带末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力衰减的实验研究
|
摘要
目的：
通过研究四种不锈钢弓丝在制备三种后倾弯角度后弓丝前牙段压入力的变化及弓丝在人工唾液环境中、模拟临床加载状态下的压入力衰减情况,分析带磨牙末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段的力学变化规律,为合理、高效地使用后倾弯进行临床实践提供依据。方法：
选取直径为0.016英寸的四种常用不锈钢弓丝,每种不锈钢弓丝均制备20。、30。、40。三种角度后倾弯。利用Instron万能材料力学实验机测量各不锈钢弓丝在三种角度后倾弯时前牙段的最大压入力力值,比较各实验样本的力值情况。保持实验样本处于模拟临床加载的状态,并恒温于37℃人工唾液环境,观察带后倾弯的不锈钢弓丝在此后6个不同时间点(24小时、48小时、1周、2周、4周、8周)各实验样本剩余压入力力值变化,从而得出带末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力衰减情况。
结果：
1、不锈钢弓丝在不同后倾弯角度时前牙段最大压入力力值不同。各组弓丝40°后倾弯时弓丝产生的压入力均最大,其均值范围为95.7g-100.0g；30°后倾弯时弓丝产生压入力居中,均值介于74.3g-79.0g；20°后倾弯时弓丝产生的压入力最低,均值为47.0g-49.5g。其中普通不锈钢弓丝组前牙段的压入力在后倾弯角度相同时力值最大,40°均值为100.0g,30°均值为79.0g、20°均值为49.6g。
2、后倾弯角度相同时不同不锈钢弓丝的前牙段压入力力值不同。普通不锈钢弓丝组平均力值在同等条件下最大。
3、带后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力力值均随时间推移而降低。在恒温37℃的人工唾液环境下、模拟临床加载状态,压入力力值随着时间推移而降低,前四周的力值衰减速度大于后四周力值衰减速度。
4、四种不锈钢弓丝在相同后倾弯角度时前牙段压入力力值衰减情况各不相同；且同种弓丝在不同后倾弯角度时力值衰减也不同。后倾弯角度越大,弓丝前牙段压入力力值衰减也越快。
结论：.
1、带末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力力值与后倾弯角度、不锈钢弓丝类型相关。
2、带末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力力值随着加载时间的延长而衰减,衰减速度呈下降趋势。
3、带末端后倾弯弓丝的前牙段压入力力值衰减与不锈钢弓丝的类型、后倾弯角度具有一定的相关性。
Objective:
The study was to research the mechanical properties of four different stainless steel wires with three different tip-back bend angles, and the variousness with relation to the period of loading under artificial saliva environment, and to provide reference for clinical practice when using tip-back bend validly.
Materials and Methods:
Four types of stainless steel round wire of 0.016 inches being used popularly in orthodontics were selected. All groups were all prepared with tip-back bends of angles 20°,30°,40°.To simulate maximum intrusive force with the different tip-back bends of archwires when using in anterior teeth, a comparative study was about intrusive force of each experimental sample. All datas were measured by The Instron Universal Testing Machine.A Stress/strain curve was prepared; in addition, these samples were observed which were maintained in artificial saliva environment of 37℃under constant loading force. The forces at six different moments in 8 weeks were recorded respectively.(at 24-hour point,48-hour point,1-week point,2-week point,4-week point,8-week point). Then the percentage of residual force was calculated, and the results analysed.
Results:
1.All the samples indicated different intrusive forces. In all types of wires, the intrusive force of wire with the tip-back angle of 40°was the largest, the mean force was between 95.7g-100.0g, the intrusive force of wire with the tip-back angle of 30°in the middle, the mean force between 74.3g-79g, and the intrusive force of wire with the tip-back angle of 20°the weakest, the mean force between 47.0g-49.5g.The intrusive forces of the Ordinary stainless wires were the largest with the same angle, the mean force of the wire with angle 40°were 100.0g,the mean force of the wire with angle 30°79.0g,and the mean force of the wire with angle 20°49.6g.
