间作豆科牧草对棉田节肢动物群落结构和动态的影响
|
摘要
本研究从可持续农业和可持续的害虫调控要求出发,着眼于甘肃棉花生产和害虫发生与治理的现状,采用系统调查的研究手段,综合应用群落生态学和种群生态学的原理和方法,通过连续2年的深入系统研究,对间作豆科牧草(紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、毛苕子和箭筈豌豆)棉田和不同模式间作苜蓿棉田节肢动物群落的结构特征、时序动态、天敌群落组成及动态规律、棉蚜与主要天敌消长动态等进行了研究,探讨了利用棉田间作苜蓿控制棉蚜的生态防治效果。主要研究结果如下:
1.棉田内间作豆科牧草可以增加棉田节肢动物群落的物种数,间作紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、毛苕子、箭筈豌豆棉田和单种棉田的节肢动物物种数分别为81、76、75、72和68种。棉田内间作豆科牧草还可提高棉田节肢动物群落的益害比,间作紫花苜蓿、毛苕子、沙打旺、箭筈豆棉田和单种棉田的节肢动物群落的益害比分别为0.0734、0.0625、0.0608、0.0531和0.0259。
2.间作豆科牧草棉田节肢动物群落的均匀度、丰富度、多样性指数大于单种棉田,均匀度对多样性的影响大于物种丰富度对多样性的影响,而优势集中性和优势度指数小于单种棉田。间作豆科牧草棉田节肢动物群落的主要物种是:棉蚜、棉叶蝉、敦煌叶螨、盲蝽类、棉蓟马、多异瓢虫、蜘蛛类、褐斑和瓢虫、小花蝽、草蛉类等。蜘蛛类、暗色姬蝽、食蚜蝇类、多异瓢虫、草蛉类和棉蚜的生态位宽度分别为0.7814-0.8563、0.6398-0.8689、0.5973-0.7642、0.5969-0.7132、0.5531-0.6163和0.2428-0.3405。在供试的4种豆科牧草中,间作紫花苜蓿棉田节肢动物群落的个体数(N)、物种数(S)、物种丰富度(R)、优势度(d)、优势集中性(C)、均匀度(J)、多样性指数(H)显著地优于其他3种牧草间作棉田。
3.间作苜蓿带棉田的4个处理中,捕食性天敌群落的物种丰富度、优势度指数及多样性指数均高于单种棉田,尤以每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的相关特征指数为最高。捕食性天敌种群以小花蝽、星豹蛛、多异瓢虫、十一星瓢虫、三突花蛛、短翅细腹食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫和草间小黑蛛的生态位宽度较大。瓢虫类、蜘蛛类、草蛉类和花蝽类的相对丰盛度分别为:0.2059-0.3035、0.2229-0.2495、0.1524-0.1958和0.1199-0.1825。
4.每隔1膜间作75cm、50cm宽苜蓿带,每隔2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田的百株捕食性天敌个体数,分别是单种棉田的249%、205%、164%和135%。与单种棉田相比,间作苜蓿棉田内的瓢虫、蜘蛛、草蛉种群数量有大幅度的增长,每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带处理区分别增长了318.0%、120.9%和79.6%;每隔1膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带处理区分别增长了204.7%、103.3%和70.6%。特别是在6月25日和7月25日的两次刈割苜蓿后,捕食性天敌群落数量增长十分明显。
5.在整个调查期间(5月15日至8月18日),单种棉田平均棉蚜种群数量分别是每隔1膜、2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田和每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的554%、421%、3295和781%。在棉蚜种群增长初期刈割苜蓿(6月25日)后10天,单种棉田平均棉蚜种群数量分别是每隔1膜、2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田和每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的542%、407%、332%和896%。第二次刈割苜蓿(7月25日)后5天,单种棉田平均棉蚜数量分别是每隔1膜、2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田和每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的3 591%、1 849%、814%和5 070%。间作苜蓿带棉田中,天敌对棉蚜种群增长的控制效应十分显著。
6.通过棉花产量测定,每隔1膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田的皮棉产量为5461.80 kg/hm~2、每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田为5298.75 kg/hm~2、每隔2膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田为5017.95 kg/hm~2、单种棉田(防治)为4853.10kg/hm~2、每隔3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田为4719.15 kg/hm~2、单种棉田(不防治)为4173.15 kg/hm~2。
The cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover(Homoptera:Aphididae),is a major pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)in China and many other countries,especially in the seedling stage of cotton.High cotton aphid densities cause a negative impact on cotton yield and result in serious economic losses.In this study,the community structure,temporal dynamics,dominant natural enemies composition and dynamics of arthropod,increasing and decreasing tendency of cotton aphid and their predacious natural enemies were examined on cotton inter-planted legumes (Medicago sativa L.,Astragalus adsurgens Pall.,Vicia villosa Roth,and V.sativa L.)and different cotton-alfalfa intercropping systems from 2004 to 2005 at Dunhuang,western Gansu Province.The main results are summarized as the follows:
1.The species numbers of arthropod community were increased in the fields of cotton inter-planted legumes.The species reached 81,76,75,72 and 68 in cotton-alfalfa,cotton-erect milk vetch,cotton-hairy vetch,cotton-fodder vetch intercropping fields and cotton field,respectively.The ratio of natural enemy and pest was enhanced in cotton inter-planted legumes,it reached 0.0734, 0.0625,0.0608,0.0531 and 0.0259 in cotton-alfalfa,cotton-hairy vetch,cotton-erect milk vetch, cotton-fodder vetch intercrop fields and cotton field,respectively.
2.Evenness,abundance and diversity index of arthropod community in cotton inter-planted legumes were higher than that of in cotton field,and superiority concentricity and dominance index of arthropod community in cotton inter-planted legumes were lower than that of in cotton field.The evenness had a great influence over the diversity,and the species abundance had a slight influence over the diversity.The dominant species and groups were A.gossypii,Empoasca biguttula, Tetranychus dunhuangensis,leaf bugs,Thrips sp.,Adonia variegate,Spiders,Synharmonia conglobata,Orius minutus and lacewings.Niche width of spiders,Nobis palifer,syrphus flies,A. variegate,lacewings and A.gossypii were 0.7814-0.8563,0.6398-0.8689,0.5973-0.7642, 0.5969-0.7132,0.5531-0.6163 and 0.2428-0.3405,respectively.Individual number(N),species number(S),species abundance(R),dominance index(d),superiority concentricity(C),evenness(J) and diversity index(H)of arthropod community in cotton-alfalfa interplant field were higher than that of in cotton inter-planted other legumes.
3.Species abundance,dominance and diversity index of predacious natural enemy community in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields were higher than that of in cotton field,especially in the treatment of 120cm-wide cotton inter-planted 75cm-wide alfalfa Population niche width of O.minutus, Pardosa astrigera,A.variegate,Coccinella undecimpunctata,Misumenops tricuspidatus, Sphaerophoria scripta,Coccinella septempunctata and Erigonidium graminicola was higher within predacious natural enemy communities.Relative abundance of ladybirds,spiders,lacewings and flower bugs was 0.2059-0.3035,0.2229-0.2495,0.1524-0.1958 and 0.1199-0.1825,respectively in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields.
4.Individual number of predators in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields(75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 2×120cm-wide cotton belt and 50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 3×120cm-wide cotton belt)were 249%,205%,164%and 135%of that in the cotton field,respectively.Population density of ladybirds,spiders and lacewings in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields showed a considerable increase over the cotton field.Population density of ladybirds,spiders and lacewings in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt)showed an increase of 318.0%,120.9%and 79.6%,and in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt)showed an increase of 204.7%,103.3%and 70.6%over the cotton field,respectively.In particular,population density of predators increased rapidly after cutting alfalfa twice on June 25 and July 25.
5.Cotton aphis density in the cotton field was 554%,421%,329%and 781%of that in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 2×120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 3×120cm-wide cotton belt and 75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt)during the whole examined period, 542%,407%,332%and 896%after 10 days in the first cutting alfalfa(June 25),and 3 591%,1 849%,814%and 5 070%after 5 days in the second cutting alfalfa(July 25).The population density of cotton aphis was significantly controlled by predators in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields.It was very effective to force the predators from the alfalfa strips into the nearby cotton field to control cotton aphid.
6.By measuring the output of ginned cotton,the output was 5461.80 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt),5298.75 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt),5017.95 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 2×120cm-wide cotton belt), 4853.10 kg/hm~2 in cotton field(controlled),4719.15 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field (50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 3×120cm-wide cotton belt),and 4173.15 kg/hm~2 in cotton field (no-controlled),respectively.
1.棉田内间作豆科牧草可以增加棉田节肢动物群落的物种数,间作紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、毛苕子、箭筈豌豆棉田和单种棉田的节肢动物物种数分别为81、76、75、72和68种。棉田内间作豆科牧草还可提高棉田节肢动物群落的益害比,间作紫花苜蓿、毛苕子、沙打旺、箭筈豆棉田和单种棉田的节肢动物群落的益害比分别为0.0734、0.0625、0.0608、0.0531和0.0259。
2.间作豆科牧草棉田节肢动物群落的均匀度、丰富度、多样性指数大于单种棉田,均匀度对多样性的影响大于物种丰富度对多样性的影响,而优势集中性和优势度指数小于单种棉田。间作豆科牧草棉田节肢动物群落的主要物种是:棉蚜、棉叶蝉、敦煌叶螨、盲蝽类、棉蓟马、多异瓢虫、蜘蛛类、褐斑和瓢虫、小花蝽、草蛉类等。蜘蛛类、暗色姬蝽、食蚜蝇类、多异瓢虫、草蛉类和棉蚜的生态位宽度分别为0.7814-0.8563、0.6398-0.8689、0.5973-0.7642、0.5969-0.7132、0.5531-0.6163和0.2428-0.3405。在供试的4种豆科牧草中,间作紫花苜蓿棉田节肢动物群落的个体数(N)、物种数(S)、物种丰富度(R)、优势度(d)、优势集中性(C)、均匀度(J)、多样性指数(H)显著地优于其他3种牧草间作棉田。
3.间作苜蓿带棉田的4个处理中,捕食性天敌群落的物种丰富度、优势度指数及多样性指数均高于单种棉田,尤以每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的相关特征指数为最高。捕食性天敌种群以小花蝽、星豹蛛、多异瓢虫、十一星瓢虫、三突花蛛、短翅细腹食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫和草间小黑蛛的生态位宽度较大。瓢虫类、蜘蛛类、草蛉类和花蝽类的相对丰盛度分别为:0.2059-0.3035、0.2229-0.2495、0.1524-0.1958和0.1199-0.1825。
4.每隔1膜间作75cm、50cm宽苜蓿带,每隔2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田的百株捕食性天敌个体数,分别是单种棉田的249%、205%、164%和135%。与单种棉田相比,间作苜蓿棉田内的瓢虫、蜘蛛、草蛉种群数量有大幅度的增长,每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带处理区分别增长了318.0%、120.9%和79.6%;每隔1膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带处理区分别增长了204.7%、103.3%和70.6%。特别是在6月25日和7月25日的两次刈割苜蓿后,捕食性天敌群落数量增长十分明显。
5.在整个调查期间(5月15日至8月18日),单种棉田平均棉蚜种群数量分别是每隔1膜、2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田和每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的554%、421%、3295和781%。在棉蚜种群增长初期刈割苜蓿(6月25日)后10天,单种棉田平均棉蚜种群数量分别是每隔1膜、2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田和每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的542%、407%、332%和896%。第二次刈割苜蓿(7月25日)后5天,单种棉田平均棉蚜数量分别是每隔1膜、2膜、3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田和每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田的3 591%、1 849%、814%和5 070%。间作苜蓿带棉田中,天敌对棉蚜种群增长的控制效应十分显著。
6.通过棉花产量测定,每隔1膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田的皮棉产量为5461.80 kg/hm~2、每隔1膜间作75cm宽苜蓿带棉田为5298.75 kg/hm~2、每隔2膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田为5017.95 kg/hm~2、单种棉田(防治)为4853.10kg/hm~2、每隔3膜间作50cm宽苜蓿带棉田为4719.15 kg/hm~2、单种棉田(不防治)为4173.15 kg/hm~2。
The cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover(Homoptera:Aphididae),is a major pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)in China and many other countries,especially in the seedling stage of cotton.High cotton aphid densities cause a negative impact on cotton yield and result in serious economic losses.In this study,the community structure,temporal dynamics,dominant natural enemies composition and dynamics of arthropod,increasing and decreasing tendency of cotton aphid and their predacious natural enemies were examined on cotton inter-planted legumes (Medicago sativa L.,Astragalus adsurgens Pall.,Vicia villosa Roth,and V.sativa L.)and different cotton-alfalfa intercropping systems from 2004 to 2005 at Dunhuang,western Gansu Province.The main results are summarized as the follows:
1.The species numbers of arthropod community were increased in the fields of cotton inter-planted legumes.The species reached 81,76,75,72 and 68 in cotton-alfalfa,cotton-erect milk vetch,cotton-hairy vetch,cotton-fodder vetch intercropping fields and cotton field,respectively.The ratio of natural enemy and pest was enhanced in cotton inter-planted legumes,it reached 0.0734, 0.0625,0.0608,0.0531 and 0.0259 in cotton-alfalfa,cotton-hairy vetch,cotton-erect milk vetch, cotton-fodder vetch intercrop fields and cotton field,respectively.
