大型发电机保护关键技术研究
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摘要
随着互联电网规模的不断扩大,电力系统正向着“大机组、特高压、大电网”方向发展。大机组在绝缘、结构工艺、设计、运行等方面出现了很多新的特点,对发电机保护提出了更多、更高的要求；大电网的远距离、跨区域送电的特点,使得电网结构复杂、运行控制困难,导致电网的安全稳定问题更加突出,机网协调变得更加迫切。而涉网保护,如定/转子接地保护、失磁保护、失步保护等,不完善、可靠性不高,它们在大电网事故中的不正确、不合理动作加剧了电网的崩溃,是发电机保护的固疾、顽疾,也是电网安全稳定的潜在威胁。本文以保障大机组、大电网的安全稳定为目标,针对发电机保护的几个关键技术：定子接地保护、失磁保护、失步保护以及保护配置等展开了深入研究。
论文首先分析比较了传统的发电机定子接地保护：基波零序电压保护、三次谐波电压保护的灵敏度及其配合问题。研究表明,大型发电机组的定子对地电容比较大时,这两种保护方案不能满足灵敏度要求,并且不能在发电机静止和启／停机状态下提供保护,需要引入注入式定子接地保护。
接着研究分析了注入式定子接地保护的原理、方案设计,以及影响其灵敏度的因素。研究发现发电机接地变压器的参数对保护灵敏度和误差影响很大,并且在工程应用中调试、补偿复杂,难以准确。针对这些问题提出了不受接地变参数影响的新保护方案。新方案将注入与测量回路分开,使保护不受接地变参数的影响,无需补偿就能达到很高的灵敏度,简化了工程调试。动模试验和现场试验也验证了新方案的有效性。
研究分析了传统的基于静稳极限阻抗圆特性的失磁保护,分析了它的特点和不足。针对其受发电机负荷变化影响大的缺点,提出自适应负荷变化的新型失磁保护方案。通过仿真证明了新方案的有效性,尤其是在较小负荷下,与传统的静稳极限阻抗圆判据相比,动作更加快速、可靠。
研究分析了发电机失磁过程中的阻抗轨迹特征,并提出3种失磁保护新判据。新判据利用了失磁过程中的3个电气量：阻抗轨迹的变化范围、等有功阻抗圆的圆心角、圆心角的变化量。综合3种新判据以及一些辅助措施提出了新失磁保护方案。新方案在失磁后立刻就能检测到,经过短暂延时,躲过可能的非失磁故障造成的扰动,就可以快速发信。经过仿真验证表明,新方案在各种失磁和非失磁工况下都能准确、可靠动作。
研究了等能量法和等面积法的发电机失步保护。提出基于实时机械功率测量和等能量法的新型失步保护方案。新失步保护方案能跟踪测量发电机的实时机械功率,使等能量法的失步保护在采取快关汽门等紧急控制手段时更加准确、可靠。
研究了扩展等面积法的暂态稳定分析方法,提出一种基于广域测量系统和扩展等面积法的多机失步保护方案。新方案通过广域测量系统获取各发电机的功率、功角数据,利用扩展等面积法判断系统的稳定状态。经仿真验证了保护方案的有效性。
最后总结了大型发电机组的特殊性及其对发电机保护提出的新要求,根据大型发电机组的特殊性和现代大电网安全稳定的需要,总结了相关发电机保护的配置原则。
With the continuous expanding of interconnected power grid, the power system is developing towards "large generating unit, extra-high voltage, large power grid". Many new features appear in some aspects of large generating units such as insulation, structural craftwork, design, operation and so on, which demand higher standards from generator protections. The characteristics of long distance and cross-region power transmission of large power grid result in structural complexity and operational control difficulty. This will cause the security and stability of power grid to become more extreme, and generator-grid coordination to become more urgent. Power grid related protections such as stator and rotor grounding protection, loss of excitation protection and out of step protection are not perfect, their reliability are not enough. Their incorrect, unreasonable operation in large power grid accident aggravated the collapse of the power system. They are the chronic disease of generator protection and potential threats to security and stability of power grid. In this paper, in order to protect the security and stability of large generating units and large power grid, several key techniques of generator protection, such as stator grounding protection, loss of excitation protection, out of step protection and configuration principles are studied.
