中国谷子产业发展问题研究
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摘要
谷子是起源于我国的古老作物,数千年来一直是中国北方的主栽作物,被誉为中华民族的哺育作物。谷子抗旱耐瘠薄,水分利用效率高,是应对未来水资源短缺日愈严重的战略储备作物,谷子含有丰富的营养,逐渐成为人们所喜爱的食物。谷子在旱作物可持续农业发展及作物遗传育种理论的研究中将发挥越来越重要的作用。
新中国成立前夕,河北、山东、河南、山西、陕西等省的谷子播种面积仍处于农作物播种面积的首要地位；在20世纪60年代中后期,我国谷子播种面积稳定在667-933万公顷；从20世纪70年代开始,由于小麦、玉米科研水平的快速发展,农田灌溉条件的改善,使得玉米和小麦等高产作物播种面积迅速增加,谷子则从粮食主产作物中逐渐退出,种植面积也大幅度减少,自此,谷子逐渐沦为辅粮和配角作物。
然而,随着生态、生产和社会环境的变化以及居民生活水平的提高,谷子富含蛋白质、维生素等的优势逐渐凸现,成为环境友好型和保健营养型作物。在旱情不断发展、水资源短缺、富贵病增加、全球饥饿问题越来越严重的的历史背景下,谷子的生产和消费逐渐有了新的发展。基于此,社会上及学术界对谷子产业发展的问题的探索也逐渐兴起,对谷子产业发展进行系统研究也具有重要的现实意义。2008年,谷子被列入国家现代农业产业技术体系,为谷子产业技术研发提供了稳定的经费和历史转折,使我国谷子科研摆脱了困境,迈入了现代化农业科研的轨道；同时干旱形势的日益严峻和我国居民膳食结构多样性的需求,也增加了社会和市场对谷子的需求,使得谷子产业发展面临着难得的发展机遇。
在新的历史机遇下,为了摸清谷子产业发展中存在的问题和不足,本文从中国谷子生产、加工、消费、流通以及谷子产业发展中的运行机制和谷子产业发展的技术三个角度入手,通过规范分析与实证分析并用,定量分析和定性分析相融合,试验数据与调研数据相结合的研究方法,对谷子产业现状进行全面分析,了解中国谷子产业发展的现状,探寻中国谷子产业发展中在以上几方面存在的问题,并揭示问题形成的深层次原因。本文在经过现状分析后提出中国谷子产业发展存在的问题,并结合上述分析找出制约中国谷子产业发展的影响因素,对这些影响因素给予分析和解释,最后结合中国谷子产业存在的问题提出促进中国谷子产业健康、可持续发展的对策建议。
为了全面深入了解我国目前谷子产业的发展现状,本研究查阅了大量的研究文献,列举了中国山西、河南、内蒙古等十余个省份的数据,从谷子生产区域布局、产量情况、优质谷子品种、运作良好的谷子合作社等方面了解谷子产业发展的现状,同时深层次了解影响谷子产业发展的各个因素,并分析这些因素对谷子产业发展的影响程度。在数据收集的基础上,本文运用“综合比较优势指数法(CCAij)对谷子的各个主产区进行比较优势分析,得出各个品种的谷子在各个主产区的比较优势,以得出各个主产区种植哪个品种的谷子更加多产,收益更多。
研究结果表明,我国谷子在古代栽培种植比较广泛,应用和喻意非常丰富；现代谷子生产能力逐渐减弱,播种面积和总产呈逐年下降趋势,单产呈缓慢上升趋势,在全国粮食中的作用越来越小。我国目前谷子区域布局比较集中,主要分布在河北、内蒙、辽宁、山西、陕西和河南五个省份。目前,谷子加工企业多而小,以初级加工为主,深加工产品极少；消费多以米粥和干饭的原粮消费为主为,消费方式比较传统,消费主体单一。谷子出口量总体减少,出口额相对较稳定,对外出口的谷子价格呈现上升趋势。通过试验与实地调查相结合,对张杂谷、地膜覆盖技术、简化栽培技术进行了经济效益和综合效果评价。得出张杂谷在水浇地条件下与玉米相比有一定的差距,但优于同比的常规谷；在干旱条件下,张杂谷则略有一定的优势。在地膜覆盖技术中,一膜两年用穴播谷子无论是同谷子的其它种植模式相比,经济效益最优,适于在甘肃等干旱地区推广。通过对全国谷子生产加工主要企业、专业合作社、小米集散地等进行实地调研,总结出目前谷子产业化组织模式主要有：“企业+农户”型、“专业合作社+农户”型、“科研单位+企业合作”型、“政府引导+龙头企业”带动型、“专业市场和集散地+农户”型；利益联结机制是以合同和合作为主的松散型或半松散型的联结方式。运行机制主要存在的问题是利益联结方式松散,利益主体关系不对称等；企业与农户签订合同不规范,信用体系不健全,保障机制不完善,缺乏强有力的外部支持。通过对影响谷子产业发展的影响因素的分析,指出自然条件、农民素质、政府扶持程度等是影响谷子生产的主要因素；而人口的数量、人均消费水平、价格变化范围以及行业发展前景会对谷子的消费需求产生影响；另外国家政策是调节谷子供求平衡,引导并调控谷子产业发展的重要因素,最后指出环境因素也会影响谷子产业的发展。
中国谷子产业要想保持健康、可持续发展,一方面,政府应当加大支持力度,注重“小谷子大产业”发展,加大科技投入和成果转化与推广力度；另一方面,企业和农户也要加强技术培训,建立谷子产业发展的良好运行机制,实现谷子生产、加工、销售一条龙,扩大谷子产业规模,增加农户收益,使谷子产业的各个主体都收益,使我国谷子产业大力发展。
本文立足中国谷子产业发展的现状,通过分析了解了当前我国谷子产业发展的基本状况,谈久了谷子产业发展的运行机制和技术经济效益,并对制约其发展的影响因素进行了分析,针对谷子产业发展存在的问题提出了相应的对策建议,以促使谷子产业健康、可持续发展。本文提出的对策建议可以为政府引导、支持谷子产业发展及谷子合作社运行工作提供政策咨询及决策参考。
