云南省金平县龙脖河铜矿火山成矿作用及综合信息成矿预测
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摘要
随着经济建设的迅速发展,我国对矿产资源的需求量与日俱增,而目前我国主要矿种的资源保障程度低,矿产资源形势非常严峻。为了改变这种形势,我们必须依赖于科技进步,积极探索新的、更有效的现代成矿预测理论,提升我国矿产资源勘查水平和科学预测能力,以寻找和发现新的矿产资源品种和类型,增加矿产资源储备,为我国经济安全、高效、持续发展提供资源保证。
铜长期被列为我国的紧缺矿产,国家对紧缺矿产的找矿开发成为了矿业的热点。我国实施西部大开发战略,矿业是云南省支柱产业之一,云南地质研究和矿产开发再次出现新热潮。龙脖河铜矿床位于滇东南地区,区域大地构造位置处于扬子板块与青藏滇板块之交接部位的红河缝合线上。矿区以红河断裂为界,可划分为东西两个矿带,东矿带矿化产在一套浅变质火山岩系中;西矿带矿化产于哀牢山群中深变质岩系中。
本博士论文“云南省金平县龙脖河铜矿床火山成矿作用与综合信息成矿预测”是结合中国地质调查局国土资源大调查项目《云南景谷—金平地区铜矿评价》(项目编号:200010200112)及云南省有色地质局“十五”重点区带项目《云南省金平-元阳-绿春地区金铜多金属矿找矿评价》(项目编号:2002-011)的科研需要而选题的,它瞄准我国矿业和地质勘探行业发展的前沿,在龙脖河矿区应用火山成矿理论和综合信息成矿预测方法相结合,开展了成矿预测方面的找矿研究工作。笔者在对前人勘查和研究成果充分借鉴和吸收的前提下,开展了广泛的野外地质调查和室内综合研究工作,取得了以下主要成果:
一、理论成果
1、率先全面系统地对区域地质条件进行了总结,将该地区所产出的多种成因类型的矿床(点)联系起来,对成矿地质背景进行了综合性的整体研究,指出它们是在统一的大地构造背景下地质演化不同阶段的产物。
2、龙脖河铜矿床东矿带浅变质火山岩系根据矿物组合可分为变安山岩、变次火山岩和变基性火山岩。在地球化学分类图解上,其样品主要位于碱性玄武岩区域,此套岩石绝大部分应为一套富钠质碱性玄武岩系列。不同构造环境玄武岩的判别图解显示其属于板内玄武岩环境。各种地球化学证据表明,它们为同源岩浆不同演化阶段的产物,其原始岩浆为大陆板内拉张构造环境交代富集地幔部分熔融的产物,结晶分异作用在岩浆演化过程中具有重要地位。它们的形成与板块俯冲岩浆上涌和拉张作用有关。同时,证实了此套浅变质火山岩系时代不是以往推定的三叠纪,而应为中晚元古代,初步确定其年龄为16亿年左右。
3、本文详细地总结了矿床地质特征,对矿床进行了合理的、新的分类,研究了成矿类型,并建立了矿化模型。东矿带有四种矿化类型:变质基性火山岩型、变质火山—热液型、热水沉积型和构造破碎带型,它们具有“五楼一梯”的矿化模式。西矿带主要有3种矿化类型:含铜磁铁矿型、含铜黄铁矿沉积变质岩型、石英脉型。
4、矿床稳定同位素研究表明:硫主要来源于火山岩;铅基本属正常铅范围;成矿物质来自上地壳与上地幔的混合源。成矿溶液是岩浆水、地下热卤水、变质水混合型。首次全面研究了矿床包裹体地球化学特征,认为成矿流体总体上具中温、中高盐度和中偏高密度特征,属高矿化度的Na~+—Ca~(2+)氯化物型。火山沉积成矿期的温度、盐度、压力高于热液改造成矿期的温度、盐度、压力。
5、首次引入比较矿床学的概念,系统地开展了龙脖河铜矿床与国内外同类典型矿床的对比研究,不但丰富了成矿理论,拓展了找矿思路,而且对区域找矿和科研工作有重要的战略指导意义。
①龙脖河铜矿东矿带与大红山铁铜矿的对比取得了显著的研究成果,拓宽了矿区及区域铁铜矿找矿思路。研究成果证明了大红山群含铁铜变钠质火山岩系在岩石组合特点、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学特征基本一致;在形成时代、岩石组合和主微量元素以及同位素体系特征上十分相似,这一相似性使该区成为寻找大红山式铁铜矿床的极有利地区。两个矿床矿化类型和构造环境也十分相似,同属变质火山块状硫化物型矿床。
