上海市炮台湾湿地森林公园(Ⅰ期)生态环境质量评价
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摘要
本文在综合分析国内外工业废弃地(金属钢渣地)改造成功案例的基础上,通过外业实地调查、室内植物和土壤样品分析和市民问卷调查的方法,研究了上海市炮台湾湿地森林公园Ⅰ期建设绿地土壤8种重金属含量、pH值和EC值周年变化规律,以及6种代表性植物香樟、火棘、枸骨、雪松、广玉兰和银杏地上部分对8种重金属的富集特征,主要树种生长状况及植物配置模式进行了分析研究,具体研究结果如下:
1)公园Ⅰ期建设工程区域内未改造钢渣土壤状况较差,不适合植物正常生长。重金属含量Cd平均值0.7451mg/kg,超标1.24倍,超标率60%;其它6种金属含量低于上海市、宝山区土壤环境背景平均值;对照样土壤pH值(11.0-13.19)呈强碱性;EC值与pH值变化规律呈正向关联。
2)土壤改良2年后的重金属含量及pH值、EC值变化:6个种植区域土层深度为50cm土壤重金属含量Cd下降20%;Cr、Zn分别增加87%、230%,呈明显上升趋势,其它重金属含量变化不明显;各区纵向比较,土壤重金属含量与深度呈正相关。50cm深度土壤pH值2008年为9.06,2009年为8.10,碱性减弱10.5%;EC值125.0～290us/cm,较2008年降低89%～90%。
3)公园内被调查树木整体生长状况中等,分析调查6种代表性植物叶片中重金属含量,其中香樟、枸骨重金属富集特征明显,能够适应土壤条件,其余4种植物重金属富集特征不显著,长势较差。土壤的PH值仍较高,植物对碱性土壤不适应导致生长势较差,建议多选用耐碱、对重金属忍耐程度强品种如香樟、女贞、夹竹桃、海桐、枸骨等长势较好植物,减少原有雪松、银杏、广玉兰等长势下降的植物品种。
4)园林植物配置模式中陆生植物配置需要增加乔木、落叶灌木比例,水生植物、藤本植物品种配置较少,配置模式还需调整和优化,调整局部乔灌木层次搭配,避免过于封闭或过空旷的现状。
5)随机问卷发出226份,有效问卷226份。调查结果对公园Ⅰ期整体生态景观效果评价良好以上占89%,对公园Ⅰ期建设的水体、空气、生物多样性等方面的综合评价较好约占83%,同时公园生态环境建设不足之处提出了建议。
6)本论文阐述了公园Ⅱ期土壤重金属治理改良方案,分别采用基质改良和植物修复降解土壤中重金属含量、降低pH、EC值;同时在植物选择上按照“适地适树”原则,筛选选择抗性强、对重金属有较强的吸附和转换作用、忍耐性好的植物品种,配置模式优化,建立和恢复良好植物生态群落。
本研究对炮台湾湿地森林公园Ⅱ期规划设计和建设改造具有重大指导意义,对我国其它城市工业废弃地有效治理、促进生态景观环境重建,实现可持续发展起到借鉴作用。
The author of this paper analysed some successful cases on the reconstruction of the industrial wasteland in the world and researched the changes of the eight heavy metals contents, pH value and EC value of the soil with different depth in two years by field survey, samples analysis and questionnaire survey. The rich collection characteristics of the six plants to the eight heavy metals were also researched. And plant growth conditions, plant arrangement mode during the first period of reconstruction were analyzed. The results were as the followed:
1) There are poor soil qualities in no- improved area in the Park of first construction stage. It is not suitable for plant growth. The content of Cd is excessive (the average content was 0.7451 mg/kg, 1.24 times of the contrast samples, the rate of exceed was 60%), and the content of other six heavy metals are all lower than the average background soil which in Shanghai and Baoshan District. pH value of soil on average still 11.0 was strongly alkaline; EC and PH value changes of the value of positive relationships.
2) The Variation of heavy metals contents, pH value and EC value until two years after rebuilding is that :The contents of Cd in the 50cm depth soil declined 20%. The contents of Cr and Zn raised 87% and 230% significantly. And the other metals did not change significantly. Compared between the different areas, the heavy metals in soil was positively correlated with the depth. The pH value in the 50cm depth soil declined from 9.06 to 8.10 between two years. And EC value declined 89%-90%.
3) The overall growth status of trees in the park were middle. The rich collection characteristics of heavy metals in Camphor and Holly were obvious than that in the other four plants which were growing worse. We suggested selecting the plants which were alkali resistant and strong of heavy metal tolerance. And reducing the plants which growth statuses were bad.
4) In garden plants configuration mode, terrestrial plants, arbor and shrub, should be abundant configured. Aquatic plants and lianas should be increased. The configuration mode need to be adjusted and optimized to avoid be too closed or be too void in the park.
5) Random survey was made. Most visitors, 89% of all, agreed the Ecological Landscape in the park. And 83% agreed the water, air, biodiversity, etc. in the park. They also made pertinent suggestions to the inadequacies of the ecological environment.
6) The heavy metal treatment and improvement program of the ParkⅡwere been described. And the lower of the heavy metal contents, pH value and EC value by improve the soil and plant restoration. In accordance with the "matching tree" principle, choose the plants which were strong resistance, strong adsorption and transportation of heavy metals.
It is benefit to the program design and transform rebuilding of the wetland Forest Park of Pao-TaiwanⅡ.And the results of the research were used to administer the industrial waste land, promoting ecological landscape environment for reconstruction, to achieve sustainable development indicator.