2.Evenness,abundance and diversity index of arthropod community in cotton inter-planted legumes were higher than that of in cotton field,and superiority concentricity and dominance index of arthropod community in cotton inter-planted legumes were lower than that of in cotton field.The evenness had a great influence over the diversity,and the species abundance had a slight influence over the diversity.The dominant species and groups were A.gossypii,Empoasca biguttula, Tetranychus dunhuangensis,leaf bugs,Thrips sp.,Adonia variegate,Spiders,Synharmonia conglobata,Orius minutus and lacewings.Niche width of spiders,Nobis palifer,syrphus flies,A. variegate,lacewings and A.gossypii were 0.7814-0.8563,0.6398-0.8689,0.5973-0.7642, 0.5969-0.7132,0.5531-0.6163 and 0.2428-0.3405,respectively.Individual number(N),species number(S),species abundance(R),dominance index(d),superiority concentricity(C),evenness(J) and diversity index(H)of arthropod community in cotton-alfalfa interplant field were higher than that of in cotton inter-planted other legumes.
3.Species abundance,dominance and diversity index of predacious natural enemy community in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields were higher than that of in cotton field,especially in the treatment of 120cm-wide cotton inter-planted 75cm-wide alfalfa Population niche width of O.minutus, Pardosa astrigera,A.variegate,Coccinella undecimpunctata,Misumenops tricuspidatus, Sphaerophoria scripta,Coccinella septempunctata and Erigonidium graminicola was higher within predacious natural enemy communities.Relative abundance of ladybirds,spiders,lacewings and flower bugs was 0.2059-0.3035,0.2229-0.2495,0.1524-0.1958 and 0.1199-0.1825,respectively in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields.
4.Individual number of predators in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields(75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 2×120cm-wide cotton belt and 50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 3×120cm-wide cotton belt)were 249%,205%,164%and 135%of that in the cotton field,respectively.Population density of ladybirds,spiders and lacewings in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields showed a considerable increase over the cotton field.Population density of ladybirds,spiders and lacewings in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt)showed an increase of 318.0%,120.9%and 79.6%,and in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt)showed an increase of 204.7%,103.3%and 70.6%over the cotton field,respectively.In particular,population density of predators increased rapidly after cutting alfalfa twice on June 25 and July 25.
5.Cotton aphis density in the cotton field was 554%,421%,329%and 781%of that in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 2×120cm-wide cotton belt,50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 3×120cm-wide cotton belt and 75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt)during the whole examined period, 542%,407%,332%and 896%after 10 days in the first cutting alfalfa(June 25),and 3 591%,1 849%,814%and 5 070%after 5 days in the second cutting alfalfa(July 25).The population density of cotton aphis was significantly controlled by predators in cotton-alfalfa interplant fields.It was very effective to force the predators from the alfalfa strips into the nearby cotton field to control cotton aphid.
6.By measuring the output of ginned cotton,the output was 5461.80 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt),5298.75 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(75cm-wide alfalfa belt every 120cm-wide cotton belt),5017.95 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field(50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 2×120cm-wide cotton belt), 4853.10 kg/hm~2 in cotton field(controlled),4719.15 kg/hm~2 in cotton-alfalfa interplant field (50cm-wide alfalfa belt every 3×120cm-wide cotton belt),and 4173.15 kg/hm~2 in cotton field (no-controlled),respectively.
引文
[1]柏立新,张龙娃,陈小波,冯汉金,顾国华,邹宗晴,束春娥.不同抗虫棉品系对棉田害虫与天敌群落的影响[J].中国生物防治,2002,18(3):115-119.
[2]曹春田,臧学斌,梅红,南华,朱振营.棉田昆虫群落的时间格局研究[A].当代昆虫学研究——中国昆虫学会成立60周年纪念大会暨学术讨论会论文集[C],北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.2004,442-444.
[3]车晋滇.紫花苜蓿栽培与病虫害防治[M].北京:中国农业出版社.2002,6.
[4]陈超英.茶园节肢动物群落结构、动态及其数学模型[D].福建农林大学博士学位论文.2004.
[5]陈明,张新瑞,胡冠芳,罗进仓,郭致杰,吕和平.河西灌区棉蚜综合防治技术[J].植物保护,1999,25(4):26-28.
[6]崔金杰.转Bt基因棉对昆虫群落的影响及其作用机制[D].中国农业科学院硕士学位论文.1998.
[7]崔金杰.转双价基因(CrylAc+CpTI)棉对昆虫群落的影响及其作用机制[D].中国农业科学院博士学位论文.2003.
[8]崔金杰,雒珺瑜,王春义,马艳,李春花.转双价基因棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群动态[J].棉花学报,2004,16(2):94-101.
[9]崔金杰,文绍贵.立体种植对主要棉花害虫的生态效应[J].河南农业大学学报,1997,31(1):44-48.
[10]崔金杰,夏敬源.转Bt基因棉对昆虫群落结构与组成的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,1999a,33(4):342-345.
[11]崔金杰,夏敬源.转Bt基因棉对天敌种群动态的影响[J].棉花学报,1999b,11(2):84-91.
[12]崔金杰,夏敬源.转Bt基因棉田昆虫群落多样性及其影响因素研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):824-829.
[13]崔金杰,夏敬源,王春义,马丽华,雒君瑜.施氮量对棉田主要害虫种群动态的影响[J].植保技术与推广,2003,23(1):3-5.
[14]崔素贞.小花蝽生物学特性及其对主要棉虫控制作用的研究[J].棉花学报,1994,6(S1):78-83.
[15]戴小枫,郭予元.叶色草蛉对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食效应研究[J].植物保护学报,1992,19(1):23-28.
[16]邓曙东,徐静,张青文,周世文,徐冠军.转Bt基因棉对非靶标害虫及害虫天敌种群动态的影响[J].昆虫学报,2003,46(1):1-5.
[17]邓欣,赵廷昌,高必达,张永军,孙福在.转基因抗虫棉生物安全评价研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):4244-4249.
[18]丁程成.李园节肢动物群落动态及主要害虫天敌相互作用研究[D].安徽农业大学硕士学位论文.2004.
[19]丁锦华,傅强.有性棉蚜交配和产卵习性的观察[J].昆虫知识,1994,31(4):217-219.
[20]丁锦华,傅强.棉蚜有性世代的观察[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(3):141-143.
[21]丁岩钦,陈玉平.中华草蛉对棉蚜与棉铃虫的捕食作用研究[J].生物防治通报,1986,2(3):97-102.
[22]董文霞,张钟宁,李生才,冀丽花.不同棉田昆虫群落的比较研究[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(2):112-116.
[23]董应才,汪世泽,竺锡武.棉田蜘蛛群落结构及优势种分析[J].蛛形学报,1994,3(2):137-140.
[24]高宝嘉,高素红,张炬红,刘军侠,刘丽.不同林木类型昆虫群落结构及变化规律研究[J].河北林果研究,2002,17(1):52-57.
[25]高宝嘉,申曙光,王正文,张玉会.园林昆虫群落时间结构及动态研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(2):193-197.
[26]高书晶,庞保平,于洋,路慧.麦田昆虫群落的结构与时序动态[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):52-55.
[27]高孝华,时爱菊,曲耀训,赵玉华,张卫东,魏炳洲.龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应与寻找效应研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(4):457-460.
[28]高增详,杨燕涛,李典谟,吴子江,薛智华,张治,王东华,张建明,丁岩钦,徐汝梅.江苏通州棉田捕食性节肢动物多样性的历史动态比较[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(6):685-690.
[29]戈峰,丁岩钦.龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜的捕食行为[J].昆虫学报,1995,38(4):436-441.
[30]戈峰,丁岩钦.不同类型棉田捕食性天敌的种群能量动态及其对害虫的控制作用[J].昆虫学报,1996a,39(3):266-273.
[31]戈峰,丁岩钦.棉田生态系统中害虫、天敌群落结构与功能关系的研究[J].生态学报,1996b,16(5):535-540.
[32]戈峰,丁岩钦.多样化的棉田生态系统控害保益功能特征研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):295-298.
[33]戈峰,刘向辉,李泓达,门兴元,苏建伟.氮肥对棉田主要害虫种群密度及棉花产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(10):1735-1738.
[34]戈峰,门兴元,苏建伟,刘向辉,丁岩钦.播种时间对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(4):86-89.
[35]戈峰,门兴元,苏建伟,刘向辉,丁岩钦.边缘效应对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1):91-94.
[36]戈峰,苏建伟,杜丽,刘向辉.应用生态能学的方法定量分析棉田蜘蛛控害功能[A].昆虫学创新与发展——中国昆虫学会2002年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2002,441-445.