②龙脖河铜矿西矿带地层岩性、构造、岩浆岩等地质特征与越南生权铜矿床地层岩性、构造、岩浆岩等地质特征具有诸多相似性,其矿化作用和特征相似,它们大致同时是异地同相产物。因此,在龙脖河铜矿西矿带具有寻找越南生权式大型铜矿的找矿前景,预测龙脖河铜矿西矿带深部有巨大隐伏矿体存在的可能性。
6、通过近几年来的勘查和科研工作,详细分析了控矿因素,基本查明了主、富、大矿体的矿化规律和赋存部位,全面总结了各种找矿标志,建立了矿床控矿模式、成矿模式。东矿带控矿模式是“两断夹一背”,两断为红河断裂、阿龙古—龙山断裂;一背为龙达背斜(南部)或老新街背斜(北部)。西矿带控矿模式是“变质地体+两组断裂交汇+层间破碎带”。龙脖河铜矿床成矿模式可概括为“裂陷槽环境—喷溢(流)沉积—热液叠加—改造富化”。
7、率先把火山成矿理论和热水喷流沉积成矿理论引入到该地区的矿床研究中,提出了该矿床成因理论的新认识,认为龙脖河铜矿床属受变质的火山喷流(溢)—沉积+热液叠加改造+后期构造富化再造的中温多因复成矿床。成矿时代从中晚元古代延续到中生代,原生铜矿床的形成时代大致为1650-1750Ma,之后经历了以晋宁运动为主以及印支运动、燕山运动和喜山运动的改造富化。成矿作用具长期性、多期次、多来源、多阶段、多成因特征。
8、通过勘查实践,提出了新的找矿技术思路。建立的东矿带找矿技术思路概括为:“追索层位岩性—识别火山机构—辨认含矿构造—找寻围岩蚀变—查证物化异常—实施工程验证”。西矿带的找矿技术思路概括为:“寻找有利地层(哀牢山群乌都坑组)→辨别最佳容矿构造(北西向逆断层)→圈定长英质脉岩→观察蚀变矿化迹象→开展物化探扫面(磁法+电法)→进行有望异常查证→工程验证解剖”。
9、明确提出了成矿预测区的确定原则与划分依据,系统地进行了矿区综合成矿预测,指明了找矿方向,优选了10个找矿靶区,其中Ⅰ级找矿靶区4个,Ⅱ级找矿靶区3个,Ⅲ级找矿靶区3个。最后,指出龙脖河铜矿是一个以铜为主,伴生铁、金的大型矿区,并给地质生产部门提出了下一步找矿工作部署建议。
10、金矿体(化)和稀土矿化的发现是本文的创新点之一,应引起特别注意。
二、方法成果
通过综合运用各种方法与手段进行了系统研究,技术集成,取得了显著成果。率先建立了地质找矿模型、地质-地球化学找矿模型、地质-地球物理找矿模型、地质-遥感找矿模型,首次建立了地物化综合找矿模型,这些模型能为本区成矿预测提供科学依据,为寻找同类矿床提供方法指导。实践证明,地质、物探、化探、遥感、钻探等方法和手段有机组合是行之有效的找矿方法,可以找到工业矿体,同时,在组织和管理方面也积累了经验。
三、应用效果及储量成果
1、本次所优选出的3个找矿靶区提供给生产部门使用,经采用坑探和钻探验证后,新发现铜矿产地1处、铁矿点2处、金矿化点1处,本次新增铜334_1资源量20.08万吨,取得了很好的找矿效果。另外,估算整个矿区333+334类资源量已达100万吨。
2、经中国地质调查局审查核实,龙脖河铜矿床东矿带共提交了333+334_1类铜资源量41.2838万吨,平均品位1.47%。该矿床潜在经济价值超过280亿元。
Demand of mineral resources grows increasingly in China, with the rapid development of economy. However, the guarantee of major minerals resources is quite low, and situation of supply for mineral resource is quite severe in China. In this case, in order to ensure economic safety, high-efficient, continuously developing of our country, we should discover more mineral resources of varieties and type, depending on the scientific and technological progress, with the effective modern mineralizing theory and prediction.