Millet is an ancient crop originated in China for thousands of years, has been the main cultivated crops in northern China, known as the Chinese nation nurtured crop. Millet drought-resistant infertile, high water use efficiency to cope with future water shortages becoming ever more serious strategic reserve crops, millet is rich in nutrients, gradually become one of the favorite food. Millet in dry crops in the development of sustainable agriculture and crop genetic breeding theory research will play an increasingly important role.
Millet acreage still the eve of the founding of New China, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces in the the crops sown primacy; stable at667-933ten thousand hectares in the late1960s, China millet acreage; from began in the1970s, due to the rapid development of the wheat, corn level of scientific research, farmland irrigation conditions improve, making the high-yield crops such as corn and wheat acreage is increasing rapidly, millet gradually withdraw from the major grain-producing crops, acreage significantly reducing Since then, millet gradually reduced to a secondary grain and supporting actor crops.
However, with the improvement of ecological production and social changes in the environment, as well as residents living standards, millet is rich in protein, vitamins and other advantages of gradually emerging, environmentally friendly crop nutrition and health. New development in the historical context of the continuous development of the drought, water shortages, diseases of affluence increased, more and more serious problem of global hunger of millet production and consumption gradually. Based on this, the society and academia to explore the millet industry development problems are gradually on the rise, millet industrial development system also has important practical significance.2008, Millet was included in the country's modern agricultural technology system, provide stable funding and historical turning point for the the millet industrial technology research and development, our country millet research out of trouble, entered the orbit of the modern agricultural research; simultaneously growing drought situation grim and structural diversity of our dietary needs, but also increase the demand of the society and the market for millet, millet industry is facing rare opportunities for development.
