,Steer M.B..The Impact of RF Front-End Characteristics on the Spectral Regrowth of Communications Signal.IEEE Trans.Microw.Theory Tech.,2005,53(6):2179-2187
[140].Junghwan,Kim,Cheng-Ying Yang,Jang J.S..Performance Analysis of Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) Mobile-Satellite System Using Moment-Based Approximation of Degradation Factors.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,2006,55(3):876-886
[141].Nadarajah S..Performance Analyasis of Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) Mobile-Satellite System Using Moment-Based Approximation of Degradation Factors.IEEE Trans.Veh. Technol.,2007,55(6):3606-3607
[142].M.O'Droma,Mqebrishvili N.,Goacher A..Theoretical Analysis of Intermodulation Distortion in OFDM Signals in the Presence of Nonlinear RF High Power Amplifiers.IEEE 59~(th) Vehicular Technology Conference,2004,3:1295-1299
[143].Tri T.Ha,Solid-State Microwave Amplifier Design,New York:John Wiley & Sons,1981
[144].Andrei Grebennikov著,张玉兴,赵宏飞译.射频与微波功率放大器设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[145].Ghannouchi F.M.,Ghazel A..AM-AM and AM-PM Distortion Characterization of Satellite Transponders/Based Station Transmitters Using Spectrum Measurements.IEEE Int.Conf.Recent Advances in Space Technologies,2003:141-144
[146].Agilent Technologies Using a Network Analyzer to characterize high-power components.Application Note 1287-6,1998
[147].Reinhold Ludwig,Pavel Bretchko著,王子宇,张肇仪,徐承和等译.射频电路设计-理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[148].李文明.固态功率放大器的优越性及其在卫星通信地球站中的成功应用.电子器件,2000,23(1):25-30
[149].Le M.T.,Thibault L..Performance evaluation of COFDM for digital audio broadcasting.Part Ⅱ.Effects of HPA nonlinearities.IEEE Trans.Broadcast.,1998,44(2):165-171
[150].Loyka S.L..On use of Cann's model for nonlinear behavioral-level simulation.IEEE Trans.Veh.Technol.,2000,49(5):1982-1985
[151].Ghorbani A.,Sheikhan M..The effects of solid state power amplifiers(SSPAs)nonlinearities on MPSK and M-QAM signal transmission.1991 6~(th) International Conference on Digital Processing of Signals in Commnications,1991:193-197
[152].Golovanevsky L.,Pattabiraman G.,Thakar K.,et al..Globalstar Link Verification.IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conferece,1999,3:1182-1187
[153].De Gaudenzi R.,Giannetti E,Luise M.Advances in Satellite CDMA Transmission for Mobile and Personal Communications.Proccdings of IEEE.1996,84(1):18-39
[154].Jeruchim M.C.,Balaban P.,Shanmugan K.S..Simulation of communications systems:Modelling,Methodology,and Techniques,2~(nd) ed.New York:Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers,2000
[155].TIA/EIA/IS-95 Rev A.Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread-Spectrum Cellular Systems.Washington:TIA/EIA Standard, 1995
[156].Help Document of"Advanced Design System",Agilent's EDA software
[157].FERNADO W.A.C.,RAJATHEVA R.M.A.P..Performance of COFDM for LEO satellite channels in global mobile communications.IEEE Int.Communications,1998,1:412-416
[158].Wan L.Dubey V K.Performance of frequency and time domain coded OFDM over fast fading LEO Channels.IEEE Information systems for enhanced public safety and security,2000,179-183
[159].Van Nee R.,Prasad R..OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications.London:Artech House,2000
[160].安亚东.正交频分复用(OFDM)技术在无线通信中的应用.现代通信技术,2005,(1):31-35
[161].佟学俭,罗涛.OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003