[37]耿金虎.新疆棉田节肢动物群落多样性研究[D].新疆农业大学硕士学位论文.2002.
[38]龚鹏.棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover种群分化的分子遗传标记研究及性蚜的诱导[D].南京农业大学博士学位论文.2000.
[39]郭建英,万方浩,胡雅辉,严盈.不同作物布局方式对转基因抗虫棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(9):2061-2068.
[40]郭线茹,熊建伟.桃园昆虫群落的时间结构研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2000,34(2):146-149.
[41]郭依泉.柑桔园节肢动物群落生态研究[D].西南农业大学博士学位论文.1991.
[42]郭予元.我国农作物有害生物综合防治策略的实施和展望[A].中国植物保护研究进展——第三次全国农作物病虫害综合防治学术讨论会文集[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.1996,31-36.
[43]侯茂林,盛承发.农田生态系统植物多样性对害虫种群数量的影响[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(2):245-250.
[44]洪波,陈安良,冯俊涛,张兴.我国棉蚜抗药性研究现状[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(1):118-122.
[45]侯中一.大豆田昆虫群落结构及天敌对蚜虫的调控功能[D].东北农业大学硕士学位论文.2007.
[46]胡雅辉.不同类型棉田自然天敌的控害作用[D].湖南农业大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[47]胡雅辉,郭建英,万方浩,尉文彬.棉田及其邻作田地表节肢动物天敌的季节动态[J].中国生物防治,2006,22(2):101-108.
[48]姬华.荒漠过渡带节肢动物群落与相邻棉田天敌、害虫的关系[D].石河子大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[49]姜永厚.稻田节肢动物群落空间生态位及田间蜘蛛捕食量研究[D].扬州大学硕士学位论文.2001.
[50]姜永幸,郭予元.不同棉花品种对棉蚜羧酸酯酶活性影响的研究[J].棉花学报,1996,8(4):215-218.
[51]蒋樟法,何连生,倪汉祥,李光博.栽培制度对麦田昆虫群落组成及结构的影响[J].植物保护学报,1996,23(3):13-18.
[52]金翠霞,吴亚.群落多样性测定及其应用的探讨[J].昆虫学报,1981,24(1):28-33.
[53]金翠霞,吴亚,王冬兰.稻田节肢动物群落多样性[J].昆虫学报,1990,33(3):287-295.
[54]康乐.草原蝗虫生态学研究[J].中国科学院院刊,1998,(3):204-206.
[55]柯道秀,何洪俊,黄明松,熊映清.稻棉轮作对棉红蜘蛛控制作用的研究[J].植物保护,1995,21(5):2-4.
[56]柯道秀,熊映清,何本极,王瑞琪,何洪俊,杜平甫,毛德新,刘万明,杨定勇.稻棉轮作棉田主要害虫和天敌动态关系及其相关性研究[M].棉花病虫害综合防治及研究进展(陈其瑛,李典谟,曹赤阳主编),北京:中国农业科技出版社.1990,188-194.
[57]雷朝亮,宗良炳,杨贵军,肖春温度对龟纹瓢虫幼虫生长发育及捕食作用的影响[J].动物学研究,1988,9(S1):32,50.
[58]李宝林,杜德寿.“招瓢控蚜生态工程”灰色系统初探[J].华中工学院学报,1984,12(3):3-10.
[59]李宝林,杜德寿,梁耀琦.用生态工程方法对棉田插种油菜措施的改进及其综合效益分析[M].棉花病虫害综合防治及研究进展(陈其瑛,李典谟,曹赤阳主编),北京:中国农业科技出版社.1990,199-204.
[60]李超,丁岩钦,马世骏.草间小黑蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究——Ⅰ.捕食者—单种猎物系统的研究[J].生态学报,1982a,2(3):239-254.
[61]李超,丁岩钦,马世骏.草间小黑蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究——Ⅱ.捕食者—多种猎物系统的研究[J].生态学报,1982b,2(4):363-373.
[62]李代芹,赵敬钊.棉田蜘蛛群落及其多样性研究[J].生态学报,1993,13(3):205-213.
[63]李桂亭,王康阳.梨园生物群落及其害虫控制机制的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(1):13-17.
[64]李桂亭,江俊起,邹运鼎,王向阳,张新才,李鹏.两种除草剂影响下棉田节肢动物群落相似性分析[J].安徽农业大学学报,2006,33(2):204-208.
[65]李号宾.南疆棉田节肢动物群落结构及害虫种群动态研究[D].中国农业科学院博士学位论文.2006.
[66]李宏才.棉田间种红花招引草蛉防治棉蚜[J].生物防治通报,1987,3(3):109-111.
[67]李进步,吕昭智,王登元,田长彦.新疆棉区主要害虫的演替及其机理分析[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(3):261-264.
[68]李国阳,刘从明,刘向辉.化学防治对麦棉套种田内害虫和天敌种群动态及群落特征影响[A].昆虫学研究进展[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2000,191-196.
[69]李娜.转Bt基因棉压力下靶标害虫及其天敌的波动性不对称[D].南京农业大学硕士学位论文.2004.
[70]李鹏,李桂亭,张新才,缪勇,江俊起,王向阳.淮北棉田节肢动物优势种群时空生态位及天敌对棉蚜控制作用研究[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(11):303-306.
[71]李秋红.转基因棉对昆虫群落演变影响的研究[D].华中农业大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[72]李生才.果园节肢动物群落生态学研究[D].山西农业大学博士学位论文.2004.
[73]李生才,董文霞,李峪,杨福田.棉蚜、棉铃虫及其捕食性天敌时空生态位的研究[J].生态农业研究,1998,6(1):32-35.
[74]李生才,董文霞,上官小霞.山西省棉田昆虫群落的时间动态研究[J].生态农业研究,1999,7(1):69-71.
[75]李文香,刘顺,魏国树,赵斌涛.转Bt基因棉对节肢动物群落的影响及潜在问题分析[J].河北农业大学学报,2003,26(S1):222-225.
[76]李秀琴,马祁,姚举,刘刚,王东.棉田与相邻荒漠过渡带三类主要捕食性天敌昆虫群落特征的初步研究[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(2):168-172.
[77]梁子宁,张永强.龙眼园节肢动物群落结构及其时空格局[J].生态学报,2007,27(4):1542-1549.
[78]林克剑,吴孔明,刘山蓓,张永军,郭予元.中华草蛉、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫对B型烟粉虱的捕食功能反应[J].昆虫知识,2006,43(3):339-343.
[79]林荣华.新疆棉田棉蚜生态调控机理与技术[D].中国科学院动物研究所博士学位论文.2002.
[80]林荣华,张润志,田长彦.新疆棉田生态系统中捕食性节肢动物类天敌亚群落结构[J].中国生物防治,2003,19(1):1-5.
[81]刘刚.荒漠过渡带与相邻棉田蜘蛛群落结构及动态研究[D].石河子大学硕士学位论文.2007.
[82]刘金文.青菜田节肢动物群落及其时间生态位初探[J].福建农业学报,2004,19(3):152-155.
[83]刘万学,候茂林,万方浩,王福莲.转Bt基因棉田蜘蛛的时空动态及控害作用[J].昆虫知识,2003,40(2):160-163.
[84]刘万学,万方浩,郭建英.转Bt基因棉田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能团的组成与变化[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):729-735.
[85]刘向东,翟保平,张孝羲,方军.棉花型和黄瓜型棉蚜对寄主植物的适合度[J].生态学报,2004a,24(6):1199-1204.
[86]刘向东,翟保平,张孝羲,陆杨.棉花型和瓜型棉蚜形态和生态适应力的分化[J].昆虫学报,2004b,47(6):768-773.
[87]刘向东,张立建,张孝羲,翟保平.棉蚜对寄主的选择及寄主专化型研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(8):1281-1285.
[88]刘向东,张孝羲,翟保平.蚜虫寄主专化型及其成因[J].昆虫学报,2004c,47(4):499-506.
[89]刘向东,张孝羲,赵娜珊,杨效文,陈晓峰,张广学.棉蚜对棉花生育期及温度条件的生态适应性[J].南京农业大学学报,2000,23(4):29-32.
[90]刘向辉,戈峰,丁岩钦,潘卫东.棉田节肢动物群落的优势种分析[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(6):16-19.
[91]吕昭智,李进步,田卫东,田长彦.生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(3):400-404.
[92]鲁挺.人工草地昆虫群落的研究方法[M].草业科学研究方法(任继周主编),北京:中国农业出版社.1998,271.
[93]罗进仓,陈家章,吴海霞.玉米田节肢动物群落时间格局研究[A].昆虫与环境——中国昆虫学会2001年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.2001,107-112.
[94]罗志义.上海畲山地区棉田节肢动物群落多样性分析及杀虫剂对多样性的影响[J].生态学报,1982,2(3):255-266.
[95]马海芹.转Bt基因棉对棉田非靶标生物及次要害虫的影响研究[D].南京农业大学硕士学位论文.2003.
[96]马晓牧,杨章华,刘小侠,张青文,蔡青年,李继军,江真启.Bt棉田边缘杂草带对棉田内叶螨发生的影响[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(5):699-705.
[97]马艳.转基因抗虫棉生物安全研究进展[J].棉花学报,2003,15(1):59-64.
[98]门兴元,戈峰,尹新明,蔡东章.转Bt基因棉田与常规棉田节肢动物群落多样性的比较研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):26-29.
[99]孟玲,李保平,王文全,喻宁莉.新疆棉花栽培品种对棉蚜抗性及其机制的研究[J].中国棉花,1999,26(2):8-10.
[100]孟祥玲,高慰会,钟铁森.湖北省粮棉套作对棉苗期虫害发生的影响[J].中国农业科学,1962,(12):23-29.
[101]缪勇,邹运鼎,孙善教,刘家成,孟庆雷,叶成瑞.棉田捕食性天敌群落动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(11):1437-1440.
[102]缪勇,邹运鼎,孙善教,叶成瑞,李桃春,叶世炉,邢建国.棉蚜及其捕食性天敌时空生态位研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(4):549-552.
[103]蒲蛰龙.害虫生物防治的原理和方法(第2版)[M].北京:科学出版社.1982,6-9.
[104]钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,141-165.
[105]邱明生,张孝羲,王进军,赵志模.玉米田节肢动物群落特征的时序动态[J].西南农业学报,2001,14(1):70-73.
[106]桑志,缪勇,孙梅梅,陈树仁,刘慧娟.甘蓝田节肢动物群落结构研究[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(4):315-317.
[107]上官小霞,沈文君,李生才.棉田蜘蛛群落时空生态位研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(4):87-90.
[108]申曙光,高宝嘉,张玉会,王正文,王洪霞,王秀君.不同植物类型昆虫群落结构的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1997,20(4):61-65.
[109]沈君辉,刘光杰,袁明.我国稻田节肢动物群落研究新进展[J].中国农学通报,2002,18(4):90-93.
[110]史树森,孟昭军,李晓光,潘怡鸥.农田生态系中作物构成与节肢动物群落多样性的初步研究[A].当代昆虫学研究——中国昆虫学会成立60周年纪念大会暨学术讨论会论文集[C],北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.2004,555-558.