Copper resources has been lack as one of mineral resources of our country long-term. It has become a hotspot of the mining for our country to seek those mineral resources of lack. Since our country carried out the stratagem of west development, the mining has become the key industry of Yunnan province, and the new upsurge of geological research and mining exploitation have appeared again in Yunnan province. Longbohe copper deposit locates the southeast region of Yunnan, its region geo-structure position is in the Red River suture line connected with the Yangzi tectonic plate and the QingZangDian tectonic plate. The mining area may be divided into two ores zones bounded Red River fault. The mineralization of east ore zone lay in a suit of low metamorphism volcanic rock series, and the mineralization of west ore zone lay in the AilaoShan group deep metamorphism rock series.
The doctorate dissertation , The volcano mineralization and the comprehensive information metallogenic targeting of Longbohe copper deposit in Jinping county, Yunnan Province, is based on national territory resources major key investigation project of Chinese geology Investigation Bureau《Yunnan JingGu-JinPing area copper mine appraisal》( serial number of project: 200010200112) and the " The tenth five years plan" key area zone project of the Nonferrous Geological Bureau in Yunnan Province《The prospecting appraisal of Jinping - Yuanyang - LuChun area gold- copper polymetallic deposit in Yunnan province (serial number of project: 2002-011). It aims research at costal part of the mining and the geological survey of our country, using the volcano mineralization theory and the synthesis information mineralization forecast method, to carry out the research of the synthetic information metallogenic prediction in Longbohe area. Carried out widespread field geological investigation and inside synthetic research, under the investigation and research results of the predecessor ,the author has gained the following main achievements:
1 The theory achievement
1.1 To Summarize overall systematically regional geological condition first time, and study synthetically metallogenic geological background related with the many kinds of genesis deposits in this area, and point out that they are the product of the different stages geological evolution in the united geo-structure background.
1.2 By mineral compages, the low metamorphic volcanic rock series consist of the metamorphic andesite, metamorphic sub-volcanic rock and metamorphic base volcanic rock in east ore area of Longbohe copper deposit. In the categorised diagram of geochemistry, the samples of the low metamorphic volcanic rock series mainly lie in the area of alkaline basalt, so the rocks should be most a set of sodic-rich and alkaline basalt series. The discrimination diagram of the different tectonic environment basalt reveals that basalts belong to a intraplate basalt environment. Various geochemistry evidences indicate that the basalts are results of the homologous magma at different evolvement stages. Their primary magma is the result of metasomtic and enriched mantle melting in the tectonic environment of the continental intraplate setting. The fractional crystallization has important position during magma evolution. Their formation relate with plate dive, magma upwelling and draw function. We also proved the era of this low metamorphic volcanic rock series is not Triassic, but is Meso-Neoproterozoic, and confirm its age as 1,600 million years.
1.3 This article summarized the geological characteristic of the deposit in detail, classifieded reasonably and newly the deposit, studied the metallogenic types, and established the metallogenic model. East ore zone includs four kinds of metallogenic types: the metamorphogenic base volcano rock type, the metamorphogenic volcano-hydrothermalism type, the hot water sediment deposit and the structure crushed zone type. They have the metallogenic model of 5 floors and a ladder. West ore-zone includes three kinds of metamorphogenic types: contains copperish magnetite type, copperish pyrite sediment and metamorphosed rock type, the quartz pulse type.
1.4 Stable isotope research of the deposit indicated : Sulfur mainly comes from volcanic rock; lead is basically in normal lead scope; metallogenic matter comes from the mix source of lithosphere and the upper mantle. The metallogenic solution is mixed flow of magma water, subterranean heat bittern, metamorphogenic water. Researching geochemistry characteristic of the fluid inclusion, metallogenic fluid is considered as middle temperature, middle-high salinity, and middle-high density which belongs to the high metallogenic Na~+ - Ca~(2+) chloride type. Temperature, salinity, pressure in volcanic and sediment metallogenic period is higher than that in hydrothermal and modified metallogenic period.
1.5 Concept of comparison deposit is handled first time to contrast with Longbohe copper deposit and some typical, similar domestic and foreign deposits. It not only enriches metallogenic theory, develop prospecting thinking, but also has important strategic significance to the regional prospecting and the researching.
①Contrasting between the east ore zone of Longbohe copper deposit and Dahongshan iron-copper deposit, remarkable research results are obtained, prospecting thinking of iron and copper is broadened in the ore area and the region. The research proves: the low metamorphic sodium volcanic rock series extend to north-west; the two deposits resemble each other in combined character of rock, lithology, petrochemistry, geochemistry, form era and character of main microelements and isotope. The comparability makes this area to become the most advantaged area to discover Dahongshan model iron-copper deposit. The two mineral deposits are also extremely similar in the mineralized types and the structure environments, and both belong to the metallogenic and volcanic massive sulphide deposit.