2.It is found that the intrusive forces of the archwires with the same tip-back bend angle were different,almost all the datas showed the force of Australian wire were weaker than that of Ordinary stainless steel wire.
3.When given the same tip-back bend angle,with the same type wire, the intrusive force of the anterior teeth attenuated as the time went on.the initial 4 weeks is more than the later 4 weeks in simulated clinical usage in artificial saliva environment of 37℃.
4.The influence of types and angles on force attenuatation of the wires was statistically significant. Different types' wires had different force attenuatation and the same is true of the tip-back bend angles, the larger the tip-back angle was,the more quickly the force attenuated.
Conclusions:
1.Intrusive forces had relation to the tip-back bend angles and the types of arch wires.
2.The intrusive force attenuated as the loading time went on,the attenuatation showed downtrend.
3.The intrusive force attenuatation was related with the types and tip-back bend angles of the wires.
通过研究四种不锈钢弓丝在制备三种后倾弯角度后弓丝前牙段压入力的变化及弓丝在人工唾液环境中、模拟临床加载状态下的压入力衰减情况,分析带磨牙末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段的力学变化规律,为合理、高效地使用后倾弯进行临床实践提供依据。方法：
选取直径为0.016英寸的四种常用不锈钢弓丝,每种不锈钢弓丝均制备20。、30。、40。三种角度后倾弯。利用Instron万能材料力学实验机测量各不锈钢弓丝在三种角度后倾弯时前牙段的最大压入力力值,比较各实验样本的力值情况。保持实验样本处于模拟临床加载的状态,并恒温于37℃人工唾液环境,观察带后倾弯的不锈钢弓丝在此后6个不同时间点(24小时、48小时、1周、2周、4周、8周)各实验样本剩余压入力力值变化,从而得出带末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力衰减情况。
结果：
1、不锈钢弓丝在不同后倾弯角度时前牙段最大压入力力值不同。各组弓丝40°后倾弯时弓丝产生的压入力均最大,其均值范围为95.7g-100.0g；30°后倾弯时弓丝产生压入力居中,均值介于74.3g-79.0g；20°后倾弯时弓丝产生的压入力最低,均值为47.0g-49.5g。其中普通不锈钢弓丝组前牙段的压入力在后倾弯角度相同时力值最大,40°均值为100.0g,30°均值为79.0g、20°均值为49.6g。
2、后倾弯角度相同时不同不锈钢弓丝的前牙段压入力力值不同。普通不锈钢弓丝组平均力值在同等条件下最大。
3、带后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力力值均随时间推移而降低。在恒温37℃的人工唾液环境下、模拟临床加载状态,压入力力值随着时间推移而降低,前四周的力值衰减速度大于后四周力值衰减速度。
4、四种不锈钢弓丝在相同后倾弯角度时前牙段压入力力值衰减情况各不相同；且同种弓丝在不同后倾弯角度时力值衰减也不同。后倾弯角度越大,弓丝前牙段压入力力值衰减也越快。
结论：.
1、带末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力力值与后倾弯角度、不锈钢弓丝类型相关。
2、带末端后倾弯弓丝前牙段压入力力值随着加载时间的延长而衰减,衰减速度呈下降趋势。
3、带末端后倾弯弓丝的前牙段压入力力值衰减与不锈钢弓丝的类型、后倾弯角度具有一定的相关性。
Objective:
The study was to research the mechanical properties of four different stainless steel wires with three different tip-back bend angles, and the variousness with relation to the period of loading under artificial saliva environment, and to provide reference for clinical practice when using tip-back bend validly.