[111]苏建伟,盛承发.棉田两种瓢虫与叶色草蛉干扰竞争初探[J].中国棉花,2002,29(8):16-17.
[112]苏建伟,盛承发,杨星科.叶色草蛉幼虫对棉蚜的捕食效应:种内干扰和空间异质性[J].昆虫学报,2000,43(1):107-111.
[113]苏丽,戈峰,刘向辉.化学防治对不同类型棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响[J].昆虫学报,2002,45(6):777-784.
[114]苏丽,戈峰,刘向辉.化学杀虫剂对不同类型棉田害虫、天敌种群的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2631-2641.
[115]孙德智.紫花苜蓿刈割效应及其种植年限对土壤理化性状的影响[D].内蒙古民族大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[116]孙长贵,徐静,张青文,封红兵,汪飞,宋荣.新疆棉区转Bt基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群数量的影响[J].中国生物防治,2002,18(3):106-110.
[117]孙长贵,张青文,徐静,王因霞,刘俊丽.转Bt基因棉和转Bt+CpTI双价基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响[J].昆虫学报,2003,46(6):705-712.
[118]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理(第3版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社.2001,13-14.
[119]孙耘芹,冯国蕾,袁家珪,祝平,龚坤元.棉蚜对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的生化机理[J].昆虫学报,1987,30(1):13-20.
[120]唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2002,78-110.
[121]田长彦.林带遮荫地种植苜蓿带的棉蚜生态防治[J].新疆环境保护,2004,26(增刊):132-134.
[122]万方浩,陈常铭.综防区和化防区稻田害虫—天敌群落组成及多样性的研究[J].生态学报,1986,6(2):159-170.
[123]万方浩,刘万学,郭建英.不同类型棉田棉铃虫天敌功能团的组成及时空动态[J].生态学报,2002,22(6):935-942.
[124]万鹏,黄民松,吴孔明,吴金萍.转Cry1A基因棉对棉蚜生长发育及种群动态的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(12):1484-1488.
[125]王春义,夏敬源,崔金杰,雒珺瑜.北疆不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构与多样性[J].棉花学报,2004,16(2):112-116.
[126]王春义,夏敬源,文绍贵,崔金杰.施药对麦套春棉田间节肢动物群落的影响[J].中国棉花,1997,24(4):18-20.
[127]王丹红.转基因抗虫棉使中国北方农作物免受虫害[N].科学时报,2008-09-19(1).
[128]王开运,姜兴印,仪美芹,吕宝乾.取食不同寄主植物对棉蚜后代抗药性的影响[J].昆虫学报,2001,44(4):469-475.
[129]王瑞霞.棉蚜大发生原因分析及综合防治[J].新疆农垦科技,1995,(4):7-8.
[130]王顺建,朱克响,王向阳,张宗奇,周全恩,杜庆忠.淮北棉田节肢动物的群落结构[J].昆虫知识,2000,37(5):268-274.
[131]王武刚,吴孔明,梁革梅,李修立.Bt棉对棉虫发生的影响及防治对策[J].植物保护,1999,25(1):5-7.
[132]王向阳,王顺建,宋爱颖,黄娟.棉田施用除草剂对节肢动物群落种群数量的影响[J].安徽农业大学学报,2002,29(4):350-354.
[133]王向阳,邹运鼎,孟庆雷,章炳旺,代海敏.两种除草剂对棉田节肢动物群落多样性指数的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(3):514-518.
[134]王香萍,张钟宁.高山地区甘蓝田节肢动物群落特征[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(1):224-228.
[135]王孝威.春麦田节肢动物群落的结构和动态研究[D].山西农业大学硕士学位论文.2003.
[136]王勇,张汉鹄,邹运鼎.茶园蜘蛛、昆虫群落动态的研究[J].生态学报,1991,11(2):135-138.
[137]王有年,张铁强,李奕松,刘素琪,苗振旺,李登科,师光禄.枣园节肢动物群落的时间动态[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(8):1228-1232.
[138]魏国权,崔龙,张小梅,刘顺,吕楠,张青文.转Bt基因棉田节肢动物群落结构特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4):576-580.
[139]巫厚长.烟田节肢动物群落动态及烟蚜与其主要天敌相互作用关系的系统研究[D].南京农业大学博士学位论文.2000.
[140]吴孔明,纪好勤.棉虫综合治理对天敌昆虫群落的影响[J].昆虫天敌,1989,11(4):151-155.
[141]吴孔明,刘芹轩.温度对棉蚜生命参数影响的研究[J].棉花学报,1992,4(1):61-68.
[142]吴孔明,刘芹轩.棉蚜对杀虫剂抗性的稳定性[J].昆虫学报,1995,38(2):253-255.
[143]吴海香.菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的研究[D].福建农林大学.2006.
[144]吴振廷,王敬才,董艳慧.棉蚜在木槿上种群变化特点及其营养分析[J].昆虫知识,1988,25(1):14-17.
[145]夏敬源,王春义,马艳,王月恒.不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构研究[J].棉花学报,1998,10(1):27-33.
[146]夏敬源,王月恒,马艳,王春义.不同类型棉田昆虫群落调查的抽样方法研究[J].棉花学报,1995,7(3):179-183.
[147]夏敬源,文绍贵,崔素贞,胡发清,马丽华.棉花害虫生物生态调控关键技术研究[J].棉花学报,1996,8(5):225-228.
[148]熊映清.棉花蚜虫的发生和防治[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.1982,50-67.
[149]徐金汉,关瑞峰,李春光,黄鹏,关雄.不同茶园昆虫群落结构及动态[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(4):315-319.
[150]徐克学.生物数学(中国科学院研究生教学丛书)[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,18-20.
[151]徐汝梅,成新跃.昆虫种群生态学—基础与前沿[M].北京:科学出版社.2005,3-4.
[152]徐遥,吴孔明,李号宾,汪飞,孙世龙,李祥烨.转基因抗虫棉对新疆棉田主要害虫及天敌群落的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2004,41(5):345-347.
[153]许立瑞,李洪刚,徐春明,于细平.转Bt基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构的研究[J].山东农业科学,2002,(3):13-17.
[154]闫纯博,张伍平,李国英.棉花“三虫三病”发生趋势及防治对策[J].新疆农垦科技,1997,(3):13-16.
[155]杨国正,展茗,杨长举,骆炳山.Bt转基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构研究[J].湖北农业科学,2005,(5):53-56.
[156]杨明超,杨涛.牧草盲蝽在南疆的发生危害及其防治[J].植物保护,2001,27(5):31-32.
[157]杨益众,陆宴辉,薛文杰,刘洋,杨海燕,李晓慧,王峰,余月书.转基因棉田棉蚜种群动态及相关影响因子分析[J].昆虫学报,2006,49(1):80-85.
[158]杨益众,庞雄飞,梁广文.棉田优势天敌对棉铃虫种群的控制作用[J].生态学报,2002,22(4):612-617.
[159]杨玉海,蒋平安,艾尔肯,周抑强.种植苜蓿对土壤肥力的影响[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(2):248-251.
[160]叶鹏盛,李琼芳.四川棉田昆虫群落的时间格局研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1995,17(1):32-34.
[161]尹楚道.棉铃虫卵和龟纹瓢虫、中华草蛉分布格局的关系研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6):707-709.
[162]余月书,杨益众,陆宴辉.棉田棉铃虫寄生蜂对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(5):845-848.
[163]原国辉,尹新明.21世纪农业害虫调控策略与技术展望[A].昆虫学研究进展[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2000,394-399.
[164]袁忠林,沈长朋,傅建祥.萝卜田节肢动物群落生态位研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,31(3):294-296.
[165]张龙娃,柏立新,韩召军,束春娥,董双林.转Bt基因棉田害虫和天敌组成及优势类群时序动态[J].棉花学报,2005,17(4):222-226.
[166]张润志,梁红斌,林荣华,任立,田长彦,张斌,王大生.利用棉田边缘苜蓿带实施新疆棉蚜生态治理[A].昆虫学创新与发展——中国昆虫学会2002年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2002,3-5.
[167]张润志,梁宏斌,田长彦,张广学.利用棉田边缘苜蓿带控制棉蚜的生物学机理[J].科学通报,1999,44(20):2175-2178.
[168]张润志,任立,张广学.新疆棉区棉蚜控制策略探讨[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(4):183-185.
[169]张新才.棉田节肢动物群落结构及捕食性天敌对棉蚜控制作用研究[D].安徽农业大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[170]张新才,李桂亭,孟志伟,胡晓霞,钱志恒.油菜田节肢动物群落结构研究[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(4):591-592.
[171]张新瑞,陈明,胡冠芳,罗进仓,郭致杰.敦煌市棉田蚜虫及天敌种群消长动态研究[J].甘肃农业科技,2002,(5):42-44.
[172]张永军,吴孔明,彭于发,郭予元.转抗虫基因植物生态安全性研究进展[J].昆虫知识,2002,39(5):321-327.
[173]张永强,Aden A D,韦绥概,黄卫,许旭战.香蕉园害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(4):639-645.
[174]张育平,秦雪峰,王国昌.石榴园昆虫群落结构及多样性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(13):3108-3109.
[175]章东方,陈锦绣,张平,程福如,唐青松.抗虫棉对长江棉区棉田昆虫种群演变的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2001,29(6):744-745.
[176]赵惠燕,汪世泽.孤雌胎生棉蚜胚胎学观察[J].昆虫知识,1992,29(1):19-21.
[177]赵建周,杨奇华,周明牂.耕作栽培措施对棉花害虫及其天敌的影响[M].棉花病虫害综合防治及研究进展(陈其瑛,李典谟,曹赤阳主编),北京:中国农业科技出版社.1990,194-198.
[178]赵建周,杨奇华,周明牂,马仲实,李保兰.棉田种植诱集作物对天敌的保护及增殖作用[J].植物保护学报,1991,18(4):339-343.
[179]赵敬钊,李代芹.三突花蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食功能反应及其数学模拟的初步研究[J].昆虫天敌,1991,13(1):1-4.
[180]赵敏,米青荣.棉田间作绿肥对棉花苗期主要害虫和天敌消长的影响[J].中国棉花,2002,29(7):10-11.
[181]赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法[M].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社.1990,65-67.
[182]郑彩玲,刘向东,翟保平.棉花型和黄瓜型棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)的寄主适应性及转移通道[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):1879-1886.
[183]周福才,杜予州,任顺祥.转Bt基因棉花对刺吸式口器害虫种群的影响[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(2):132-135.
[184]周秋菊.转Bt基因棉花对主要害虫和天敌的影响及其机理初探[D].华南热带农业大学硕士学位论文.2003.
[185]朱传经.棉田捕食性天敌群落结构的研究[J].昆虫天敌,1994,16(1):28-35.
[186]朱三荣.“棉花-棉蚜-龟纹瓢虫”食物链关系及棉蚜生态管理研究[D].湖南农业大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[187]朱三荣,高峰,刘向辉,康乐,戈峰.龟纹瓢虫在棉株上对棉蚜的搜索与捕食行为[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(2):261-264.