②The west ore zone of Longbohe copper mine is much similar to Shengquan copper mine (Vietnam) in character of lithology, structure, magma and mineralization. The two mines are considered as products of the different zone and the same lithofacies. So there is prospecting potential to explore big copper deposit of Vietnam shengquan model in the west ore zone in Longbohe copper mine, and it is possible to explore huge potential ore bodies in deeper of the west ore zone in Longbohe copper mine.
1.6 By the exploration and research recent years, we analysed ore-controlling factors, and basically found out metallogenetic law and places of occurrence of rich and big ore bodies. We general concluded all kinds of ore prospecting indicators, and established the controlling model and the metallogenetic model of deposit. The controlling model is two faults to nip one anticline in the east ore zone. The two faults are Honghe fault and Alonggu-Longshan fault, and one anticline is Longda(south) or Laoxinjie anticline(north). The controlling model in the west ore zone is the metallogenic geological bodies, the join of two faults, and the interlayer fracture zone. The metallogenetic model can be concluded as environment of taphrogeosyncline, sedex, hydrothermal superimposition and structure reworking.
1.7 At first, we introduce the volcanic metallogenetic theory and the hydrothermal sedex metallogenetic theory to the research of deposits in the ore area. We propounded a new academic cognition about deposit genesis. We consider Longbohe copper mine as a middle temperature , composite polygenetic deposit of the metallogenic volcanic sedex, hydrothermal superimposition and reworking, late tectonic reworking. Metallogenetic time extended form Meso-Neoproterazoic to Mesozoic. Form time of the original copper deposit is approximate 1650～1750Ma, then the original copper deposit suffered from reworking of Jinning movement, Yinzhi movement, Yanshan movement and Xishan movement. Metallogeny has characters of the long term, multi-stages, multi-source, multi-phases, multi-genesis.
1.8 By exploration and the practice, we present a new prospecting technology thought. In the east ore-zone ,it is generalized to trace stratum and lithology→to identify volcanic organ→to distinguish ore-bearing structure→to seek for wall-rock alteration→to check the anomaly of geophysical prospecting, geochemical prospecting→to put engineering means in practice . In the western ore-zone ,it is conclude to explore the advantaged stratam (Wudoukeng formation of Ailaoshan group )→to identify the best ore-containing structure(the north-west reverse fault)→to enclose the felsic dikes→to observe the mineralized and altered evidence→to carry out the geophysical and geochemical exploration(the magnetic method and the electrical method )→to evaluate anomaly→to verify.
1.9 Presenting circle principle and divisiory reason of metallogenic prognosis, we carried out the metallogenic prognosis with synthetic information in this ore area, and then pointed out prospecting direction, selected 10 prospecting targets. They are four I level prospecting targets, three II level targets and three III level targets. Finally, we has pointed out that Longbohe copper deposit is a big copper deposit associated iron and gold, and put forward proposal for next step prospecting work deployment to the geological production department.
1.10 It is one of innovation for the article to discovered gold ore body(mineralization) and thulium mineralization in the study area, to which special attention should be caused.
2 Methods results
The outstanding achievements were obtained by applying various methods and means to carry out systematical research and integrated technologies to the topic .A comprehensive model of the geological exploration is built on the first time on the basis of synthesis of geological prospecting model, geological-geochemical prospecting model , geological-geophysical prospecting model and geological-remote sensing model, etc. These models can provide some scientific foundation for the metallogenetic forecast in this area and give methodological guide on searching for the same type of deposit. Practice has proved that the organic optimum of geology, geophysical prospecting, geochemical prospecting, remote sensing and drilling methods are effective on ore -prospecting, which can find more industrial ore-body. Simultaneously, experience on organization and management are gained in the process of study.
3 The appliance effective and reserves results
3.1 The three optimized prospecting targets obtained by applying the comprehensive model were provided to the production department during the study .With certifications by pit and drilling test ,one copper deposit, two iron deposits and one gold mineralized site are founded lately. The newly increased 334_1 copper resource are 200,800 tons, the prospecting results are very good. Furthermore, in the whole deposit area, 333+334_1 copper resource can be estimated to 1,000,000 tons.