Under the new historical opportunity, in order to find out the problems and deficiencies exist in the industrial development of millet, millet production from China, operating mechanism and millet processing, consumption, distribution, and millet industrial development industrial development three angles normative analysis and empirical analysis with quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis phase fusion, a comprehensive analysis of a combination of experimental data and research data research methods, millet industry status quo, to understand the development of the Chinese millet industry status quo and explore the Chinese millet industrial development in the problems of the above aspects, and reveals the deep-seated reasons for the formation of the problem. After Analysis Chinese the millet industry development existing problems and identify influencing factors restricting the development of China millet industry combined with the above analysis, the analysis and interpretation of these factors give final combination of the existing problems of China millet industry on the promotion of China Millet industry healthy and sustainable development countermeasures and suggestions.
Millet industry development in China's current comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the access to a lot of the research literature, cited more than10provinces in China, Shanxi, Henan, Inner Mongolia and other data from millet production area layout, production conditions, quality millet varieties well-functioning millet cooperatives understand the the millet industry development status, while the deep-rooted understanding of the various factors that affect the development of the millet industry, and analyze the impact of these factors on the industrial development of millet. On the basis of data collected, the use of "the consolidated comparative advantage index method (CCAij) of millet, the main producing areas of comparative advantage analysis, drawn various varieties of millet in the main producing areas of comparative advantage, to draw various main producing areas of planting which varieties of millet is more productive, more income.
The research results show that our millet in ancient cultivation planting, application and very rich metaphorical; the modern millet production capacity gradually weakened, acreage and total production declining trend yields showed a slow upward trend, the role of food in the country more to the smaller. China's current regional distribution of millet is relatively concentrated, mainly distributed in the five provinces of Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan. And millet processing enterprises and small, primary processing, deep processing products are seldom; consumption for more gruel and cooked rice consumption of raw grain-based, traditional consumption, the consumption of the main single. Millet exports overall decrease in export volume is relatively stable, and the upward trend in the export price of millet. A combination of tests and field investigations, miscellaneous grains of sheets, plastic film covering technology, simplified cultivation techniques for the evaluation of economic efficiency and the combined effect of The draw sheets miscellaneous cereals compared with corn in irrigated land conditions have a certain gap, but better than the year-over-year conventional Valley; under drought conditions, Zhang miscellaneous grains slightly certain advantages. Mulching technology, both a film two years with Dibble millet compared with millet planting mode, economic benefits of the best adapted to the arid regions in Gansu and other promotion. National millet production and processing enterprise, professional cooperatives, millet distribution center field research, summed up the millet industrial organizational model:'enterprise+farmers' and 'professional cooperatives and Farmers', 'scientific research units+enterprise cooperation'and'government guidance+leading enterprises-led professional market and distribution center for Farmers'; loose or semi-loose coupling benefit joint mechanism is based contracts and cooperative way. The main problem of the operational mechanism is loose way of linking the interests of stakeholder relations asymmetry; enterprises and farmers to sign a non-standard contracts, the credit system is not perfect, protection mechanisms are inadequate, and the lack of strong external support. Analysis of influencing factors affect the the Millet industry development, natural conditions, the quality of farmers, the extent of government support are the main factors affecting the production of millet; while the number of population, per capita consumption level, price range, as well as industry development prospects interested millet impact on consumer demand; another national policies to regulate the balance between supply and demand of millet, guide and regulate the important factor of the development of the millet industry concluded that environmental factors also affect the development of the millet industry.
The millet industry in order to maintain a healthy and sustainable development, the one hand, the government should intensify support, focusing on the development of small millet industry to increase investment in science and technology achievements into efforts to promote; On the other hand, businesses and farmers To strengthen technical training, establish good running mechanism of Millet industrial development, and millet production, processing and sales of train and expand the industrial scale of millet, increase farmers income, each main body of the millet industry revenue of millet industry to develop.