Materials and Methods:
Four types of stainless steel round wire of 0.016 inches being used popularly in orthodontics were selected. All groups were all prepared with tip-back bends of angles 20°,30°,40°.To simulate maximum intrusive force with the different tip-back bends of archwires when using in anterior teeth, a comparative study was about intrusive force of each experimental sample. All datas were measured by The Instron Universal Testing Machine.A Stress/strain curve was prepared; in addition, these samples were observed which were maintained in artificial saliva environment of 37℃under constant loading force. The forces at six different moments in 8 weeks were recorded respectively.(at 24-hour point,48-hour point,1-week point,2-week point,4-week point,8-week point). Then the percentage of residual force was calculated, and the results analysed.
Results:
1.All the samples indicated different intrusive forces. In all types of wires, the intrusive force of wire with the tip-back angle of 40°was the largest, the mean force was between 95.7g-100.0g, the intrusive force of wire with the tip-back angle of 30°in the middle, the mean force between 74.3g-79g, and the intrusive force of wire with the tip-back angle of 20°the weakest, the mean force between 47.0g-49.5g.The intrusive forces of the Ordinary stainless wires were the largest with the same angle, the mean force of the wire with angle 40°were 100.0g,the mean force of the wire with angle 30°79.0g,and the mean force of the wire with angle 20°49.6g.
2.It is found that the intrusive forces of the archwires with the same tip-back bend angle were different,almost all the datas showed the force of Australian wire were weaker than that of Ordinary stainless steel wire.
3.When given the same tip-back bend angle,with the same type wire, the intrusive force of the anterior teeth attenuated as the time went on.the initial 4 weeks is more than the later 4 weeks in simulated clinical usage in artificial saliva environment of 37℃.
4.The influence of types and angles on force attenuatation of the wires was statistically significant. Different types' wires had different force attenuatation and the same is true of the tip-back bend angles, the larger the tip-back angle was,the more quickly the force attenuated.
Conclusions:
1.Intrusive forces had relation to the tip-back bend angles and the types of arch wires.
2.The intrusive force attenuated as the loading time went on,the attenuatation showed downtrend.
3.The intrusive force attenuatation was related with the types and tip-back bend angles of the wires.
引文
[1]Melsen B,Fotis V, Burstone CJ.Biomechanical principles in orthodontics[J].Mondo Ortod. 1985;10(4):61-73.
[2]Begg PR,Begg orthodontic theory and technique 3rd ed [M].WB Saunders co 1982.
[3]Taylor H,Use of a tip-edge stage-1 wire to enhance vertical control during straight wire treatment:two case reports[J].Angle orthod.2003;2(1):93-99.
[4]Proffit WR.Contemporary orthodontics.3rd ed[M].St.Louis:Mosby;2000:304-305.
[5]罗颂椒主编,当代实用口腔正畸技术与理论[M],北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1995：143-149
[6]Wilocek AJ.APPlied materialsn egineering of orthodontic wires[J].Aust Orthod J,1989, 11(1):22-29.
[7]Birkenkanp S,Comparison of three brands of roudnd stainless steel wires used in the Begg and tip-edge techniques[J].Aust Orth J,2004,10(2):65-69.
[8]Evans TJ,Jones ML,Newcombe RG.Clinical comparison and performance perspective of three aligning arch wires[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1998,6(1):32-39.
[9]AIQabandi AK,Sadowsky C,BeGole EA.A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 1999,11(5):522-529.
[10]Xu TM,Lin JX,Kui H.Bite-opening mechanics as applied in the Begg Technique[J].Br J orthod 1994;3(21):189-195.
[11]Sims MR.Conceptual orthodontics[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1977,7(24):431-.437.
[12]武秀萍,赵志河,赵美英.后倾弯及v形曲唇弓对安氏11类高角患者打开咬合的临床疗效[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2008,(5)：485-487
[13]彭友俭,程祥荣,朱远平.后倾弯作用下上领支抗磨牙运动趋势的三维有限元法研究[J].口腔正畸学,2001,(1)：21-3.
[14]周学军、赵志河.Begg技术中前牙压入力的大小与牙弓长度和宽度关系的研究[J].口腔正畸学.1997；4(2)：55-57.