3.2 In the eastern ore-belt of Longbohe copper deposit ,333+334_1 copper resource are 412,838 tons totally with the 1.47% average grade, the data has been investigated and checked by CGSB (China Geological Survey Bureau). The latent economical value of the deposit costs more than 28,000,000,000 RMB.
铜长期被列为我国的紧缺矿产,国家对紧缺矿产的找矿开发成为了矿业的热点。我国实施西部大开发战略,矿业是云南省支柱产业之一,云南地质研究和矿产开发再次出现新热潮。龙脖河铜矿床位于滇东南地区,区域大地构造位置处于扬子板块与青藏滇板块之交接部位的红河缝合线上。矿区以红河断裂为界,可划分为东西两个矿带,东矿带矿化产在一套浅变质火山岩系中;西矿带矿化产于哀牢山群中深变质岩系中。
本博士论文“云南省金平县龙脖河铜矿床火山成矿作用与综合信息成矿预测”是结合中国地质调查局国土资源大调查项目《云南景谷—金平地区铜矿评价》(项目编号:200010200112)及云南省有色地质局“十五”重点区带项目《云南省金平-元阳-绿春地区金铜多金属矿找矿评价》(项目编号:2002-011)的科研需要而选题的,它瞄准我国矿业和地质勘探行业发展的前沿,在龙脖河矿区应用火山成矿理论和综合信息成矿预测方法相结合,开展了成矿预测方面的找矿研究工作。笔者在对前人勘查和研究成果充分借鉴和吸收的前提下,开展了广泛的野外地质调查和室内综合研究工作,取得了以下主要成果:
一、理论成果
1、率先全面系统地对区域地质条件进行了总结,将该地区所产出的多种成因类型的矿床(点)联系起来,对成矿地质背景进行了综合性的整体研究,指出它们是在统一的大地构造背景下地质演化不同阶段的产物。
2、龙脖河铜矿床东矿带浅变质火山岩系根据矿物组合可分为变安山岩、变次火山岩和变基性火山岩。在地球化学分类图解上,其样品主要位于碱性玄武岩区域,此套岩石绝大部分应为一套富钠质碱性玄武岩系列。不同构造环境玄武岩的判别图解显示其属于板内玄武岩环境。各种地球化学证据表明,它们为同源岩浆不同演化阶段的产物,其原始岩浆为大陆板内拉张构造环境交代富集地幔部分熔融的产物,结晶分异作用在岩浆演化过程中具有重要地位。它们的形成与板块俯冲岩浆上涌和拉张作用有关。同时,证实了此套浅变质火山岩系时代不是以往推定的三叠纪,而应为中晚元古代,初步确定其年龄为16亿年左右。
3、本文详细地总结了矿床地质特征,对矿床进行了合理的、新的分类,研究了成矿类型,并建立了矿化模型。东矿带有四种矿化类型:变质基性火山岩型、变质火山—热液型、热水沉积型和构造破碎带型,它们具有“五楼一梯”的矿化模式。西矿带主要有3种矿化类型:含铜磁铁矿型、含铜黄铁矿沉积变质岩型、石英脉型。
4、矿床稳定同位素研究表明:硫主要来源于火山岩;铅基本属正常铅范围;成矿物质来自上地壳与上地幔的混合源。成矿溶液是岩浆水、地下热卤水、变质水混合型。首次全面研究了矿床包裹体地球化学特征,认为成矿流体总体上具中温、中高盐度和中偏高密度特征,属高矿化度的Na~+—Ca~(2+)氯化物型。火山沉积成矿期的温度、盐度、压力高于热液改造成矿期的温度、盐度、压力。
5、首次引入比较矿床学的概念,系统地开展了龙脖河铜矿床与国内外同类典型矿床的对比研究,不但丰富了成矿理论,拓展了找矿思路,而且对区域找矿和科研工作有重要的战略指导意义。
①龙脖河铜矿东矿带与大红山铁铜矿的对比取得了显著的研究成果,拓宽了矿区及区域铁铜矿找矿思路。研究成果证明了大红山群含铁铜变钠质火山岩系在岩石组合特点、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学特征基本一致;在形成时代、岩石组合和主微量元素以及同位素体系特征上十分相似,这一相似性使该区成为寻找大红山式铁铜矿床的极有利地区。两个矿床矿化类型和构造环境也十分相似,同属变质火山块状硫化物型矿床。
②龙脖河铜矿西矿带地层岩性、构造、岩浆岩等地质特征与越南生权铜矿床地层岩性、构造、岩浆岩等地质特征具有诸多相似性,其矿化作用和特征相似,它们大致同时是异地同相产物。因此,在龙脖河铜矿西矿带具有寻找越南生权式大型铜矿的找矿前景,预测龙脖河铜矿西矿带深部有巨大隐伏矿体存在的可能性。
6、通过近几年来的勘查和科研工作,详细分析了控矿因素,基本查明了主、富、大矿体的矿化规律和赋存部位,全面总结了各种找矿标志,建立了矿床控矿模式、成矿模式。东矿带控矿模式是“两断夹一背”,两断为红河断裂、阿龙古—龙山断裂;一背为龙达背斜(南部)或老新街背斜(北部)。西矿带控矿模式是“变质地体+两组断裂交汇+层间破碎带”。龙脖河铜矿床成矿模式可概括为“裂陷槽环境—喷溢(流)沉积—热液叠加—改造富化”。
7、率先把火山成矿理论和热水喷流沉积成矿理论引入到该地区的矿床研究中,提出了该矿床成因理论的新认识,认为龙脖河铜矿床属受变质的火山喷流(溢)—沉积+热液叠加改造+后期构造富化再造的中温多因复成矿床。成矿时代从中晚元古代延续到中生代,原生铜矿床的形成时代大致为1650-1750Ma,之后经历了以晋宁运动为主以及印支运动、燕山运动和喜山运动的改造富化。成矿作用具长期性、多期次、多来源、多阶段、多成因特征。