Based on the status quo of Chinese the Millet industry development analysis to understand the current the millet industry development in China's basic situation, on a long run of millet industrial development mechanism and the technical and economic benefits, and restricting the development of the influencing factors were analyzed for millet the problems of industrial development, the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions, to promote millet industrial health, and sustainable development. Suggestions presented in this paper can guide, support for the government the millet industry development and millet cooperatives run work to provide policy advice and decision-making reference.
新中国成立前夕,河北、山东、河南、山西、陕西等省的谷子播种面积仍处于农作物播种面积的首要地位；在20世纪60年代中后期,我国谷子播种面积稳定在667-933万公顷；从20世纪70年代开始,由于小麦、玉米科研水平的快速发展,农田灌溉条件的改善,使得玉米和小麦等高产作物播种面积迅速增加,谷子则从粮食主产作物中逐渐退出,种植面积也大幅度减少,自此,谷子逐渐沦为辅粮和配角作物。
然而,随着生态、生产和社会环境的变化以及居民生活水平的提高,谷子富含蛋白质、维生素等的优势逐渐凸现,成为环境友好型和保健营养型作物。在旱情不断发展、水资源短缺、富贵病增加、全球饥饿问题越来越严重的的历史背景下,谷子的生产和消费逐渐有了新的发展。基于此,社会上及学术界对谷子产业发展的问题的探索也逐渐兴起,对谷子产业发展进行系统研究也具有重要的现实意义。2008年,谷子被列入国家现代农业产业技术体系,为谷子产业技术研发提供了稳定的经费和历史转折,使我国谷子科研摆脱了困境,迈入了现代化农业科研的轨道；同时干旱形势的日益严峻和我国居民膳食结构多样性的需求,也增加了社会和市场对谷子的需求,使得谷子产业发展面临着难得的发展机遇。
在新的历史机遇下,为了摸清谷子产业发展中存在的问题和不足,本文从中国谷子生产、加工、消费、流通以及谷子产业发展中的运行机制和谷子产业发展的技术三个角度入手,通过规范分析与实证分析并用,定量分析和定性分析相融合,试验数据与调研数据相结合的研究方法,对谷子产业现状进行全面分析,了解中国谷子产业发展的现状,探寻中国谷子产业发展中在以上几方面存在的问题,并揭示问题形成的深层次原因。本文在经过现状分析后提出中国谷子产业发展存在的问题,并结合上述分析找出制约中国谷子产业发展的影响因素,对这些影响因素给予分析和解释,最后结合中国谷子产业存在的问题提出促进中国谷子产业健康、可持续发展的对策建议。
为了全面深入了解我国目前谷子产业的发展现状,本研究查阅了大量的研究文献,列举了中国山西、河南、内蒙古等十余个省份的数据,从谷子生产区域布局、产量情况、优质谷子品种、运作良好的谷子合作社等方面了解谷子产业发展的现状,同时深层次了解影响谷子产业发展的各个因素,并分析这些因素对谷子产业发展的影响程度。在数据收集的基础上,本文运用“综合比较优势指数法(CCAij)对谷子的各个主产区进行比较优势分析,得出各个品种的谷子在各个主产区的比较优势,以得出各个主产区种植哪个品种的谷子更加多产,收益更多。
研究结果表明,我国谷子在古代栽培种植比较广泛,应用和喻意非常丰富；现代谷子生产能力逐渐减弱,播种面积和总产呈逐年下降趋势,单产呈缓慢上升趋势,在全国粮食中的作用越来越小。我国目前谷子区域布局比较集中,主要分布在河北、内蒙、辽宁、山西、陕西和河南五个省份。目前,谷子加工企业多而小,以初级加工为主,深加工产品极少；消费多以米粥和干饭的原粮消费为主为,消费方式比较传统,消费主体单一。谷子出口量总体减少,出口额相对较稳定,对外出口的谷子价格呈现上升趋势。通过试验与实地调查相结合,对张杂谷、地膜覆盖技术、简化栽培技术进行了经济效益和综合效果评价。得出张杂谷在水浇地条件下与玉米相比有一定的差距,但优于同比的常规谷；在干旱条件下,张杂谷则略有一定的优势。在地膜覆盖技术中,一膜两年用穴播谷子无论是同谷子的其它种植模式相比,经济效益最优,适于在甘肃等干旱地区推广。通过对全国谷子生产加工主要企业、专业合作社、小米集散地等进行实地调研,总结出目前谷子产业化组织模式主要有：“企业+农户”型、“专业合作社+农户”型、“科研单位+企业合作”型、“政府引导+龙头企业”带动型、“专业市场和集散地+农户”型；利益联结机制是以合同和合作为主的松散型或半松散型的联结方式。运行机制主要存在的问题是利益联结方式松散,利益主体关系不对称等；企业与农户签订合同不规范,信用体系不健全,保障机制不完善,缺乏强有力的外部支持。通过对影响谷子产业发展的影响因素的分析,指出自然条件、农民素质、政府扶持程度等是影响谷子生产的主要因素；而人口的数量、人均消费水平、价格变化范围以及行业发展前景会对谷子的消费需求产生影响；另外国家政策是调节谷子供求平衡,引导并调控谷子产业发展的重要因素,最后指出环境因素也会影响谷子产业的发展。
中国谷子产业要想保持健康、可持续发展,一方面,政府应当加大支持力度,注重“小谷子大产业”发展,加大科技投入和成果转化与推广力度；另一方面,企业和农户也要加强技术培训,建立谷子产业发展的良好运行机制,实现谷子生产、加工、销售一条龙,扩大谷子产业规模,增加农户收益,使谷子产业的各个主体都收益,使我国谷子产业大力发展。