[15]Muller AW, Maessen FJ, Davidson CL. Determination of the corrosion rates of six dental NiCrMo alloy in a artificial saliva by chemical analysis of the medium using ICP-AES[J]. Dent Mater.1990,1(6):63-68.
[16]聂琼,林久祥。Angle各类错牙合及正常值.牙弓对称性分析与比较[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2000,35(2)：105-107.
[17]杨新海,曾祥龙.牙弓形状和标准弓形的研究.口腔正畸学[j],1997,4(2)：51-54.
[18]Banaie F, Parikakis K.The variable anchorage straight wire technique compared with the straight wire technique in deep overbite correction[J].Eur J Orthod.2005,4,27(2):180-5.
[19]New American dental association specification NO.32 for orthodontic wires not containing precious metals. Council on dental material and devices[j].Am J Orthod,1977,12 (6):1116-1171.
[20]Thresher RW,Saito GE.The stress analysis of human teeth[J].J Biomech,1973,9(5):443-449.
[21]Cattaneo P M,Dalstra M,Melsen B.The Finite ElementMethod;a Tool to Study orthodontic Tooth Movement[J].JDent Res.2005,84(5):428-433.
[22]Qian H,Chen J,Katona T R. The Influence of PDL PrincipalFibers in a 3-Di mensional Analysis of Orthodontic ToothMovement[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001, 9(3):272-279.
[23]Shin JS,Oh KT.In vitro surface corrosion of stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic appliances[J].Aust Orthod J,2003,19(1):13-18.
[24]Huang HH.Corrosion resistance of stressed NiTi and stainless steel orthodontic wires in acid artificial saliva[J].J Biomed Mater Res,2003,6(4):829-839.
[25]Siatkowski RE.Force system analysis of V-bend sliding mechanics[J].Clin Orthod,1994, 28(9):539-546.
[26]Rucker BK,Kusy RP.Elastic properties of alternative versus single-stranded leveling archwires[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2002,11(5):528-541.
[27]T.Justin W. Evans, Malcolm L. Jones, Robert G. Newcombe.Clinical comparison and performance perspective of three aligning arch wires[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1998,1:32-39.
[28]Vittorio Cacciafesta, Maria Francesca Sfondrini.Force levels of fiber-reinforced composites and orthodontic stainless steel wires:A 3-point bending test[J].American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2008,3,:410-413.
[29]姚森.不同正畸钢丝的机械性能测试比较及临床意义[J],现代口腔医学杂志,200,2(14)：92-93.
[30]王邦康、万成绪.中国正畸钢丝的特性及临床应用研究[J].北京口腔医学.1994.1(2)：1-5.
[31]Thornton CB Nikolei.Marillary anterior in trusire forces generated by Begg Stagel appliance[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1981,5:610.
[32]Parkhouse RC.Tip-Edge Plus The next direction for Straight Wire.5th APOC Abstract, 2005:46.
[33]苏德达.弹簧(材料)应力松弛及预防[M].天津大学出版社.2002：55-56.
[34]Shin JS,Oh KT.In vitro surface corrosion of stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic appliances[J].Aust Orthod J.2003;4:8-13.
[35]Bantleon HP,Droshl H.Different applications of various wire alloys in fixed appliance technic[J].Inf Orthod kieferorthop.l989;2:173-183.
[36]Neumann P,Bourauel C.Corrosion and permanent fracture resistance of coated and conventional orhtodontic wires[J].Mater Sci Med.2002,2:141-147.
[37]Papaioannou A.Comparison of treatment results with the edgewise and the Begg approach[J]. Clin Pediatr Dent.1994,4:27-30.
[38]Lebsack DM,Weiner AD,Hanna M.A study of force decay in uprighting springs used in the Begg technique[J].Aust Orthod J 1980,2(3):95-101.