Firstly, this paper analyzes and compares the sensitivity and its matching problem of two traditional generator stator ground fault protections:the fundamental zero sequence voltage protection and the three harmonic voltage protection. The conclusion shows that, the two protection schemes cannot meet the sensitivity requirements when large generator has large stator to ground capacitance, and cannot provide protection when the generator is in static, startup and shutdown state. Thus, the injection based stator ground fault protection need to be introduced.
Then this paper studies the principle and scheme design of injection based stator ground fault protection, and the influence factors of its sensitivity. The study found that parameters of the distribution transformer at generator neutral have a great impact on the sensitivity and error of protection, and the parameters need complex debugging and compensation in engineering application, which is difficult to achieve accurate. To solve these problems, new injecting scheme that not be affected by distribution transformer parameters is presented. The new scheme separates injection and measurement circuits, so the protection is not affected by the distribution transformer's parameters, and can achieve very high sensitivity without compensation which simplifies engineering debug. Dynamic model test and field test proved the above conclusions.
The traditional static stability limit (SSL) based impedance characteristic of loss of excitation (LOE) protection is studied, its characteristics and shortcomings are analyzed. To prevent the shortcoming of this LOE protection that could be badly affected by load change, a new load adaptive LOE protection scheme is proposed. Simulation proves the validity of the new LOE protection scheme. Operation of the new scheme is more rapid and reliable especially in the light load compared with the traditional SSL based impedance characteristic of LOE.
The characteristic of impedance trajectory in generator's LOE process is studied and analyzed. Three new LOE protection criteria are put forward. They take advantage of three electrical quantities in LOE process:the variation range of impedance locus, the central angle of impedance circle of equal active power and the viaration of central angle. A new scheme of LOE protection is proposed combined these three criteria and some auxiliary measures. In the new scheme, LOE could be detected immediately after its occurrence, LOE signal could be sent quickly after a short delay to prevent non-LOE fault. The simulation results show that the new protection scheme can operate accuratelly and reliablly in every LOE and non-LOE conditions.
Equal energy principle and equal area criterion based generator out of step (OOS) protections are studied and analyzed. New OOS protection scheme based on real-time mechanical power measurement and equal energy principle is proposed. The new scheme can track real time generator's mechanical power and make the equal energy principle based OOS protection more accurate and reliable under fast valving and other emergency control measures.
Transient stability analysis method extended equal area criterion (EEAC) is studied, and a multi-machine OOS protection scheme based on wide area measurement system (WAMS) and EEAC is proposed. The new protection scheme obtains power and angle data of every generator via WAMS, and predicts the stability state of power system by utilizing EEAC. Simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the protection scheme.
Finally, the particularity of large generating units and its new requirements for generator protection are summarized. According to the particularity of large generator and the security, the stability requirements of large-scale interconnected modern power grid, configuration principles of relative generator protections are summarized.
论文首先分析比较了传统的发电机定子接地保护：基波零序电压保护、三次谐波电压保护的灵敏度及其配合问题。研究表明,大型发电机组的定子对地电容比较大时,这两种保护方案不能满足灵敏度要求,并且不能在发电机静止和启／停机状态下提供保护,需要引入注入式定子接地保护。
接着研究分析了注入式定子接地保护的原理、方案设计,以及影响其灵敏度的因素。研究发现发电机接地变压器的参数对保护灵敏度和误差影响很大,并且在工程应用中调试、补偿复杂,难以准确。针对这些问题提出了不受接地变参数影响的新保护方案。新方案将注入与测量回路分开,使保护不受接地变参数的影响,无需补偿就能达到很高的灵敏度,简化了工程调试。动模试验和现场试验也验证了新方案的有效性。
研究分析了传统的基于静稳极限阻抗圆特性的失磁保护,分析了它的特点和不足。针对其受发电机负荷变化影响大的缺点,提出自适应负荷变化的新型失磁保护方案。通过仿真证明了新方案的有效性,尤其是在较小负荷下,与传统的静稳极限阻抗圆判据相比,动作更加快速、可靠。
研究分析了发电机失磁过程中的阻抗轨迹特征,并提出3种失磁保护新判据。新判据利用了失磁过程中的3个电气量：阻抗轨迹的变化范围、等有功阻抗圆的圆心角、圆心角的变化量。综合3种新判据以及一些辅助措施提出了新失磁保护方案。新方案在失磁后立刻就能检测到,经过短暂延时,躲过可能的非失磁故障造成的扰动,就可以快速发信。经过仿真验证表明,新方案在各种失磁和非失磁工况下都能准确、可靠动作。
研究了等能量法和等面积法的发电机失步保护。提出基于实时机械功率测量和等能量法的新型失步保护方案。新失步保护方案能跟踪测量发电机的实时机械功率,使等能量法的失步保护在采取快关汽门等紧急控制手段时更加准确、可靠。
研究了扩展等面积法的暂态稳定分析方法,提出一种基于广域测量系统和扩展等面积法的多机失步保护方案。新方案通过广域测量系统获取各发电机的功率、功角数据,利用扩展等面积法判断系统的稳定状态。经仿真验证了保护方案的有效性。
最后总结了大型发电机组的特殊性及其对发电机保护提出的新要求,根据大型发电机组的特殊性和现代大电网安全稳定的需要,总结了相关发电机保护的配置原则。