8、通过勘查实践,提出了新的找矿技术思路。建立的东矿带找矿技术思路概括为:“追索层位岩性—识别火山机构—辨认含矿构造—找寻围岩蚀变—查证物化异常—实施工程验证”。西矿带的找矿技术思路概括为:“寻找有利地层(哀牢山群乌都坑组)→辨别最佳容矿构造(北西向逆断层)→圈定长英质脉岩→观察蚀变矿化迹象→开展物化探扫面(磁法+电法)→进行有望异常查证→工程验证解剖”。
9、明确提出了成矿预测区的确定原则与划分依据,系统地进行了矿区综合成矿预测,指明了找矿方向,优选了10个找矿靶区,其中Ⅰ级找矿靶区4个,Ⅱ级找矿靶区3个,Ⅲ级找矿靶区3个。最后,指出龙脖河铜矿是一个以铜为主,伴生铁、金的大型矿区,并给地质生产部门提出了下一步找矿工作部署建议。
10、金矿体(化)和稀土矿化的发现是本文的创新点之一,应引起特别注意。
二、方法成果
通过综合运用各种方法与手段进行了系统研究,技术集成,取得了显著成果。率先建立了地质找矿模型、地质-地球化学找矿模型、地质-地球物理找矿模型、地质-遥感找矿模型,首次建立了地物化综合找矿模型,这些模型能为本区成矿预测提供科学依据,为寻找同类矿床提供方法指导。实践证明,地质、物探、化探、遥感、钻探等方法和手段有机组合是行之有效的找矿方法,可以找到工业矿体,同时,在组织和管理方面也积累了经验。
三、应用效果及储量成果
1、本次所优选出的3个找矿靶区提供给生产部门使用,经采用坑探和钻探验证后,新发现铜矿产地1处、铁矿点2处、金矿化点1处,本次新增铜334_1资源量20.08万吨,取得了很好的找矿效果。另外,估算整个矿区333+334类资源量已达100万吨。
2、经中国地质调查局审查核实,龙脖河铜矿床东矿带共提交了333+334_1类铜资源量41.2838万吨,平均品位1.47%。该矿床潜在经济价值超过280亿元。
Demand of mineral resources grows increasingly in China, with the rapid development of economy. However, the guarantee of major minerals resources is quite low, and situation of supply for mineral resource is quite severe in China. In this case, in order to ensure economic safety, high-efficient, continuously developing of our country, we should discover more mineral resources of varieties and type, depending on the scientific and technological progress, with the effective modern mineralizing theory and prediction.
Copper resources has been lack as one of mineral resources of our country long-term. It has become a hotspot of the mining for our country to seek those mineral resources of lack. Since our country carried out the stratagem of west development, the mining has become the key industry of Yunnan province, and the new upsurge of geological research and mining exploitation have appeared again in Yunnan province. Longbohe copper deposit locates the southeast region of Yunnan, its region geo-structure position is in the Red River suture line connected with the Yangzi tectonic plate and the QingZangDian tectonic plate. The mining area may be divided into two ores zones bounded Red River fault. The mineralization of east ore zone lay in a suit of low metamorphism volcanic rock series, and the mineralization of west ore zone lay in the AilaoShan group deep metamorphism rock series.