[39]John Daskalogiannakis.Glossary of Orthodontic Terms.Quintessence Books,2000.154-155
[40]Cattaneo PM.Strains in periodontal ligament and alveolar bone associated with orthodontic tooth movement analyzed by finite element[J].Orthod Craniofac Res.2009;5(2):120-8
[41]Melsen B.Biological reaction of alveolar bone to orthodontic tooth movement[J].Angle Orthodontist.1999,69:151-158.
[42]T.Ogasawara,K Sano,C.Hatsusegawa,M Nakamera.Pathological fracture of the mandible resulting from osteomyelitis successfully treated with only intermaxillary elastic guiding[J].Int.J.Oral Maxillofac Surg.2007,7:581-583
[43]Jones G, Peter H.,Buschang P.H.Class Ⅱ non-extraction Patients Treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device Versus Intermaxillary Elastics[J], Angle Orthod. 2008,5(2):332-338.
[44]Begg PR,Keslin PC.The differential force method of orthodontic treatment[J].Am Orthod. 1977.1(1):1-39.
[1]Burstone CJ, Tanne K. Biomechanical principles in orthodontics[J].Mondo Ortod.1985; 10(4):61-73.
[2]刘晓君,姚霜等Tip-Edge技术矫治成人安氏Ⅱ类1分类错牙合的临床观察[J].华西口腔医学杂志.2003,21(2)：121-123.
[3]Parkhouse RC.Tip-Edge Plus The next direction for Straight Wire[M].5th APOC Abstract, 2005:46.
[4]Xu TM,Lin JX,Kui H.Bite-opening mechanics as applied in the Begg Technique[J].Br J orthod 1994;3(21):189-195.
[5]Pranita Reddy.Skeletal and dental changes with nonextraction Begg mechanotherapy in patients with Class Ⅱ Division 1 malocclusion[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2000, 16(6):641-648.
[6]Wilocek AJ.APPlied materialsn egineering of orthodontic wires[J].Aust Orthod J,1989, 11(1):22-29.
[7]Birkenkanp S,Comparison of three brands of roudnd stainless steel wires used in the Begg and tip-edge techniques[J].Aust Orth J,2004,10(2):65-69.
[8]Fujihara K,Teo K,Gopal R,etal.Fibrous composite matherials in dentistry and orthopaedics review and applications.Composite Science and Tenchnolog[J]y,2004,4:775-788.
[9]Vittorio Cacciafesta, Maria Francesca Sfondrini, etal. Force levels of fiber-reinforced composites and orthodontic stainless steel wires:A 3-point bending test[J],.American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,2008,3:410-413.
[10]姚森.不同正畸钢丝的机械性能测试比较及临床意义[J],现代口腔医学杂志,2000,2(14),92-93.
[11]王邦康、万成绪.中国正畸钢丝的特性及临床应用研究[J].北京口腔医学.1994.1(2)：1-5.
[12]Sims MR.Conceptual orthodontics[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1977,7(24):431-.437.
[13]Thornton CB Nikolei.Marillary anterior in trusire forces generated by Begg Stagel appliance[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1981,5,610.
[14]Siatkowski RE.Force system analysis of V-bend sliding mechanics.Clin Orthod,1994, 28(9):539-546.
[15]武秀萍,赵志河,赵美英.后倾弯及V形曲唇弓对安氏11类高角患者打开咬合的临床疗效[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2008,(5)：485-487.
[16]T.Ogasawara,K Sano,C.Hatsusegawa,M Nakamera.Pathological fracture of the mandible resulting from osteomyelitis successfully treated with only intermaxillary elastic guiding[J].Int.J.Oral Maxillofac.Surg.2007,7:581-588.
[17]Jones G, Peter H., Buschang P.H. Class Ⅱ non-extraction Patients Treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device Versus Intermaxillary Elastics[J],Angle Orthod. 2008,5(2):332-338.
