不同放牧制度对短花针茅荒漠草原碳平衡的影响
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摘要
采用野外调查法测定生物量季节动态,密闭气室法测定土壤呼吸动态。通过对十年(1999～2009)不同放牧利用后,短花针茅荒漠草原碳输入、输出的野外定位观测,分析了划区轮牧、自由放牧和围栏禁牧对荒漠草原生态系统碳平衡的影响。结果表明:
1)相较于自由放牧,划区轮牧在恢复地上植被方面无明显差别,禁牧能保持较高的植物地上生物量。
2)放牧制度对不同植物种群地上生物量的影响有差别。自由放牧保持较高的短花针茅地上生物量;无芒隐子草表现出禁牧区>划区轮牧区>自由放牧区的趋势;碱韭地上生物量季节变化趋势基本一致,干旱月份,禁牧能保持较高的生物量。
3)湿润季节,不同放牧制度下0～30cm土层内的地下生物量季节动态无明显差别。干旱季节,划区轮牧和围栏禁牧较自由放牧能保持较高的地下生物量。
4)凋落物量的季节动态受到当月放牧状态的影响,划区轮牧和围栏禁牧较自由放牧能保持较高的地上凋落物量。
5)家畜采食量随地上生物量的季节动态而变化,划区轮牧保持较高的家畜采食量。
6)围栏禁牧能保持较大的生产力,不同放牧制度间净初级生产力差别不明显。
7)相较于自由放牧,划区轮牧对土壤呼吸速率及其环境因子效应影响较小,围栏禁牧改变了土壤呼吸日均速率及水热因子效应;土壤呼吸日动态主要受温度因子的影响,季节变化主要受到水分因子的影响;土壤呼吸日均速率与气温的相关性大于与土壤温度的相关性,水温复合模型较单因子模型更好地解释土壤呼吸速率的变化;划区轮牧和自由放牧较围栏禁牧增大了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(水分充足时),降低了土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响。
8)不同放牧制度下,短花针茅荒漠草原都表现为较明显的碳汇。碳汇表现为围栏禁牧>划区轮牧>自由放牧的趋势,但不同放牧制度间碳汇无明显差别。
Using field investigation and enclosed chamber method (IRGA), dynamics of biomass and soil respiration rate was determined in Stipa breviflora desert steppe. The effects of grazing systems on carbon input, carbon output and carbon balance was studied in this paper. The results showed that:
1) Compared with continuous grazing, community abovebiomass was not superior under rotational grazing, while community abovebiomass was suprrior under non-grazing.
2) The abovebiomass of Stipa breviflora was greater in continous grazing plot than that in rotational grazing and non-grazing. The abovebiomass of Cleistogenes songorica decreased in the order was non-grazing plot, rotational grazing plot and continuous grazing plot. While, Allium polyrrizum showed little difference between different grazing systems.
3) The seasonal dynamics of belowground biomass was similar between different grazing systems. The belowground biomass was greater in rotational grazing plot and non-grazing plot than that in continous grazing plot.
4) The seasonal dynamics of litter fall was mainly affected by the state of grazing. The litter was greater in rotational grazing plot and non-grazing plot than that in continous grazing plot.
5) Compared with continous grazing plot, the livestock feed intake was greater in rotational grazing plot. Livestock feed intake changed with the seasonal dynamics of aboveground biomass.
6) Non-grazing maintains greater productivity, while continous graing and rotational grazing were no difference.
7) The soil respiration rate and effect of environmental factors were similar between rotational grazing and continuous grazing, and there were differences between continuous grazing and non-grazing in daily mean soil respiration rate and effect of environmental factors. The diurnal variation of soil respiration could be expressed as a single peak curve, and the seasonal variation was mainly affected by soil moisture. Correlation of soil respiration diurnal variation with air temperature was greater than that with soil temperature, and water-temperature composite model was better than single-factor model to explain the changes in soil respiration rate. Compared with non-grazing, rotational grazing and continuous grazing elevated the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (adequate moisture), while reduce the impact of soil moisture on soil respiration.