本文立足中国谷子产业发展的现状,通过分析了解了当前我国谷子产业发展的基本状况,谈久了谷子产业发展的运行机制和技术经济效益,并对制约其发展的影响因素进行了分析,针对谷子产业发展存在的问题提出了相应的对策建议,以促使谷子产业健康、可持续发展。本文提出的对策建议可以为政府引导、支持谷子产业发展及谷子合作社运行工作提供政策咨询及决策参考。
Millet is an ancient crop originated in China for thousands of years, has been the main cultivated crops in northern China, known as the Chinese nation nurtured crop. Millet drought-resistant infertile, high water use efficiency to cope with future water shortages becoming ever more serious strategic reserve crops, millet is rich in nutrients, gradually become one of the favorite food. Millet in dry crops in the development of sustainable agriculture and crop genetic breeding theory research will play an increasingly important role.
Millet acreage still the eve of the founding of New China, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces in the the crops sown primacy; stable at667-933ten thousand hectares in the late1960s, China millet acreage; from began in the1970s, due to the rapid development of the wheat, corn level of scientific research, farmland irrigation conditions improve, making the high-yield crops such as corn and wheat acreage is increasing rapidly, millet gradually withdraw from the major grain-producing crops, acreage significantly reducing Since then, millet gradually reduced to a secondary grain and supporting actor crops.
However, with the improvement of ecological production and social changes in the environment, as well as residents living standards, millet is rich in protein, vitamins and other advantages of gradually emerging, environmentally friendly crop nutrition and health. New development in the historical context of the continuous development of the drought, water shortages, diseases of affluence increased, more and more serious problem of global hunger of millet production and consumption gradually. Based on this, the society and academia to explore the millet industry development problems are gradually on the rise, millet industrial development system also has important practical significance.2008, Millet was included in the country's modern agricultural technology system, provide stable funding and historical turning point for the the millet industrial technology research and development, our country millet research out of trouble, entered the orbit of the modern agricultural research; simultaneously growing drought situation grim and structural diversity of our dietary needs, but also increase the demand of the society and the market for millet, millet industry is facing rare opportunities for development.