[18]周学军、赵志河Begg技术中前牙压入力的大小与牙弓长度和宽度关系的研究[J].口腔正畸学.1997；4(2)：55-57.
[19]Oyama K,Motoyoshi M,Hirabayashi M.Effects of root morphology on strees distribution at the root apex[J].Eur J Orthod,2007,29(2):113-117.
[20]Shaw AM,Sameshima GT,Vu HV.Mechanical stress generated by orthodontic forces on apical root cementum:a finite element model[J].Orthod Craniofac Res.2004,7(2):98-107.
[21]Stephanie R. Toms, Alan W. Eberhardt. A nonlinear finite element analysis of the periodontal ligament under orthodontic tooth loading[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2003,6, 657-665.
[22]Karen Ferreira Gazel Yared, Elton Goncalves Zenobio. Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2006,1,130-6.
[23]Sander CH,Sander FM.The behavior of the periodontal ligament is influencing the use of new treatment tools[J].Journal of Oral Rehabilitation,2006,33:706-711.
[2]Begg PR,Begg orthodontic theory and technique 3rd ed [M].WB Saunders co 1982.
[3]Taylor H,Use of a tip-edge stage-1 wire to enhance vertical control during straight wire treatment:two case reports[J].Angle orthod.2003;2(1):93-99.
[4]Proffit WR.Contemporary orthodontics.3rd ed[M].St.Louis:Mosby;2000:304-305.
[5]罗颂椒主编,当代实用口腔正畸技术与理论[M],北京：北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1995：143-149
[6]Wilocek AJ.APPlied materialsn egineering of orthodontic wires[J].Aust Orthod J,1989, 11(1):22-29.
[7]Birkenkanp S,Comparison of three brands of roudnd stainless steel wires used in the Begg and tip-edge techniques[J].Aust Orth J,2004,10(2):65-69.
[8]Evans TJ,Jones ML,Newcombe RG.Clinical comparison and performance perspective of three aligning arch wires[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1998,6(1):32-39.
[9]AIQabandi AK,Sadowsky C,BeGole EA.A comparison of the effects of rectangular and round arch wires in leveling the curve of Spee[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 1999,11(5):522-529.
[10]Xu TM,Lin JX,Kui H.Bite-opening mechanics as applied in the Begg Technique[J].Br J orthod 1994;3(21):189-195.
[11]Sims MR.Conceptual orthodontics[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1977,7(24):431-.437.
[12]武秀萍,赵志河,赵美英.后倾弯及v形曲唇弓对安氏11类高角患者打开咬合的临床疗效[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2008,(5)：485-487
[13]彭友俭,程祥荣,朱远平.后倾弯作用下上领支抗磨牙运动趋势的三维有限元法研究[J].口腔正畸学,2001,(1)：21-3.
[14]周学军、赵志河.Begg技术中前牙压入力的大小与牙弓长度和宽度关系的研究[J].口腔正畸学.1997；4(2)：55-57.
[15]Muller AW, Maessen FJ, Davidson CL. Determination of the corrosion rates of six dental NiCrMo alloy in a artificial saliva by chemical analysis of the medium using ICP-AES[J]. Dent Mater.1990,1(6):63-68.
[16]聂琼,林久祥。Angle各类错牙合及正常值.牙弓对称性分析与比较[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2000,35(2)：105-107.
[17]杨新海,曾祥龙.牙弓形状和标准弓形的研究.口腔正畸学[j],1997,4(2)：51-54.
[18]Banaie F, Parikakis K.The variable anchorage straight wire technique compared with the straight wire technique in deep overbite correction[J].Eur J Orthod.2005,4,27(2):180-5.
[19]New American dental association specification NO.32 for orthodontic wires not containing precious metals. Council on dental material and devices[j].Am J Orthod,1977,12 (6):1116-1171.
[20]Thresher RW,Saito GE.The stress analysis of human teeth[J].J Biomech,1973,9(5):443-449.