[188]邹运鼎,毕守东,陈高潮,孟庆雷,耿继光,王公明,李甲林.各种天敌对棉蚜种群数量影响程度的研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(5):52-55.
[189]邹运鼎,唐世湖,陈高潮,王勇,徐光财.龟纹瓢虫成虫对棉蚜的搜索行为及棉蚜的应激反应[J].安徽农学院学报,1991a,18(1):8-14.
[190]邹运鼎,杨义和,章炳旺,胡丽娟,李甲林,黄世祥.棉花苗期棉株内含物与棉蚜种群消长动态及成蚜翅型分化的关系[J].昆虫知识,1991b,28(1):14-17.
[191]Abate T.Experiments with trap crops against African bollworm,Heliothis armigera,in Ethiopia[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1988,48:135-140.
[192]Adans J.The definition and interpretation of guild structure in ecological communities[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1985,54:43-59.
[193]Adkisson P L.The influence of fertilizer applications on populations of Heliothis zea(Boddie),and certain insect predators[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1958,51:757-759.
[194]Altieri M A.Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems(2nd ed.)[M].New York:Food Products Press,2004,203-224.
[195]Altieri M A and Letourneau D K.Vegetation diversity and insect pest outbreaks[J].CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1984,2:131-169.
[196]Altieri M A,Letourneau D K and Davis J R.Developing sustainable agroecosystems[J].Bioscience,1983,33(1):45-49.
[197]Andow D A.Population dynamics of an insect berbivore in simple and diverse habitats[J].Ecology,1990,71(3):1006-1017.
[198]Andow D A.Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1991,36:561-586.
[199]Armbrust E J.Alfalfa weevil pest management system for alfalfa[A].In:Pest Control Strategies[C].Smith E Hand Pimentel D eds.New York:Academic Press.1978,85-89.
[200]Arnold M D,Rummel D R,Bordovsky J P,Slosser J E and Carroll S C.Use of the center pivot irrigation system for reduction of cotton aphid sugars on cotton lint[J].Southwestern Entomologist,2002,27(1):11-19.
[201]Bacheler J S and Mott D W.Potential utility and susceptibility of transgenic Bt cotton against bollworms,European corn borers,and stink bugs in NC[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1996,927-931.
[202]Bacheler J S,Mort D W and Morrison D E.Large scale evaluation of Bollgard resistance to multiple pests in North Carolina under grower conditions[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference[C].1998,961-964.
[203]Beddington J R,Hassell M P and Lawton J H.The components of arthropod predation Ⅱ.The predator rate of increase[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1976,45:165-186.
[204]Beeby A and Brennan A M.First ecology[M].London:Chapman & Hall.1997,77-78.
[205]Berryman A A.The origins and evolution of predator-prey theory[J].Ecology,1992,73:1530-1535.
[206]Bi J L,Ballmer G R,Toscano N C,Madors M A,Dugger P and Richter D.Effect of nitrogen fertility on cotton whitefly interactions[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference[C].2000,1135-1142.
[207]Bommarco R and Banks J E.Scale as modifier in vegetation diversity experiments:effects on herbivores and predators[J].Oikos,2003,102(2):440-448.
[208]Brown M W and Puterka G J.Orchard management effects on the arthropod community on peach with comparison to apple[J].Journal of Entomological Science,1997,32(2):165-182.
[209]Butler G D Jr,Schonhorst M H and Watsen F.Cutting alfalfa for hay timed to reduce buildup of Lygus bug population[J].Program for Agriculture in Arizona,1971,23:12-13.
[210]Cisneros J J and Godfrey L D.Midseason pest status of the cotton aphid(Homoptera:Aphididae) in California cotton:Is nitrogen a key factor?[J].Environmental Entomology,2001,30(3):501-510.
[211]Copley K J and Grant J F.Statewide distribution of parasitoids of the alfalfa weevil in Tennessee[J].Journal of Agricultural Entomology,1998,15(1):43-51.
[212]Corbett A,Leigh.T F and Wilson L T.Interplanting alfalfa as a source of Metaseiulus occidentalis(Acari:Phytoseiidae) for managing spider mites in cotton[J].Biological Control,1991,1(3):188-196.
[213]Cousins S H.Species diversity measurement:choosing the fight index[J].Trends of Ecology and Evolution,1991,6(6):190-192.
[214]Croft B A and Brown A W A.Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1975,20:285-335.
[215]Daly J C.Ecology and resistance management for Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic plants[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,1994,4:563-571.
[216]Delorme R,Auge D,Bethenod M T and Villatte F.Insecticide resistance in a strain of Aphis gossypii from southern France[J].Pesticide Science,1997,49:90-96.
[217]Dhaliwal G S,Arora R and Dhawan A K.Intensive agriculture and pest problems:a case study of Punjab[J].Indian Journal of Ecology,2000,27(2):109-130.
[218]Ellington J,Southward M and Chrrillo T.Association among cotton Anthropods[J].Environmental Entomology,1997,26:1004-1008.
[219]Fisher R A,Corbet A SandWilliams C B.The relation between the number of species and thenumber of individuals in a random sample of an animal population[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1943,12:42-58.
[220]Fitt G P.The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agro-ecosysetm[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1989,34:17-52.
[221]Fitt G P.Cotton pest management:Part3.An Australian perspective[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1994,39:543-562.
[222]Fitt G P.An Australian approach to IPM in cotton:integrating new technologies to minimize insecticide dependence[J].Crop Protection,2000,19:793-800.
[223]Fitt G P,Mares C L and Llewelly D J.Field evaluation and potential ecological impact of transgenic cottons (Gossypium hirsuturn) in Australia[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,1994,4:535-548.
[224]Fleischer S J and Gaylor M J.Seasonal abundance of Lygus lineolaris(Heteroptera:Miridae) and selected predators in early season uncultivated hosts:implications for managing movement into cotton[J].Environmental Entomology,1987,16:379-389.
[225]Flint M L and van den Bosch R.Introduction to integrated pest management[M].New York:Plenum Press.1981,1-240.
[226]Freedman H I.Graphical stability,enrichment,and pest control by a natural enemy[J].Mathematical Biosciences,1976,31:207-225.
[227]Godfrey L D and Leigh T F.Alfalfa harvest strategy effect on Lygus bug(Hemiptera:Miridae) and insect predators population density:implications for use as trap crop in cotton[J].Environmental Entomology,1994,23(5):1106-1118.
[228]Goodman D.The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology[J].The Quarterly Review of Biology,1975,50(3):237-266.
[229]Grundy P R,Sequeira R V and Short K S.Evaluating legume species as alternative trap crops to chickpea for management of Helicoverpa spp.(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in central Queensland cotton cropping systems[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,2004,94:481-486.
[230]Gubran E M E,Delorme R,Auge D and Moreau J P.Insecticide resistance in cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii (Glover) in the Sudan Gezira[J].Pesticide Science,1992,35:101-107.
[231]Hagerty A M,Tumipseed S G and Sullivan M J.Impact of beneficial arthropod conservation in Bt and conventional cotton[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].2000,976-978.
[232]Harper A M,Schaber B D,Story T P and Entz T.Effect of swathing and clear-cutting alfalfa on insect populations in Southern Alberta[J]..Journal of Economic Entomology,1990,83(5):2050-2057.
[233]Harris F A,Andrews G L,Caillavet D F and Furr R E Jr.Cotton aphid effect on yield,quality and economics of cotton[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1992,652-656.
[234]Harris F A,Calhoun D S and Furr R Jr.Cotton variety resistance to cotton aphid[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1994,1007-1008.
[235]Harris F A,Furr R E Jr and Calhoun D S.Cotton insect management in transgenic Bt cotton in the Mississippi Delta,1992-1995[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1996,854-858.
[236]Hassell M P,Lawton J H and Beddington J R.The components of arthropod predation I.The prey death rote [J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1976,45:135-161.
[237]Head G,Freeman B,Mina B,Moar W,Ruberso J and Turnipseed S.Natural enemy abundance in commercial Bollgard and conventional cotton fields[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].2001,796-797.
[238]Hearn A B and Fitt G P.Cotton Cropping Systems[A].In:Field Crop Ecosystems of the World[C].Pearson C J.(Ed.)Amsterdam:Elsevier Press.1992,85-142.
[239]Hendrix S D,Brown V K and Dingle H.Arthropod guild structure during early old field succession in a New World and Old World site[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1988,57:1053-1065.
[240]Heong K L and Barrion A T.Arthropod community structure of rice ecosystem in the Philippines[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,1991,81:407-416.
[241]Hokkanen H M T.Trap cropping in pest management[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1991,36:119-138.
[242]Hurlbert S H.The nonconcept of species diversity:A critique and altemative parameters[J].Ecology,1971,52(4):577-586.
[243]Javaid I and Joshi J M.Trap cropping in insect pest management[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,1995,5:117-1361.
[244]Jimenez-Aragon J G,and Cafizlo J L.Beneficial insect fauna on cotton intersown with maize as compared with cotton alone[J].Agricultural Technology in Mexico,1978,8(4):143-156.
[245]Kereiva P and Wennergren U.Connecting landscape pattems to ecosystem and population processes[J]. Nature,1995,373:299-302.
[246]Kerns D L and Gaylor M J.Induction of cotton aphid outbreaks by insecticides in cotton[J].Crop Protection,1993,12(5):387-393.
[247]Kring J B.Flight behaviour of aphids[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1972,17:461-492.
[248]Landis D A,Wratten S D and Gurr G M.Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2000,45:175-201.
[249]Laster M L and Furr R E.Heliothis population in cotton-sesame intercroppings[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1972,65:1524-1525.
[250]Lawton J H.Plant architecture and the diversity of phytophagous insects[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1983,28:23-39.
[251]Leclant F and Deguine J P.Aphids[A].In:Insect Pests of Cotton[C].Mattews G A and Tunstall J P.(Eds.),CABI,Oxon,UK.1994,285-324.
[252]Lim U T and Lee J H.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to analyze predation of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) by Pirata subpiraticus(Araneae:Lycosidae)[J].Environmental Entomology,1999,28(6):1177-1182.
[253]Lin R,Liang H,Zhang R,Tian C and Ma Y.Impact of alfalfa/cotton intercropping and management on some.aphid predators in China[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,2003,127:33-36.
[254]Liu X D,Zhai B P and Zhang,X X.Studies on the host biotypes and its cause of cotton aphid in Nanjing,China[J].A gricultur al Sciences in China,2002,1(11):1211-1215.
[255]Liss W J,Gut L J,Westigard P H and Warren C E.Perspectives on arthropod community structure,organization,and development in agricultural crops[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1986,31:455-478.
[256]Luck R F,van den Bosch R and Garcia R.Chemical insect control—a troubled pest management strategy[J].Bioscience,1977,27(9):606-611.
[257]Luttrell R G.Cotton pest management:Part 2.A.US perspective[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1994,39:527-542.
