地闪回击脉冲电磁场空间分布规律研究
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摘要
闪电脉冲电磁场（LEMP）作为一种全球范围随机发生的高功率辐射源，能够对电子电气设备、输电线路和通信电缆等造成干扰、故障或损坏。但是因为多数与人类日常生活相关的设备、线缆和传感器等都被布置在地表附近空间，所以多数关于LEMP的研究都集中在地表附近空间。然而，随着特高压输电网、低空飞行器、巨型建筑和埋地线缆等越来越多的出现在空中和地下，将对LEMP的研究范围扩展到整个地上与地下空间就显得十分必要。另一方面，由于巨大的计算量和存储量，现有关于LEMP的研究都通过对比个别离散点上的LEMP波形来推测其在空间中粗略的分布。而这显然不能对LEMP防护设计和标准制定提供有力的支持。
基于以上原因，本文以闪电过程中危害最大的地闪回击LEMP为对象，通过自创的改进型时域有限差分（FDTD）方法，得到了LEMP在整个空间中各个特征参量的详细分布。并通过计算多种工程实用参数条件下的LEMP空间分布，给出了不同情况下LEMP空间分布的变化特点。较为系统和完整的给出了地闪回击脉冲电磁场在整个空间中的分布规律。
首先，本文通过在FDTD程序的时间步进间加入了一种“处理窗”程序，提出了一种高效的改进型FDTD方法——PWFDTD算法。与其他方法相比，它避免了计算所有位置上LEMP各个参量所需的巨大计算量和存储量，能够方便快速的计算出整个空间每个位置上LEMP的各个特征参量。这也使得获取LEMP在全空间中的详细分布成为可能。通过对比PWFDTD方法在不同空间位置上、不同参数条件下与多种LEMP计算方法以及实际测量的数据，新算法的计算精度和准确性得到了很好的验证。
其次，本文通过新的PWFDTD方法计算得到了LEMP在地闪周围数千米范围内每一个网格上的特征参量，获得了它们的详细空间分布图。其中的特征参量包含LEMP峰值、电磁场变化率峰值、相应功率密度峰值和能量密度的分布，以及LEMP上升时间T10%-90%（10%极值点至90%极值点的时间）与电磁场变化率的T10%-90%和T50%-50%(50%极值点至50%极值点的时间，即脉冲宽度)。通过对这些特征参量空间分布图的归纳和抽样，从多角度对LEMP在全空间中的分布基本规律进行了总结。
第三，本文分别讨论了工程实用条件下（多种通道模型、多种底部基电流、多种回击速度、多种大地电参数、大地水平和垂直分层情况以及起伏大地情况）LEMP各特征参量空间分布的变化。通过对比这些结果，本文总结并给出了每种参数对于LEMP空间分布的影响特点，比较系统和全面的勾勒出了工程实际应用时不同情况下LEMP在全空间中分布的变化特性。
最后，本文计算了雷击建筑物时整个周围空间中每一个网格上的LEMP，并得出了其各个特征参量的空间分布规律。并且通过计算不同建筑物顶部反射率、不同建筑物底部反射率和不同建筑物高度情况时的LEMP，讨论了LEMP各个特征参量在周围空间中分布的变化特点。还给出了导致周围空间中LEMP各参量增强的主要原因和规律。
文中较为系统和完整的给出了各种情况下LEMP各特征参量在全空间中分布的规律。这些分布图与规律均未在国内外研究中发现，且相比于现有研究中通过个别点波形推测得到的粗略规律，更加准确、完整和直观。它们不仅有助于人类更好地理解地闪发生过程和机理，而且还可以作为设备、线缆等预测LEMP感应电流时的依据以及LEMP防护规则制定时的理论基础，同时还能够对LEMP观测和闪电精确定位提供重要的帮助。
Lightning electromagnetic pulse(LEMP) is a random global high powerradiation source. It can cause interference, failure or damage in electrical andelectronic equipments, transmission lines and communication cables. For mostequipments, cables and sensors which related to human daily life are arranged nearthe ground, the published researches on the attributes of lightning electromagneticfields are confined to the discrete points near the ground. But with more and moreapplications of Ultra-High Voltage(UHV) transmission network, the low-altitudeaircraft, giant buildings and underground cable, it is necessary to make the scope ofthe study on LEMP expand to the entire space. On the other hand,for the hugeamount of computation and storage, the published studies on LEMP are confined tothe rough distribution by comparing diffferent waveforms on discrete points. Itobviously does not provide strong support for LEMP protection design andstandards formulation.