[21]Cattaneo P M,Dalstra M,Melsen B.The Finite ElementMethod;a Tool to Study orthodontic Tooth Movement[J].JDent Res.2005,84(5):428-433.
[22]Qian H,Chen J,Katona T R. The Influence of PDL PrincipalFibers in a 3-Di mensional Analysis of Orthodontic ToothMovement[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2001, 9(3):272-279.
[23]Shin JS,Oh KT.In vitro surface corrosion of stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic appliances[J].Aust Orthod J,2003,19(1):13-18.
[24]Huang HH.Corrosion resistance of stressed NiTi and stainless steel orthodontic wires in acid artificial saliva[J].J Biomed Mater Res,2003,6(4):829-839.
[25]Siatkowski RE.Force system analysis of V-bend sliding mechanics[J].Clin Orthod,1994, 28(9):539-546.
[26]Rucker BK,Kusy RP.Elastic properties of alternative versus single-stranded leveling archwires[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2002,11(5):528-541.
[27]T.Justin W. Evans, Malcolm L. Jones, Robert G. Newcombe.Clinical comparison and performance perspective of three aligning arch wires[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1998,1:32-39.
[28]Vittorio Cacciafesta, Maria Francesca Sfondrini.Force levels of fiber-reinforced composites and orthodontic stainless steel wires:A 3-point bending test[J].American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.2008,3,:410-413.
[29]姚森.不同正畸钢丝的机械性能测试比较及临床意义[J],现代口腔医学杂志,200,2(14)：92-93.
[30]王邦康、万成绪.中国正畸钢丝的特性及临床应用研究[J].北京口腔医学.1994.1(2)：1-5.
[31]Thornton CB Nikolei.Marillary anterior in trusire forces generated by Begg Stagel appliance[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1981,5:610.
[32]Parkhouse RC.Tip-Edge Plus The next direction for Straight Wire.5th APOC Abstract, 2005:46.
[33]苏德达.弹簧(材料)应力松弛及预防[M].天津大学出版社.2002：55-56.
[34]Shin JS,Oh KT.In vitro surface corrosion of stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic appliances[J].Aust Orthod J.2003;4:8-13.
[35]Bantleon HP,Droshl H.Different applications of various wire alloys in fixed appliance technic[J].Inf Orthod kieferorthop.l989;2:173-183.
[36]Neumann P,Bourauel C.Corrosion and permanent fracture resistance of coated and conventional orhtodontic wires[J].Mater Sci Med.2002,2:141-147.
[37]Papaioannou A.Comparison of treatment results with the edgewise and the Begg approach[J]. Clin Pediatr Dent.1994,4:27-30.
[38]Lebsack DM,Weiner AD,Hanna M.A study of force decay in uprighting springs used in the Begg technique[J].Aust Orthod J 1980,2(3):95-101.
[39]John Daskalogiannakis.Glossary of Orthodontic Terms.Quintessence Books,2000.154-155
[40]Cattaneo PM.Strains in periodontal ligament and alveolar bone associated with orthodontic tooth movement analyzed by finite element[J].Orthod Craniofac Res.2009;5(2):120-8
[41]Melsen B.Biological reaction of alveolar bone to orthodontic tooth movement[J].Angle Orthodontist.1999,69:151-158.
[42]T.Ogasawara,K Sano,C.Hatsusegawa,M Nakamera.Pathological fracture of the mandible resulting from osteomyelitis successfully treated with only intermaxillary elastic guiding[J].Int.J.Oral Maxillofac Surg.2007,7:581-583
[43]Jones G, Peter H.,Buschang P.H.Class Ⅱ non-extraction Patients Treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device Versus Intermaxillary Elastics[J], Angle Orthod. 2008,5(2):332-338.
[44]Begg PR,Keslin PC.The differential force method of orthodontic treatment[J].Am Orthod. 1977.1(1):1-39.