8) Stipa breviflora desert steppe emerged to be carbon sinks under different grazing systems. Carbon sinks decreased in turn from non-grazing, rotational grazing to continous grazing, but with little differences.
1)相较于自由放牧,划区轮牧在恢复地上植被方面无明显差别,禁牧能保持较高的植物地上生物量。
2)放牧制度对不同植物种群地上生物量的影响有差别。自由放牧保持较高的短花针茅地上生物量;无芒隐子草表现出禁牧区>划区轮牧区>自由放牧区的趋势;碱韭地上生物量季节变化趋势基本一致,干旱月份,禁牧能保持较高的生物量。
3)湿润季节,不同放牧制度下0～30cm土层内的地下生物量季节动态无明显差别。干旱季节,划区轮牧和围栏禁牧较自由放牧能保持较高的地下生物量。
4)凋落物量的季节动态受到当月放牧状态的影响,划区轮牧和围栏禁牧较自由放牧能保持较高的地上凋落物量。
5)家畜采食量随地上生物量的季节动态而变化,划区轮牧保持较高的家畜采食量。
6)围栏禁牧能保持较大的生产力,不同放牧制度间净初级生产力差别不明显。
7)相较于自由放牧,划区轮牧对土壤呼吸速率及其环境因子效应影响较小,围栏禁牧改变了土壤呼吸日均速率及水热因子效应;土壤呼吸日动态主要受温度因子的影响,季节变化主要受到水分因子的影响;土壤呼吸日均速率与气温的相关性大于与土壤温度的相关性,水温复合模型较单因子模型更好地解释土壤呼吸速率的变化;划区轮牧和自由放牧较围栏禁牧增大了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(水分充足时),降低了土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响。
8)不同放牧制度下,短花针茅荒漠草原都表现为较明显的碳汇。碳汇表现为围栏禁牧>划区轮牧>自由放牧的趋势,但不同放牧制度间碳汇无明显差别。
Using field investigation and enclosed chamber method (IRGA), dynamics of biomass and soil respiration rate was determined in Stipa breviflora desert steppe. The effects of grazing systems on carbon input, carbon output and carbon balance was studied in this paper. The results showed that:
1) Compared with continuous grazing, community abovebiomass was not superior under rotational grazing, while community abovebiomass was suprrior under non-grazing.
2) The abovebiomass of Stipa breviflora was greater in continous grazing plot than that in rotational grazing and non-grazing. The abovebiomass of Cleistogenes songorica decreased in the order was non-grazing plot, rotational grazing plot and continuous grazing plot. While, Allium polyrrizum showed little difference between different grazing systems.
3) The seasonal dynamics of belowground biomass was similar between different grazing systems. The belowground biomass was greater in rotational grazing plot and non-grazing plot than that in continous grazing plot.
4) The seasonal dynamics of litter fall was mainly affected by the state of grazing. The litter was greater in rotational grazing plot and non-grazing plot than that in continous grazing plot.
5) Compared with continous grazing plot, the livestock feed intake was greater in rotational grazing plot. Livestock feed intake changed with the seasonal dynamics of aboveground biomass.
6) Non-grazing maintains greater productivity, while continous graing and rotational grazing were no difference.
7) The soil respiration rate and effect of environmental factors were similar between rotational grazing and continuous grazing, and there were differences between continuous grazing and non-grazing in daily mean soil respiration rate and effect of environmental factors. The diurnal variation of soil respiration could be expressed as a single peak curve, and the seasonal variation was mainly affected by soil moisture. Correlation of soil respiration diurnal variation with air temperature was greater than that with soil temperature, and water-temperature composite model was better than single-factor model to explain the changes in soil respiration rate. Compared with non-grazing, rotational grazing and continuous grazing elevated the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (adequate moisture), while reduce the impact of soil moisture on soil respiration.
8) Stipa breviflora desert steppe emerged to be carbon sinks under different grazing systems. Carbon sinks decreased in turn from non-grazing, rotational grazing to continous grazing, but with little differences.
引文
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