[258]Ma X M,Liu X X,Zhang Q W,Zhao J Z,Cai Q N,Ma Y A and Chen D M.Assessment of cotton aphids,Aphis gossypii,and their natural enemies on aphid-resistant and aphid-susceptible wheat varieties in a wheat-cotton relay intercropping system[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2006,3:235-241.
[259]Magurran A E.Ecological diversity and its measurement[M].New Jersey:Princeton University Press.1988,34-60.
[260]Mangan J and Mangan M S.A comparison of two IPM training strategies in China:the importance of concepts of the rice ecosystem for sustainable insect pest management[J].Agriculture & Human Values,1998,15(3):209-221.
[261]Massey W B Jr and Young J H.Linear and directional effects in predator populations,insect damage,and yield, associated with cotton interplanted with corn and sorghum[J].Environmental Entomology,1975,4:637-641.
[262]May RM.Qualitative stability in model ecosystems[J].Ecology,1973,54(3):638-641.
[263]McGaughey W H and Beeman R W.Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in colonies of Indian meal moth and almond moth(Lepidoptera,Pyralidae)[J].Journal Economic Entomology,1988,81:28-33.
[264]McNaughton S J.Biodiversity and function of grazing ecosystem[A].In:Schulze E-D and Mooney H A.(Eds.),Biodiversity and ecosystem function[C].Berlin:Springer-Verlag.1993,361-383.
[265]Men X Y,Ge F,Edwards C A and Yardim E N.The influence of pesticide applications on Helicoverpa armigera H(u|¨)bner and sucking pests in transgenic Bt cotton and non-transgenic cotton in China[J].Crop Protection,2005,24(4):319-324
[266]Men X Y,Ge F,Liu X H and Yardim E N.Diversity of arthropod communities in transgenic Bt cotton and nontransgenic cotton agroecosystems[J].Environmental Entomology,2003,32(2):270-275.
[267]Men X Y,Ge F,Yardim E N and Parajulee M N.Evaluation of winter wheat as a potential relay crop for enhancing biological control of cotton aphids in seedling cotton[J].BioControl,2004,6:701-714.
[268]Mensah R K.Development of an integrated pest management programme for cotton.Part 1:Establishing and utilizing natural enemies[J].International Journal of Pest Management,2002,48(2):87-94.
[269]Mensah R K and Khan M.Use of Medicago sativa(L.) interplantings/trap crops in the management of the green mired,Creontiades dilutus(St(?)l) in commercial cotton in Australia[J].International Journal of Pest Management,1997,43(3):197-202.
[270]Moores G D,Gao X W,Denholm I and Devonshire A L.Characterization of insensitive acetylcholinesterase in insecticide-resistant cotton aphids,Aphis gossypii Glover(Homoptera:Aphididae)[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1996,56:102-110.
[271]Murdoch W W.Diversity,complexity,stability and pest control[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1975,3:795-807.
[272]Nevo E and Coil M.Effect of nitrogen fertilization on Aphis gossypii(Homoptera:Aphididae):variation in size,color,and reproduction[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2001,94:27-32.
[273]Nyambo B T.Significance of host-plant phenology in the dynamics and pest incidence of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera H(u|¨)bner(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),in westem Tanzania[J].Crop Protection,1988,7(3):161-167.
[274]Parajulee M N,Montandon R and Slosser J E.Relay intercropping to enhance abundance of insect predators of cotton aphid(Aphis gossypii Glover) in Texas cotton[J].International Journal Pest Management,1997,43(3):227-232.
[275]Pielou E C.Ecological diversity[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.1975,1-30.
[276]Prasifka J R,Krauter P C,Heinz K M,Sansone C G and Minzenmayer R R.Predator conservation in cotton:using grain sorghum as a source for insect predators[J].Biological Control,1999,16(2):223-229.
[277]Price P W.Colonization of crops by arthropods:non-equilibrium communities in soybean fields[J].Environmental Entomology,1976,5:605-611.
[278]Purohit M S.Effect of nitrogenous fertilization of host plants on some growth parameters of Helicoverpa armigera[J].Entomology,1991,16(2):151-154.
[279]Rhoades M H.Key to first and second instars of six species of Coccinellidae(Coleoptera) from alfalfa in southwest Virginia[J].Journal of the New York Entomological Society,1996,104(1/2):83-88.
[280]Risch S J,Andow D and Altieri M A.Agro-ecosystem diversity and pest control:data,tentative conclusions and new research directions[J].Environmental Entomology,1983,12:625-629.
[281]Root R.Organization of plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats:the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea)[J].Ecological Monograph,1973,43:95-124.
[282]Rosenheim J A,Wilhoit L R and Armer C A.Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of an herbivore population[J].Oecologia,1993,96:439-449.
[283]Rummel D R,Arnold M D,Slosser J E,Neece K C and Pinchak W E.Cultural factors influencing the abundance of Aphis gossypii Glover in Texas High Plains cotton[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1995,20(4):395-406.
[284]Russell E P.Enemies hypothesis:a review of the effect of vegetational diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids[J].Environmental Entomology,1989,18:590-599.
[285]Samu F,V(o|¨)r(o|¨)s G and Botos E.Diversity and community structure of spiders of alfalfa fields and grassy field margins in south Hungary[J].Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica,1996,31(3-4):253-266.
[286]Schowalter T D.Insect ecology:an ecosystem approach(2nd edition)[M].London:Academic Press.2006,1-576.
[287]Schuler T H,Poppy G M,Kerry B R and Denholm I.Potential side effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on arthropod natural enemies[J].Trends in Biotechnology,1999,12:210-216.
[288]Schuler T H,Potting R P J,Denholm I and Poppy G M.Parasitoid behaviour and Bt plants[J].Nature,1999,400:825-829.
[289]Sengonca C and Frings B.Interference and competitive behaviour of the aphid predators,Chrysoperla carnea and Coccinella septempunctata in the laboratory[J].Entomophaga,1985,30(3):245-251.
[290]Shannon C E.A mathematical theory of communication[J].Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27:379-423.
[291]Sheehan W.Response by specialist and generalist natural enemies to agroecosystem diversification:a selective review[J].Environmental Entomology,1986,15:456-461.
[292]Shelton A M and Badenes-Perez E.Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2006,51:285-308.
[293]Simpson E H.Measurement of diversity[J].Nature,1949,163:688.
[294]Sims S R.Bacillus thuringiensis vat.kurstaki Cry I A(c) protein expressed in transgenic cotton:effects on beneficial insects and other non-target insects[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1995,(20):493-500.
[295]Skovgard H and Pats P.Effects of intercropping on maize stemborers and their natural enemies[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,1996,86(5):599-607.
[296]Slosser J E,Montandon R,Pinchak W E and Rummel D R.Cotton aphid response to nitrogen fertility in dryland cotton[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1997,22(1):1-10.
[297]Slosser J E,Parajulee M N,Hendrix D L,Henneberry T J and Rummel D R.Relationship between Aphis gossypii(Homoptera:Aphididae) and sticky lint[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2002,95(2):299-306.
[298]Slosser J E,Pinchak W E and Rummel D R.A review of known and potential factors affecting the population dynamics of the cotton aphid[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1989,14(3):301-313.
[299]Slosser J E,Pinchak W E and Rummel D R.Biotic and abiotic regulation of Aphis gossypii Glover in West Texas dryland cotton[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1998,23(1):31-65.
[300]Smith C W.History and status of host plant resistance in cotton to insects in the United States[J].Advances in Agronomy,1992,48:251-296.
[301]Smith H A and McSorley R.Intercropping and pest management:A review of major concepts[J].American Entomologist,2000,46(3):154-161.
[302]Smith J D and Stewart S D.The effects of insecticide,nitrogen,and Pix on arthropod populations in cotton in 1998 and 1999[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].2000,963-967.
[303]Southwood T R E,Brown V K and Reader P M.The relationships of plant and insect diversities in succession [J].Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,1979,12:327-348.
[304]Sparks A N,Norman J W and Raulston J R.Effects of selected pesticides on populations of beneficial arthropods in lower Rio Grande Valley cotton[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1997,1313-1316.
[305]Speight M R,Hunter M D and Watt A D.Ecology of insects:concepts and applications[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science.1999,1-360.
[306]Stern V M.Interplanting alfalfa in cotton to control lygus bugs and other insect pests[A].In:Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management[C],Tallahassee,Florida.1969,55-69.
[307]Stinner R E,Regniere J and Wilson K.Differential effects of agroecosystem structure on dynamics of three soybean herbivores[J].Environmental Entomology,1982,11(3):538-543.
[308]Strong D R,McCoy E D and Rey J R.Time and the number of herbivore species:the pests of sugarcane[J].Ecology,1977,58:167-175.
[309]Sundby R A.A comparative study of the efficiency of three predatory insects Coccinella septempunctata L.[Coleoptera,coccinellidae],Chrysopa carnea St.[Neuroptera,Chrysopidae]and Syrphus ribesii L.[Diptera,Syrphidae]at two different temperatures[J].Entomophaga,1966,11(4):395-404.
[310]Szentkiralyi F and Kozar F.How many species are there in apple insect communities? Testing the resource diversity and intermediate disturbance hypotheses[J].Ecological Entomology,1991,16(4):491-503.
[311]Tabashnik B E and Croft B A.Managing pesticide resistance in crop-arthropod complexes:interactions between biological and operational factors[J].Environmental Entomology,1982,11:1137-1144.
[312]Tahvanainen J O and Root R B.The influence of vegetational diversity on the population ecology of a specialized herbivore,Phyllotreta cruciferae(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)[J].Oecologia,1972,10(4):321-346.
[313]Thomas C F G and Marshall E J P.Arthropod abundance and diversity in differently vegetated margins of arable fields[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1999,72(2):131-144.
[314]Tillman P G and Mullinix B J Jr..Grain sorghum as a trap crop for the com earworm,Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera:Noctui dae) in cotton[J].Environmental Entomology,2004,33:1371-1380.
[315]Tshernyshev W B.Ecological pest management(EPM):general approaches[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,1995,119:379-381.
[316]Vaeck M R.Transgenie plants protected from insect attack[J].Nature,1987,328:33-37.
[317]Vandermeer J.The ecology of intereropping[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1989,1-237.
[318]van Tol N B and Lentz G L.Influence of Bt cotton on beneficial arthropod populations[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1998,1052-1054.
[319]Varchola J M and Dunn J P.Changes in ground beetle(Coleoptera:Carabidae) assemblages in farming systems bordered by complex or simple roadside vegetation[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1999,73(1):41-49.
[320]Velders R M,Cui J J,Xia J Y and van der Weft W.Influence of transgenic cotton on the cotton aphid(Aphis gossypii)and its two major enemies in north China[J].Acta Gossypii Sinica,2002,14(3):175-179.
[321]Watson T F.Impact of transgenie cotton on pink bollworm and other lepidopteran insects[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1995,759-760.
[322]Way M J and Heong K L.The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice:a review[J].Bulletin of Entomology Research,1994,84:567-587.
[323]Weathersbee Ⅲ A A and Hardee D D.Abundance of cotton aphids(Homoptera:Aphididae) and associated biological control agents on six cotton cultivars[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1994,87:258-265.