[1]Burstone CJ, Tanne K. Biomechanical principles in orthodontics[J].Mondo Ortod.1985; 10(4):61-73.
[2]刘晓君,姚霜等Tip-Edge技术矫治成人安氏Ⅱ类1分类错牙合的临床观察[J].华西口腔医学杂志.2003,21(2)：121-123.
[3]Parkhouse RC.Tip-Edge Plus The next direction for Straight Wire[M].5th APOC Abstract, 2005:46.
[4]Xu TM,Lin JX,Kui H.Bite-opening mechanics as applied in the Begg Technique[J].Br J orthod 1994;3(21):189-195.
[5]Pranita Reddy.Skeletal and dental changes with nonextraction Begg mechanotherapy in patients with Class Ⅱ Division 1 malocclusion[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.2000, 16(6):641-648.
[6]Wilocek AJ.APPlied materialsn egineering of orthodontic wires[J].Aust Orthod J,1989, 11(1):22-29.
[7]Birkenkanp S,Comparison of three brands of roudnd stainless steel wires used in the Begg and tip-edge techniques[J].Aust Orth J,2004,10(2):65-69.
[8]Fujihara K,Teo K,Gopal R,etal.Fibrous composite matherials in dentistry and orthopaedics review and applications.Composite Science and Tenchnolog[J]y,2004,4:775-788.
[9]Vittorio Cacciafesta, Maria Francesca Sfondrini, etal. Force levels of fiber-reinforced composites and orthodontic stainless steel wires:A 3-point bending test[J],.American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,2008,3:410-413.
[10]姚森.不同正畸钢丝的机械性能测试比较及临床意义[J],现代口腔医学杂志,2000,2(14),92-93.
[11]王邦康、万成绪.中国正畸钢丝的特性及临床应用研究[J].北京口腔医学.1994.1(2)：1-5.
[12]Sims MR.Conceptual orthodontics[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1977,7(24):431-.437.
[13]Thornton CB Nikolei.Marillary anterior in trusire forces generated by Begg Stagel appliance[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.1981,5,610.
[14]Siatkowski RE.Force system analysis of V-bend sliding mechanics.Clin Orthod,1994, 28(9):539-546.
[15]武秀萍,赵志河,赵美英.后倾弯及V形曲唇弓对安氏11类高角患者打开咬合的临床疗效[J].国际口腔医学杂志,2008,(5)：485-487.
[16]T.Ogasawara,K Sano,C.Hatsusegawa,M Nakamera.Pathological fracture of the mandible resulting from osteomyelitis successfully treated with only intermaxillary elastic guiding[J].Int.J.Oral Maxillofac.Surg.2007,7:581-588.
[17]Jones G, Peter H., Buschang P.H. Class Ⅱ non-extraction Patients Treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device Versus Intermaxillary Elastics[J],Angle Orthod. 2008,5(2):332-338.
[18]周学军、赵志河Begg技术中前牙压入力的大小与牙弓长度和宽度关系的研究[J].口腔正畸学.1997；4(2)：55-57.
[19]Oyama K,Motoyoshi M,Hirabayashi M.Effects of root morphology on strees distribution at the root apex[J].Eur J Orthod,2007,29(2):113-117.
[20]Shaw AM,Sameshima GT,Vu HV.Mechanical stress generated by orthodontic forces on apical root cementum:a finite element model[J].Orthod Craniofac Res.2004,7(2):98-107.
[21]Stephanie R. Toms, Alan W. Eberhardt. A nonlinear finite element analysis of the periodontal ligament under orthodontic tooth loading[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2003,6, 657-665.
[22]Karen Ferreira Gazel Yared, Elton Goncalves Zenobio. Periodontal status of mandibular central incisors after orthodontic proclination in adults[J].Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2006,1,130-6.
[23]Sander CH,Sander FM.The behavior of the periodontal ligament is influencing the use of new treatment tools[J].Journal of Oral Rehabilitation,2006,33:706-711.