For these reasons, the LEMP induced by lightning return stroke is selected tobe the object of this research. The spatial distribution of characteristic parameterswhich extract from LEMP are calculated in entire space by an originally improvedfinite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The spatial distributions of LEMPunder the condition of different parameters and their change trend are also given inthis paper. And all these distributions constitute the spatial distribution rules ofLEMP systematically and completely.
First, a "processing window" program is added between the time steps ofFDTD method in this research. This novel approach can be called PWFDTD(processing-window finite difference time domain). For this method avoids thehuge amount of calculation and storage when computing the distribution of LEMPparameters, it can get the LEMP and their spatial distribution fast and conveniently.After comparing the results get from different method with the data from PWFDTDapproach in different positions and different parameters, the precision and accuracyof the new algorithm is demonstrated.
Second, the characteristic parameters of LEMP at each grid in a few kilometersrange are calculated in this paper with PWFDTD method. For the first time, the exact spatial distribution maps of these LEMP parameters are achieved. thesecharacteristic parameters includes the maximum LEMP, the peak value of LEMPtime derivatives, the maximum power density of LEMP, the energy density, therise-time T10%-90%(The time from10%peak to90%peak)of LEMP, the T10%-90%andhalf-width T50%-50%(The time from50%peak to50%peak again) of LEMP timederivatives. Based on sampling and analyzing to the distribution of theseparameters, the basic distribution rules of LEMP are summarized from differentperspectives.
Third, the change trend of LEMP parameters are analyzed for the condition ofdifferent model of lightning channel, different base current, different velocity ofcurrent, different conductivity of ground, the horizontal and vertical stratificationground and the uneven feature of terrain. The influence of spatial distribution mapsof these LEMP parameters for different conditions is summarized. Since the basicdistribution rules of LEMP does not change in different conditions, its universalityand practical value is confirmed.
At last, the LEMP radiated by lightning strikes to tall structures are calculatedat each grid of entire space. The distribution rules of LEMP are summarized in thiscase. And the change trend of distribution are analyzed for the condition ofdifferent height of tower and reflections at the top and bottom of tower. Theinfluence of spatial distribution maps of LEMP for different conditions issummarized.
All these spatial distribution maps and rules of LEMP were not seen in thedomestic or foreign research. Compared to the existing research, which areconfined to the rough distribution on discrete points, these distribution maps andrules are more accurate, complete and intuitive. They are not only useful to betterunderstand the process and mechanism of lightning, but also can be principles ofshielding design for electrical and electronic equipments, transmission lines andcommunication cables. They could be used as protection design and layout rules inmany aspects, and can also provide important help to the observation of LEMP andlightning location.
基于以上原因，本文以闪电过程中危害最大的地闪回击LEMP为对象，通过自创的改进型时域有限差分（FDTD）方法，得到了LEMP在整个空间中各个特征参量的详细分布。并通过计算多种工程实用参数条件下的LEMP空间分布，给出了不同情况下LEMP空间分布的变化特点。较为系统和完整的给出了地闪回击脉冲电磁场在整个空间中的分布规律。
首先，本文通过在FDTD程序的时间步进间加入了一种“处理窗”程序，提出了一种高效的改进型FDTD方法——PWFDTD算法。与其他方法相比，它避免了计算所有位置上LEMP各个参量所需的巨大计算量和存储量，能够方便快速的计算出整个空间每个位置上LEMP的各个特征参量。这也使得获取LEMP在全空间中的详细分布成为可能。通过对比PWFDTD方法在不同空间位置上、不同参数条件下与多种LEMP计算方法以及实际测量的数据，新算法的计算精度和准确性得到了很好的验证。
其次，本文通过新的PWFDTD方法计算得到了LEMP在地闪周围数千米范围内每一个网格上的特征参量，获得了它们的详细空间分布图。其中的特征参量包含LEMP峰值、电磁场变化率峰值、相应功率密度峰值和能量密度的分布，以及LEMP上升时间T10%-90%（10%极值点至90%极值点的时间）与电磁场变化率的T10%-90%和T50%-50%(50%极值点至50%极值点的时间，即脉冲宽度)。通过对这些特征参量空间分布图的归纳和抽样，从多角度对LEMP在全空间中的分布基本规律进行了总结。
第三，本文分别讨论了工程实用条件下（多种通道模型、多种底部基电流、多种回击速度、多种大地电参数、大地水平和垂直分层情况以及起伏大地情况）LEMP各特征参量空间分布的变化。通过对比这些结果，本文总结并给出了每种参数对于LEMP空间分布的影响特点，比较系统和全面的勾勒出了工程实际应用时不同情况下LEMP在全空间中分布的变化特性。
最后，本文计算了雷击建筑物时整个周围空间中每一个网格上的LEMP，并得出了其各个特征参量的空间分布规律。并且通过计算不同建筑物顶部反射率、不同建筑物底部反射率和不同建筑物高度情况时的LEMP，讨论了LEMP各个特征参量在周围空间中分布的变化特点。还给出了导致周围空间中LEMP各参量增强的主要原因和规律。
文中较为系统和完整的给出了各种情况下LEMP各特征参量在全空间中分布的规律。这些分布图与规律均未在国内外研究中发现，且相比于现有研究中通过个别点波形推测得到的粗略规律，更加准确、完整和直观。它们不仅有助于人类更好地理解地闪发生过程和机理，而且还可以作为设备、线缆等预测LEMP感应电流时的依据以及LEMP防护规则制定时的理论基础，同时还能够对LEMP观测和闪电精确定位提供重要的帮助。