The doctorate dissertation , The volcano mineralization and the comprehensive information metallogenic targeting of Longbohe copper deposit in Jinping county, Yunnan Province, is based on national territory resources major key investigation project of Chinese geology Investigation Bureau《Yunnan JingGu-JinPing area copper mine appraisal》( serial number of project: 200010200112) and the " The tenth five years plan" key area zone project of the Nonferrous Geological Bureau in Yunnan Province《The prospecting appraisal of Jinping - Yuanyang - LuChun area gold- copper polymetallic deposit in Yunnan province (serial number of project: 2002-011). It aims research at costal part of the mining and the geological survey of our country, using the volcano mineralization theory and the synthesis information mineralization forecast method, to carry out the research of the synthetic information metallogenic prediction in Longbohe area. Carried out widespread field geological investigation and inside synthetic research, under the investigation and research results of the predecessor ,the author has gained the following main achievements:
1 The theory achievement
1.1 To Summarize overall systematically regional geological condition first time, and study synthetically metallogenic geological background related with the many kinds of genesis deposits in this area, and point out that they are the product of the different stages geological evolution in the united geo-structure background.
1.2 By mineral compages, the low metamorphic volcanic rock series consist of the metamorphic andesite, metamorphic sub-volcanic rock and metamorphic base volcanic rock in east ore area of Longbohe copper deposit. In the categorised diagram of geochemistry, the samples of the low metamorphic volcanic rock series mainly lie in the area of alkaline basalt, so the rocks should be most a set of sodic-rich and alkaline basalt series. The discrimination diagram of the different tectonic environment basalt reveals that basalts belong to a intraplate basalt environment. Various geochemistry evidences indicate that the basalts are results of the homologous magma at different evolvement stages. Their primary magma is the result of metasomtic and enriched mantle melting in the tectonic environment of the continental intraplate setting. The fractional crystallization has important position during magma evolution. Their formation relate with plate dive, magma upwelling and draw function. We also proved the era of this low metamorphic volcanic rock series is not Triassic, but is Meso-Neoproterozoic, and confirm its age as 1,600 million years.
1.3 This article summarized the geological characteristic of the deposit in detail, classifieded reasonably and newly the deposit, studied the metallogenic types, and established the metallogenic model. East ore zone includs four kinds of metallogenic types: the metamorphogenic base volcano rock type, the metamorphogenic volcano-hydrothermalism type, the hot water sediment deposit and the structure crushed zone type. They have the metallogenic model of 5 floors and a ladder. West ore-zone includes three kinds of metamorphogenic types: contains copperish magnetite type, copperish pyrite sediment and metamorphosed rock type, the quartz pulse type.
1.4 Stable isotope research of the deposit indicated : Sulfur mainly comes from volcanic rock; lead is basically in normal lead scope; metallogenic matter comes from the mix source of lithosphere and the upper mantle. The metallogenic solution is mixed flow of magma water, subterranean heat bittern, metamorphogenic water. Researching geochemistry characteristic of the fluid inclusion, metallogenic fluid is considered as middle temperature, middle-high salinity, and middle-high density which belongs to the high metallogenic Na~+ - Ca~(2+) chloride type. Temperature, salinity, pressure in volcanic and sediment metallogenic period is higher than that in hydrothermal and modified metallogenic period.
1.5 Concept of comparison deposit is handled first time to contrast with Longbohe copper deposit and some typical, similar domestic and foreign deposits. It not only enriches metallogenic theory, develop prospecting thinking, but also has important strategic significance to the regional prospecting and the researching.
①Contrasting between the east ore zone of Longbohe copper deposit and Dahongshan iron-copper deposit, remarkable research results are obtained, prospecting thinking of iron and copper is broadened in the ore area and the region. The research proves: the low metamorphic sodium volcanic rock series extend to north-west; the two deposits resemble each other in combined character of rock, lithology, petrochemistry, geochemistry, form era and character of main microelements and isotope. The comparability makes this area to become the most advantaged area to discover Dahongshan model iron-copper deposit. The two mineral deposits are also extremely similar in the mineralized types and the structure environments, and both belong to the metallogenic and volcanic massive sulphide deposit.