[324]Wigiey P J,Chilcott C N and Broadwell A H.Conservation of Bacillus thuringiensis efficacy in New Zealand through the planned deployments of Bt genes in Transgenic crops[J].Biacontrol Science and Technology,1994,4:527-534.
[325]Wilson F D,Flint H M,Deaton W R,Fischhoff D A,Perlak F J,Armstrong A,Fuchs R L,Berberich S A,Parks N J and Stapp B R.Resistance of cotton lines containing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and other insects[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1992,85(4):1516-1521.
[326]Wilson L J,Bauer L R and Lally D A.Effect of early season insecticide use on predators and outbreaks of spider mites(Acafi:Tetranychidae)in cotton[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,1998,88:477-488.
[327]Wilson L J,Bauer L R and Laily D A.Insecticide-induced increases in aphid abundance in cotton[J].Australian Journal of Entomology,1999,38:242-243.
[328]Wilson L T and Gutierrez A P.Within-plant distribution of predators on cotton:comments on sampling and predator efficiencies[J].Hilgardia,1980,48(2):3-11.
[329]Woodward F I.How many species are required for a functional ecosystem?[A]In:Schulze E-D and Mooney HA.eds.Biodiversity and ecosystem function[C].Berlin:Springer-Verlag.1993,271-291.
[330]Wu K M and Guo Y Y.The evolution of cotton pest management practices in China[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2005,50:31-52.
[331]Wu K M,Lu Y H,Feng H Q,Jiang Y Y and Zhao J Z.Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxin-containing cotton[J].Science,2008,321:1676-1678.
[332]Zink A G and Rosenheim J A.Stage-specific predation on Lygus hesperus affects its population stage structure [J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2008,126(1):61-66.
[2]曹春田,臧学斌,梅红,南华,朱振营.棉田昆虫群落的时间格局研究[A].当代昆虫学研究——中国昆虫学会成立60周年纪念大会暨学术讨论会论文集[C],北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.2004,442-444.
[3]车晋滇.紫花苜蓿栽培与病虫害防治[M].北京:中国农业出版社.2002,6.
[4]陈超英.茶园节肢动物群落结构、动态及其数学模型[D].福建农林大学博士学位论文.2004.
[5]陈明,张新瑞,胡冠芳,罗进仓,郭致杰,吕和平.河西灌区棉蚜综合防治技术[J].植物保护,1999,25(4):26-28.
[6]崔金杰.转Bt基因棉对昆虫群落的影响及其作用机制[D].中国农业科学院硕士学位论文.1998.
[7]崔金杰.转双价基因(CrylAc+CpTI)棉对昆虫群落的影响及其作用机制[D].中国农业科学院博士学位论文.2003.
[8]崔金杰,雒珺瑜,王春义,马艳,李春花.转双价基因棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群动态[J].棉花学报,2004,16(2):94-101.
[9]崔金杰,文绍贵.立体种植对主要棉花害虫的生态效应[J].河南农业大学学报,1997,31(1):44-48.
[10]崔金杰,夏敬源.转Bt基因棉对昆虫群落结构与组成的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,1999a,33(4):342-345.
[11]崔金杰,夏敬源.转Bt基因棉对天敌种群动态的影响[J].棉花学报,1999b,11(2):84-91.
[12]崔金杰,夏敬源.转Bt基因棉田昆虫群落多样性及其影响因素研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):824-829.
[13]崔金杰,夏敬源,王春义,马丽华,雒君瑜.施氮量对棉田主要害虫种群动态的影响[J].植保技术与推广,2003,23(1):3-5.
[14]崔素贞.小花蝽生物学特性及其对主要棉虫控制作用的研究[J].棉花学报,1994,6(S1):78-83.
[15]戴小枫,郭予元.叶色草蛉对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食效应研究[J].植物保护学报,1992,19(1):23-28.
[16]邓曙东,徐静,张青文,周世文,徐冠军.转Bt基因棉对非靶标害虫及害虫天敌种群动态的影响[J].昆虫学报,2003,46(1):1-5.
[17]邓欣,赵廷昌,高必达,张永军,孙福在.转基因抗虫棉生物安全评价研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):4244-4249.
[18]丁程成.李园节肢动物群落动态及主要害虫天敌相互作用研究[D].安徽农业大学硕士学位论文.2004.
[19]丁锦华,傅强.有性棉蚜交配和产卵习性的观察[J].昆虫知识,1994,31(4):217-219.
[20]丁锦华,傅强.棉蚜有性世代的观察[J].昆虫知识,1995,32(3):141-143.
[21]丁岩钦,陈玉平.中华草蛉对棉蚜与棉铃虫的捕食作用研究[J].生物防治通报,1986,2(3):97-102.
[22]董文霞,张钟宁,李生才,冀丽花.不同棉田昆虫群落的比较研究[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(2):112-116.
[23]董应才,汪世泽,竺锡武.棉田蜘蛛群落结构及优势种分析[J].蛛形学报,1994,3(2):137-140.
[24]高宝嘉,高素红,张炬红,刘军侠,刘丽.不同林木类型昆虫群落结构及变化规律研究[J].河北林果研究,2002,17(1):52-57.
[25]高宝嘉,申曙光,王正文,张玉会.园林昆虫群落时间结构及动态研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(2):193-197.
[26]高书晶,庞保平,于洋,路慧.麦田昆虫群落的结构与时序动态[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):52-55.
[27]高孝华,时爱菊,曲耀训,赵玉华,张卫东,魏炳洲.龟纹瓢虫捕食棉蚜的功能反应与寻找效应研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(4):457-460.
[28]高增详,杨燕涛,李典谟,吴子江,薛智华,张治,王东华,张建明,丁岩钦,徐汝梅.江苏通州棉田捕食性节肢动物多样性的历史动态比较[J].昆虫知识,2005,42(6):685-690.
[29]戈峰,丁岩钦.龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜的捕食行为[J].昆虫学报,1995,38(4):436-441.
[30]戈峰,丁岩钦.不同类型棉田捕食性天敌的种群能量动态及其对害虫的控制作用[J].昆虫学报,1996a,39(3):266-273.
[31]戈峰,丁岩钦.棉田生态系统中害虫、天敌群落结构与功能关系的研究[J].生态学报,1996b,16(5):535-540.
[32]戈峰,丁岩钦.多样化的棉田生态系统控害保益功能特征研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):295-298.
[33]戈峰,刘向辉,李泓达,门兴元,苏建伟.氮肥对棉田主要害虫种群密度及棉花产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(10):1735-1738.
[34]戈峰,门兴元,苏建伟,刘向辉,丁岩钦.播种时间对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(4):86-89.
[35]戈峰,门兴元,苏建伟,刘向辉,丁岩钦.边缘效应对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1):91-94.
[36]戈峰,苏建伟,杜丽,刘向辉.应用生态能学的方法定量分析棉田蜘蛛控害功能[A].昆虫学创新与发展——中国昆虫学会2002年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2002,441-445.
[37]耿金虎.新疆棉田节肢动物群落多样性研究[D].新疆农业大学硕士学位论文.2002.
[38]龚鹏.棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover种群分化的分子遗传标记研究及性蚜的诱导[D].南京农业大学博士学位论文.2000.
[39]郭建英,万方浩,胡雅辉,严盈.不同作物布局方式对转基因抗虫棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(9):2061-2068.
[40]郭线茹,熊建伟.桃园昆虫群落的时间结构研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2000,34(2):146-149.
[41]郭依泉.柑桔园节肢动物群落生态研究[D].西南农业大学博士学位论文.1991.
[42]郭予元.我国农作物有害生物综合防治策略的实施和展望[A].中国植物保护研究进展——第三次全国农作物病虫害综合防治学术讨论会文集[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.1996,31-36.
[43]侯茂林,盛承发.农田生态系统植物多样性对害虫种群数量的影响[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(2):245-250.
[44]洪波,陈安良,冯俊涛,张兴.我国棉蚜抗药性研究现状[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(1):118-122.
[45]侯中一.大豆田昆虫群落结构及天敌对蚜虫的调控功能[D].东北农业大学硕士学位论文.2007.
[46]胡雅辉.不同类型棉田自然天敌的控害作用[D].湖南农业大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[47]胡雅辉,郭建英,万方浩,尉文彬.棉田及其邻作田地表节肢动物天敌的季节动态[J].中国生物防治,2006,22(2):101-108.
[48]姬华.荒漠过渡带节肢动物群落与相邻棉田天敌、害虫的关系[D].石河子大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[49]姜永厚.稻田节肢动物群落空间生态位及田间蜘蛛捕食量研究[D].扬州大学硕士学位论文.2001.
[50]姜永幸,郭予元.不同棉花品种对棉蚜羧酸酯酶活性影响的研究[J].棉花学报,1996,8(4):215-218.
[51]蒋樟法,何连生,倪汉祥,李光博.栽培制度对麦田昆虫群落组成及结构的影响[J].植物保护学报,1996,23(3):13-18.
[52]金翠霞,吴亚.群落多样性测定及其应用的探讨[J].昆虫学报,1981,24(1):28-33.
[53]金翠霞,吴亚,王冬兰.稻田节肢动物群落多样性[J].昆虫学报,1990,33(3):287-295.
[54]康乐.草原蝗虫生态学研究[J].中国科学院院刊,1998,(3):204-206.
[55]柯道秀,何洪俊,黄明松,熊映清.稻棉轮作对棉红蜘蛛控制作用的研究[J].植物保护,1995,21(5):2-4.
[56]柯道秀,熊映清,何本极,王瑞琪,何洪俊,杜平甫,毛德新,刘万明,杨定勇.稻棉轮作棉田主要害虫和天敌动态关系及其相关性研究[M].棉花病虫害综合防治及研究进展(陈其瑛,李典谟,曹赤阳主编),北京:中国农业科技出版社.1990,188-194.
[57]雷朝亮,宗良炳,杨贵军,肖春温度对龟纹瓢虫幼虫生长发育及捕食作用的影响[J].动物学研究,1988,9(S1):32,50.
[58]李宝林,杜德寿.“招瓢控蚜生态工程”灰色系统初探[J].华中工学院学报,1984,12(3):3-10.
[59]李宝林,杜德寿,梁耀琦.用生态工程方法对棉田插种油菜措施的改进及其综合效益分析[M].棉花病虫害综合防治及研究进展(陈其瑛,李典谟,曹赤阳主编),北京:中国农业科技出版社.1990,199-204.
[60]李超,丁岩钦,马世骏.草间小黑蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究——Ⅰ.捕食者—单种猎物系统的研究[J].生态学报,1982a,2(3):239-254.
[61]李超,丁岩钦,马世骏.草间小黑蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究——Ⅱ.捕食者—多种猎物系统的研究[J].生态学报,1982b,2(4):363-373.
[62]李代芹,赵敬钊.棉田蜘蛛群落及其多样性研究[J].生态学报,1993,13(3):205-213.
[63]李桂亭,王康阳.梨园生物群落及其害虫控制机制的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1996,23(1):13-17.