1)公园Ⅰ期建设工程区域内未改造钢渣土壤状况较差,不适合植物正常生长。重金属含量Cd平均值0.7451mg/kg,超标1.24倍,超标率60%;其它6种金属含量低于上海市、宝山区土壤环境背景平均值;对照样土壤pH值(11.0-13.19)呈强碱性;EC值与pH值变化规律呈正向关联。
2)土壤改良2年后的重金属含量及pH值、EC值变化:6个种植区域土层深度为50cm土壤重金属含量Cd下降20%;Cr、Zn分别增加87%、230%,呈明显上升趋势,其它重金属含量变化不明显;各区纵向比较,土壤重金属含量与深度呈正相关。50cm深度土壤pH值2008年为9.06,2009年为8.10,碱性减弱10.5%;EC值125.0～290us/cm,较2008年降低89%～90%。
3)公园内被调查树木整体生长状况中等,分析调查6种代表性植物叶片中重金属含量,其中香樟、枸骨重金属富集特征明显,能够适应土壤条件,其余4种植物重金属富集特征不显著,长势较差。土壤的PH值仍较高,植物对碱性土壤不适应导致生长势较差,建议多选用耐碱、对重金属忍耐程度强品种如香樟、女贞、夹竹桃、海桐、枸骨等长势较好植物,减少原有雪松、银杏、广玉兰等长势下降的植物品种。
4)园林植物配置模式中陆生植物配置需要增加乔木、落叶灌木比例,水生植物、藤本植物品种配置较少,配置模式还需调整和优化,调整局部乔灌木层次搭配,避免过于封闭或过空旷的现状。
5)随机问卷发出226份,有效问卷226份。调查结果对公园Ⅰ期整体生态景观效果评价良好以上占89%,对公园Ⅰ期建设的水体、空气、生物多样性等方面的综合评价较好约占83%,同时公园生态环境建设不足之处提出了建议。
6)本论文阐述了公园Ⅱ期土壤重金属治理改良方案,分别采用基质改良和植物修复降解土壤中重金属含量、降低pH、EC值;同时在植物选择上按照“适地适树”原则,筛选选择抗性强、对重金属有较强的吸附和转换作用、忍耐性好的植物品种,配置模式优化,建立和恢复良好植物生态群落。
本研究对炮台湾湿地森林公园Ⅱ期规划设计和建设改造具有重大指导意义,对我国其它城市工业废弃地有效治理、促进生态景观环境重建,实现可持续发展起到借鉴作用。
The author of this paper analysed some successful cases on the reconstruction of the industrial wasteland in the world and researched the changes of the eight heavy metals contents, pH value and EC value of the soil with different depth in two years by field survey, samples analysis and questionnaire survey. The rich collection characteristics of the six plants to the eight heavy metals were also researched. And plant growth conditions, plant arrangement mode during the first period of reconstruction were analyzed. The results were as the followed:
1) There are poor soil qualities in no- improved area in the Park of first construction stage. It is not suitable for plant growth. The content of Cd is excessive (the average content was 0.7451 mg/kg, 1.24 times of the contrast samples, the rate of exceed was 60%), and the content of other six heavy metals are all lower than the average background soil which in Shanghai and Baoshan District. pH value of soil on average still 11.0 was strongly alkaline; EC and PH value changes of the value of positive relationships.
2) The Variation of heavy metals contents, pH value and EC value until two years after rebuilding is that :The contents of Cd in the 50cm depth soil declined 20%. The contents of Cr and Zn raised 87% and 230% significantly. And the other metals did not change significantly. Compared between the different areas, the heavy metals in soil was positively correlated with the depth. The pH value in the 50cm depth soil declined from 9.06 to 8.10 between two years. And EC value declined 89%-90%.
3) The overall growth status of trees in the park were middle. The rich collection characteristics of heavy metals in Camphor and Holly were obvious than that in the other four plants which were growing worse. We suggested selecting the plants which were alkali resistant and strong of heavy metal tolerance. And reducing the plants which growth statuses were bad.
4) In garden plants configuration mode, terrestrial plants, arbor and shrub, should be abundant configured. Aquatic plants and lianas should be increased. The configuration mode need to be adjusted and optimized to avoid be too closed or be too void in the park.
5) Random survey was made. Most visitors, 89% of all, agreed the Ecological Landscape in the park. And 83% agreed the water, air, biodiversity, etc. in the park. They also made pertinent suggestions to the inadequacies of the ecological environment.
6) The heavy metal treatment and improvement program of the ParkⅡwere been described. And the lower of the heavy metal contents, pH value and EC value by improve the soil and plant restoration. In accordance with the "matching tree" principle, choose the plants which were strong resistance, strong adsorption and transportation of heavy metals.
It is benefit to the program design and transform rebuilding of the wetland Forest Park of Pao-TaiwanⅡ.And the results of the research were used to administer the industrial waste land, promoting ecological landscape environment for reconstruction, to achieve sustainable development indicator.
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3、郭春喜.城市湿地森林公园生态规划研究及实例应用[D].福建农林大学,2009: 5-7
4、李扬帆,刘青松.湿地与湿地保护[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2003,3
5、中国国土资源网(2008年3月14日)
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7、江泽慧.中国林业可持续发展战略研究(战略卷) [M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003,290-293
8、付娟.城市湿地森林公园生态保护规划研究-以尚湖国家城市湿地森林公园为例[D].华中农业大学,2007,6-7
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