②The west ore zone of Longbohe copper mine is much similar to Shengquan copper mine (Vietnam) in character of lithology, structure, magma and mineralization. The two mines are considered as products of the different zone and the same lithofacies. So there is prospecting potential to explore big copper deposit of Vietnam shengquan model in the west ore zone in Longbohe copper mine, and it is possible to explore huge potential ore bodies in deeper of the west ore zone in Longbohe copper mine.
1.6 By the exploration and research recent years, we analysed ore-controlling factors, and basically found out metallogenetic law and places of occurrence of rich and big ore bodies. We general concluded all kinds of ore prospecting indicators, and established the controlling model and the metallogenetic model of deposit. The controlling model is two faults to nip one anticline in the east ore zone. The two faults are Honghe fault and Alonggu-Longshan fault, and one anticline is Longda(south) or Laoxinjie anticline(north). The controlling model in the west ore zone is the metallogenic geological bodies, the join of two faults, and the interlayer fracture zone. The metallogenetic model can be concluded as environment of taphrogeosyncline, sedex, hydrothermal superimposition and structure reworking.
1.7 At first, we introduce the volcanic metallogenetic theory and the hydrothermal sedex metallogenetic theory to the research of deposits in the ore area. We propounded a new academic cognition about deposit genesis. We consider Longbohe copper mine as a middle temperature , composite polygenetic deposit of the metallogenic volcanic sedex, hydrothermal superimposition and reworking, late tectonic reworking. Metallogenetic time extended form Meso-Neoproterazoic to Mesozoic. Form time of the original copper deposit is approximate 1650～1750Ma, then the original copper deposit suffered from reworking of Jinning movement, Yinzhi movement, Yanshan movement and Xishan movement. Metallogeny has characters of the long term, multi-stages, multi-source, multi-phases, multi-genesis.
1.8 By exploration and the practice, we present a new prospecting technology thought. In the east ore-zone ,it is generalized to trace stratum and lithology→to identify volcanic organ→to distinguish ore-bearing structure→to seek for wall-rock alteration→to check the anomaly of geophysical prospecting, geochemical prospecting→to put engineering means in practice . In the western ore-zone ,it is conclude to explore the advantaged stratam (Wudoukeng formation of Ailaoshan group )→to identify the best ore-containing structure(the north-west reverse fault)→to enclose the felsic dikes→to observe the mineralized and altered evidence→to carry out the geophysical and geochemical exploration(the magnetic method and the electrical method )→to evaluate anomaly→to verify.
1.9 Presenting circle principle and divisiory reason of metallogenic prognosis, we carried out the metallogenic prognosis with synthetic information in this ore area, and then pointed out prospecting direction, selected 10 prospecting targets. They are four I level prospecting targets, three II level targets and three III level targets. Finally, we has pointed out that Longbohe copper deposit is a big copper deposit associated iron and gold, and put forward proposal for next step prospecting work deployment to the geological production department.
1.10 It is one of innovation for the article to discovered gold ore body(mineralization) and thulium mineralization in the study area, to which special attention should be caused.
2 Methods results
The outstanding achievements were obtained by applying various methods and means to carry out systematical research and integrated technologies to the topic .A comprehensive model of the geological exploration is built on the first time on the basis of synthesis of geological prospecting model, geological-geochemical prospecting model , geological-geophysical prospecting model and geological-remote sensing model, etc. These models can provide some scientific foundation for the metallogenetic forecast in this area and give methodological guide on searching for the same type of deposit. Practice has proved that the organic optimum of geology, geophysical prospecting, geochemical prospecting, remote sensing and drilling methods are effective on ore -prospecting, which can find more industrial ore-body. Simultaneously, experience on organization and management are gained in the process of study.
3 The appliance effective and reserves results
3.1 The three optimized prospecting targets obtained by applying the comprehensive model were provided to the production department during the study .With certifications by pit and drilling test ,one copper deposit, two iron deposits and one gold mineralized site are founded lately. The newly increased 334_1 copper resource are 200,800 tons, the prospecting results are very good. Furthermore, in the whole deposit area, 333+334_1 copper resource can be estimated to 1,000,000 tons.
3.2 In the eastern ore-belt of Longbohe copper deposit ,333+334_1 copper resource are 412,838 tons totally with the 1.47% average grade, the data has been investigated and checked by CGSB (China Geological Survey Bureau). The latent economical value of the deposit costs more than 28,000,000,000 RMB.
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