Lightning electromagnetic pulse(LEMP) is a random global high powerradiation source. It can cause interference, failure or damage in electrical andelectronic equipments, transmission lines and communication cables. For mostequipments, cables and sensors which related to human daily life are arranged nearthe ground, the published researches on the attributes of lightning electromagneticfields are confined to the discrete points near the ground. But with more and moreapplications of Ultra-High Voltage(UHV) transmission network, the low-altitudeaircraft, giant buildings and underground cable, it is necessary to make the scope ofthe study on LEMP expand to the entire space. On the other hand,for the hugeamount of computation and storage, the published studies on LEMP are confined tothe rough distribution by comparing diffferent waveforms on discrete points. Itobviously does not provide strong support for LEMP protection design andstandards formulation.
For these reasons, the LEMP induced by lightning return stroke is selected tobe the object of this research. The spatial distribution of characteristic parameterswhich extract from LEMP are calculated in entire space by an originally improvedfinite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The spatial distributions of LEMPunder the condition of different parameters and their change trend are also given inthis paper. And all these distributions constitute the spatial distribution rules ofLEMP systematically and completely.
First, a "processing window" program is added between the time steps ofFDTD method in this research. This novel approach can be called PWFDTD(processing-window finite difference time domain). For this method avoids thehuge amount of calculation and storage when computing the distribution of LEMPparameters, it can get the LEMP and their spatial distribution fast and conveniently.After comparing the results get from different method with the data from PWFDTDapproach in different positions and different parameters, the precision and accuracyof the new algorithm is demonstrated.
Second, the characteristic parameters of LEMP at each grid in a few kilometersrange are calculated in this paper with PWFDTD method. For the first time, the exact spatial distribution maps of these LEMP parameters are achieved. thesecharacteristic parameters includes the maximum LEMP, the peak value of LEMPtime derivatives, the maximum power density of LEMP, the energy density, therise-time T10%-90%(The time from10%peak to90%peak)of LEMP, the T10%-90%andhalf-width T50%-50%(The time from50%peak to50%peak again) of LEMP timederivatives. Based on sampling and analyzing to the distribution of theseparameters, the basic distribution rules of LEMP are summarized from differentperspectives.
Third, the change trend of LEMP parameters are analyzed for the condition ofdifferent model of lightning channel, different base current, different velocity ofcurrent, different conductivity of ground, the horizontal and vertical stratificationground and the uneven feature of terrain. The influence of spatial distribution mapsof these LEMP parameters for different conditions is summarized. Since the basicdistribution rules of LEMP does not change in different conditions, its universalityand practical value is confirmed.
At last, the LEMP radiated by lightning strikes to tall structures are calculatedat each grid of entire space. The distribution rules of LEMP are summarized in thiscase. And the change trend of distribution are analyzed for the condition ofdifferent height of tower and reflections at the top and bottom of tower. Theinfluence of spatial distribution maps of LEMP for different conditions issummarized.
All these spatial distribution maps and rules of LEMP were not seen in thedomestic or foreign research. Compared to the existing research, which areconfined to the rough distribution on discrete points, these distribution maps andrules are more accurate, complete and intuitive. They are not only useful to betterunderstand the process and mechanism of lightning, but also can be principles ofshielding design for electrical and electronic equipments, transmission lines andcommunication cables. They could be used as protection design and layout rules inmany aspects, and can also provide important help to the observation of LEMP andlightning location.
引文
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