Under the new historical opportunity, in order to find out the problems and deficiencies exist in the industrial development of millet, millet production from China, operating mechanism and millet processing, consumption, distribution, and millet industrial development industrial development three angles normative analysis and empirical analysis with quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis phase fusion, a comprehensive analysis of a combination of experimental data and research data research methods, millet industry status quo, to understand the development of the Chinese millet industry status quo and explore the Chinese millet industrial development in the problems of the above aspects, and reveals the deep-seated reasons for the formation of the problem. After Analysis Chinese the millet industry development existing problems and identify influencing factors restricting the development of China millet industry combined with the above analysis, the analysis and interpretation of these factors give final combination of the existing problems of China millet industry on the promotion of China Millet industry healthy and sustainable development countermeasures and suggestions.
Millet industry development in China's current comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the access to a lot of the research literature, cited more than10provinces in China, Shanxi, Henan, Inner Mongolia and other data from millet production area layout, production conditions, quality millet varieties well-functioning millet cooperatives understand the the millet industry development status, while the deep-rooted understanding of the various factors that affect the development of the millet industry, and analyze the impact of these factors on the industrial development of millet. On the basis of data collected, the use of "the consolidated comparative advantage index method (CCAij) of millet, the main producing areas of comparative advantage analysis, drawn various varieties of millet in the main producing areas of comparative advantage, to draw various main producing areas of planting which varieties of millet is more productive, more income.
The research results show that our millet in ancient cultivation planting, application and very rich metaphorical; the modern millet production capacity gradually weakened, acreage and total production declining trend yields showed a slow upward trend, the role of food in the country more to the smaller. China's current regional distribution of millet is relatively concentrated, mainly distributed in the five provinces of Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan. And millet processing enterprises and small, primary processing, deep processing products are seldom; consumption for more gruel and cooked rice consumption of raw grain-based, traditional consumption, the consumption of the main single. Millet exports overall decrease in export volume is relatively stable, and the upward trend in the export price of millet. A combination of tests and field investigations, miscellaneous grains of sheets, plastic film covering technology, simplified cultivation techniques for the evaluation of economic efficiency and the combined effect of The draw sheets miscellaneous cereals compared with corn in irrigated land conditions have a certain gap, but better than the year-over-year conventional Valley; under drought conditions, Zhang miscellaneous grains slightly certain advantages. Mulching technology, both a film two years with Dibble millet compared with millet planting mode, economic benefits of the best adapted to the arid regions in Gansu and other promotion. National millet production and processing enterprise, professional cooperatives, millet distribution center field research, summed up the millet industrial organizational model:'enterprise+farmers' and 'professional cooperatives and Farmers', 'scientific research units+enterprise cooperation'and'government guidance+leading enterprises-led professional market and distribution center for Farmers'; loose or semi-loose coupling benefit joint mechanism is based contracts and cooperative way. The main problem of the operational mechanism is loose way of linking the interests of stakeholder relations asymmetry; enterprises and farmers to sign a non-standard contracts, the credit system is not perfect, protection mechanisms are inadequate, and the lack of strong external support. Analysis of influencing factors affect the the Millet industry development, natural conditions, the quality of farmers, the extent of government support are the main factors affecting the production of millet; while the number of population, per capita consumption level, price range, as well as industry development prospects interested millet impact on consumer demand; another national policies to regulate the balance between supply and demand of millet, guide and regulate the important factor of the development of the millet industry concluded that environmental factors also affect the development of the millet industry.
The millet industry in order to maintain a healthy and sustainable development, the one hand, the government should intensify support, focusing on the development of small millet industry to increase investment in science and technology achievements into efforts to promote; On the other hand, businesses and farmers To strengthen technical training, establish good running mechanism of Millet industrial development, and millet production, processing and sales of train and expand the industrial scale of millet, increase farmers income, each main body of the millet industry revenue of millet industry to develop.
Based on the status quo of Chinese the Millet industry development analysis to understand the current the millet industry development in China's basic situation, on a long run of millet industrial development mechanism and the technical and economic benefits, and restricting the development of the influencing factors were analyzed for millet the problems of industrial development, the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions, to promote millet industrial health, and sustainable development. Suggestions presented in this paper can guide, support for the government the millet industry development and millet cooperatives run work to provide policy advice and decision-making reference.
引文
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