With the continuous expanding of interconnected power grid, the power system is developing towards "large generating unit, extra-high voltage, large power grid". Many new features appear in some aspects of large generating units such as insulation, structural craftwork, design, operation and so on, which demand higher standards from generator protections. The characteristics of long distance and cross-region power transmission of large power grid result in structural complexity and operational control difficulty. This will cause the security and stability of power grid to become more extreme, and generator-grid coordination to become more urgent. Power grid related protections such as stator and rotor grounding protection, loss of excitation protection and out of step protection are not perfect, their reliability are not enough. Their incorrect, unreasonable operation in large power grid accident aggravated the collapse of the power system. They are the chronic disease of generator protection and potential threats to security and stability of power grid. In this paper, in order to protect the security and stability of large generating units and large power grid, several key techniques of generator protection, such as stator grounding protection, loss of excitation protection, out of step protection and configuration principles are studied.
Firstly, this paper analyzes and compares the sensitivity and its matching problem of two traditional generator stator ground fault protections:the fundamental zero sequence voltage protection and the three harmonic voltage protection. The conclusion shows that, the two protection schemes cannot meet the sensitivity requirements when large generator has large stator to ground capacitance, and cannot provide protection when the generator is in static, startup and shutdown state. Thus, the injection based stator ground fault protection need to be introduced.
Then this paper studies the principle and scheme design of injection based stator ground fault protection, and the influence factors of its sensitivity. The study found that parameters of the distribution transformer at generator neutral have a great impact on the sensitivity and error of protection, and the parameters need complex debugging and compensation in engineering application, which is difficult to achieve accurate. To solve these problems, new injecting scheme that not be affected by distribution transformer parameters is presented. The new scheme separates injection and measurement circuits, so the protection is not affected by the distribution transformer's parameters, and can achieve very high sensitivity without compensation which simplifies engineering debug. Dynamic model test and field test proved the above conclusions.
The traditional static stability limit (SSL) based impedance characteristic of loss of excitation (LOE) protection is studied, its characteristics and shortcomings are analyzed. To prevent the shortcoming of this LOE protection that could be badly affected by load change, a new load adaptive LOE protection scheme is proposed. Simulation proves the validity of the new LOE protection scheme. Operation of the new scheme is more rapid and reliable especially in the light load compared with the traditional SSL based impedance characteristic of LOE.
The characteristic of impedance trajectory in generator's LOE process is studied and analyzed. Three new LOE protection criteria are put forward. They take advantage of three electrical quantities in LOE process:the variation range of impedance locus, the central angle of impedance circle of equal active power and the viaration of central angle. A new scheme of LOE protection is proposed combined these three criteria and some auxiliary measures. In the new scheme, LOE could be detected immediately after its occurrence, LOE signal could be sent quickly after a short delay to prevent non-LOE fault. The simulation results show that the new protection scheme can operate accuratelly and reliablly in every LOE and non-LOE conditions.
Equal energy principle and equal area criterion based generator out of step (OOS) protections are studied and analyzed. New OOS protection scheme based on real-time mechanical power measurement and equal energy principle is proposed. The new scheme can track real time generator's mechanical power and make the equal energy principle based OOS protection more accurate and reliable under fast valving and other emergency control measures.
Transient stability analysis method extended equal area criterion (EEAC) is studied, and a multi-machine OOS protection scheme based on wide area measurement system (WAMS) and EEAC is proposed. The new protection scheme obtains power and angle data of every generator via WAMS, and predicts the stability state of power system by utilizing EEAC. Simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the protection scheme.
Finally, the particularity of large generating units and its new requirements for generator protection are summarized. According to the particularity of large generator and the security, the stability requirements of large-scale interconnected modern power grid, configuration principles of relative generator protections are summarized.
引文
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