[64]李桂亭,江俊起,邹运鼎,王向阳,张新才,李鹏.两种除草剂影响下棉田节肢动物群落相似性分析[J].安徽农业大学学报,2006,33(2):204-208.
[65]李号宾.南疆棉田节肢动物群落结构及害虫种群动态研究[D].中国农业科学院博士学位论文.2006.
[66]李宏才.棉田间种红花招引草蛉防治棉蚜[J].生物防治通报,1987,3(3):109-111.
[67]李进步,吕昭智,王登元,田长彦.新疆棉区主要害虫的演替及其机理分析[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(3):261-264.
[68]李国阳,刘从明,刘向辉.化学防治对麦棉套种田内害虫和天敌种群动态及群落特征影响[A].昆虫学研究进展[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2000,191-196.
[69]李娜.转Bt基因棉压力下靶标害虫及其天敌的波动性不对称[D].南京农业大学硕士学位论文.2004.
[70]李鹏,李桂亭,张新才,缪勇,江俊起,王向阳.淮北棉田节肢动物优势种群时空生态位及天敌对棉蚜控制作用研究[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(11):303-306.
[71]李秋红.转基因棉对昆虫群落演变影响的研究[D].华中农业大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[72]李生才.果园节肢动物群落生态学研究[D].山西农业大学博士学位论文.2004.
[73]李生才,董文霞,李峪,杨福田.棉蚜、棉铃虫及其捕食性天敌时空生态位的研究[J].生态农业研究,1998,6(1):32-35.
[74]李生才,董文霞,上官小霞.山西省棉田昆虫群落的时间动态研究[J].生态农业研究,1999,7(1):69-71.
[75]李文香,刘顺,魏国树,赵斌涛.转Bt基因棉对节肢动物群落的影响及潜在问题分析[J].河北农业大学学报,2003,26(S1):222-225.
[76]李秀琴,马祁,姚举,刘刚,王东.棉田与相邻荒漠过渡带三类主要捕食性天敌昆虫群落特征的初步研究[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(2):168-172.
[77]梁子宁,张永强.龙眼园节肢动物群落结构及其时空格局[J].生态学报,2007,27(4):1542-1549.
[78]林克剑,吴孔明,刘山蓓,张永军,郭予元.中华草蛉、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫对B型烟粉虱的捕食功能反应[J].昆虫知识,2006,43(3):339-343.
[79]林荣华.新疆棉田棉蚜生态调控机理与技术[D].中国科学院动物研究所博士学位论文.2002.
[80]林荣华,张润志,田长彦.新疆棉田生态系统中捕食性节肢动物类天敌亚群落结构[J].中国生物防治,2003,19(1):1-5.
[81]刘刚.荒漠过渡带与相邻棉田蜘蛛群落结构及动态研究[D].石河子大学硕士学位论文.2007.
[82]刘金文.青菜田节肢动物群落及其时间生态位初探[J].福建农业学报,2004,19(3):152-155.
[83]刘万学,候茂林,万方浩,王福莲.转Bt基因棉田蜘蛛的时空动态及控害作用[J].昆虫知识,2003,40(2):160-163.
[84]刘万学,万方浩,郭建英.转Bt基因棉田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能团的组成与变化[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):729-735.
[85]刘向东,翟保平,张孝羲,方军.棉花型和黄瓜型棉蚜对寄主植物的适合度[J].生态学报,2004a,24(6):1199-1204.
[86]刘向东,翟保平,张孝羲,陆杨.棉花型和瓜型棉蚜形态和生态适应力的分化[J].昆虫学报,2004b,47(6):768-773.
[87]刘向东,张立建,张孝羲,翟保平.棉蚜对寄主的选择及寄主专化型研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(8):1281-1285.
[88]刘向东,张孝羲,翟保平.蚜虫寄主专化型及其成因[J].昆虫学报,2004c,47(4):499-506.
[89]刘向东,张孝羲,赵娜珊,杨效文,陈晓峰,张广学.棉蚜对棉花生育期及温度条件的生态适应性[J].南京农业大学学报,2000,23(4):29-32.
[90]刘向辉,戈峰,丁岩钦,潘卫东.棉田节肢动物群落的优势种分析[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(6):16-19.
[91]吕昭智,李进步,田卫东,田长彦.生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(3):400-404.
[92]鲁挺.人工草地昆虫群落的研究方法[M].草业科学研究方法(任继周主编),北京:中国农业出版社.1998,271.
[93]罗进仓,陈家章,吴海霞.玉米田节肢动物群落时间格局研究[A].昆虫与环境——中国昆虫学会2001年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.2001,107-112.
[94]罗志义.上海畲山地区棉田节肢动物群落多样性分析及杀虫剂对多样性的影响[J].生态学报,1982,2(3):255-266.
[95]马海芹.转Bt基因棉对棉田非靶标生物及次要害虫的影响研究[D].南京农业大学硕士学位论文.2003.
[96]马晓牧,杨章华,刘小侠,张青文,蔡青年,李继军,江真启.Bt棉田边缘杂草带对棉田内叶螨发生的影响[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(5):699-705.
[97]马艳.转基因抗虫棉生物安全研究进展[J].棉花学报,2003,15(1):59-64.
[98]门兴元,戈峰,尹新明,蔡东章.转Bt基因棉田与常规棉田节肢动物群落多样性的比较研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):26-29.
[99]孟玲,李保平,王文全,喻宁莉.新疆棉花栽培品种对棉蚜抗性及其机制的研究[J].中国棉花,1999,26(2):8-10.
[100]孟祥玲,高慰会,钟铁森.湖北省粮棉套作对棉苗期虫害发生的影响[J].中国农业科学,1962,(12):23-29.
[101]缪勇,邹运鼎,孙善教,刘家成,孟庆雷,叶成瑞.棉田捕食性天敌群落动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(11):1437-1440.
[102]缪勇,邹运鼎,孙善教,叶成瑞,李桃春,叶世炉,邢建国.棉蚜及其捕食性天敌时空生态位研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(4):549-552.
[103]蒲蛰龙.害虫生物防治的原理和方法(第2版)[M].北京:科学出版社.1982,6-9.
[104]钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,141-165.
[105]邱明生,张孝羲,王进军,赵志模.玉米田节肢动物群落特征的时序动态[J].西南农业学报,2001,14(1):70-73.
[106]桑志,缪勇,孙梅梅,陈树仁,刘慧娟.甘蓝田节肢动物群落结构研究[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(4):315-317.
[107]上官小霞,沈文君,李生才.棉田蜘蛛群落时空生态位研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(4):87-90.
[108]申曙光,高宝嘉,张玉会,王正文,王洪霞,王秀君.不同植物类型昆虫群落结构的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1997,20(4):61-65.
[109]沈君辉,刘光杰,袁明.我国稻田节肢动物群落研究新进展[J].中国农学通报,2002,18(4):90-93.
[110]史树森,孟昭军,李晓光,潘怡鸥.农田生态系中作物构成与节肢动物群落多样性的初步研究[A].当代昆虫学研究——中国昆虫学会成立60周年纪念大会暨学术讨论会论文集[C],北京:中国农业科学技术出版社.2004,555-558.
[111]苏建伟,盛承发.棉田两种瓢虫与叶色草蛉干扰竞争初探[J].中国棉花,2002,29(8):16-17.
[112]苏建伟,盛承发,杨星科.叶色草蛉幼虫对棉蚜的捕食效应:种内干扰和空间异质性[J].昆虫学报,2000,43(1):107-111.
[113]苏丽,戈峰,刘向辉.化学防治对不同类型棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响[J].昆虫学报,2002,45(6):777-784.
[114]苏丽,戈峰,刘向辉.化学杀虫剂对不同类型棉田害虫、天敌种群的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2631-2641.
[115]孙德智.紫花苜蓿刈割效应及其种植年限对土壤理化性状的影响[D].内蒙古民族大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[116]孙长贵,徐静,张青文,封红兵,汪飞,宋荣.新疆棉区转Bt基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群数量的影响[J].中国生物防治,2002,18(3):106-110.
[117]孙长贵,张青文,徐静,王因霞,刘俊丽.转Bt基因棉和转Bt+CpTI双价基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响[J].昆虫学报,2003,46(6):705-712.
[118]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理(第3版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社.2001,13-14.
[119]孙耘芹,冯国蕾,袁家珪,祝平,龚坤元.棉蚜对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的生化机理[J].昆虫学报,1987,30(1):13-20.
[120]唐启义,冯明光.实用统计分析及其DPS数据处理系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2002,78-110.
[121]田长彦.林带遮荫地种植苜蓿带的棉蚜生态防治[J].新疆环境保护,2004,26(增刊):132-134.
[122]万方浩,陈常铭.综防区和化防区稻田害虫—天敌群落组成及多样性的研究[J].生态学报,1986,6(2):159-170.
[123]万方浩,刘万学,郭建英.不同类型棉田棉铃虫天敌功能团的组成及时空动态[J].生态学报,2002,22(6):935-942.
[124]万鹏,黄民松,吴孔明,吴金萍.转Cry1A基因棉对棉蚜生长发育及种群动态的影响[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(12):1484-1488.
[125]王春义,夏敬源,崔金杰,雒珺瑜.北疆不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构与多样性[J].棉花学报,2004,16(2):112-116.
[126]王春义,夏敬源,文绍贵,崔金杰.施药对麦套春棉田间节肢动物群落的影响[J].中国棉花,1997,24(4):18-20.
[127]王丹红.转基因抗虫棉使中国北方农作物免受虫害[N].科学时报,2008-09-19(1).
[128]王开运,姜兴印,仪美芹,吕宝乾.取食不同寄主植物对棉蚜后代抗药性的影响[J].昆虫学报,2001,44(4):469-475.
[129]王瑞霞.棉蚜大发生原因分析及综合防治[J].新疆农垦科技,1995,(4):7-8.
[130]王顺建,朱克响,王向阳,张宗奇,周全恩,杜庆忠.淮北棉田节肢动物的群落结构[J].昆虫知识,2000,37(5):268-274.
[131]王武刚,吴孔明,梁革梅,李修立.Bt棉对棉虫发生的影响及防治对策[J].植物保护,1999,25(1):5-7.
[132]王向阳,王顺建,宋爱颖,黄娟.棉田施用除草剂对节肢动物群落种群数量的影响[J].安徽农业大学学报,2002,29(4):350-354.
[133]王向阳,邹运鼎,孟庆雷,章炳旺,代海敏.两种除草剂对棉田节肢动物群落多样性指数的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(3):514-518.
[134]王香萍,张钟宁.高山地区甘蓝田节肢动物群落特征[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(1):224-228.
[135]王孝威.春麦田节肢动物群落的结构和动态研究[D].山西农业大学硕士学位论文.2003.
[136]王勇,张汉鹄,邹运鼎.茶园蜘蛛、昆虫群落动态的研究[J].生态学报,1991,11(2):135-138.
[137]王有年,张铁强,李奕松,刘素琪,苗振旺,李登科,师光禄.枣园节肢动物群落的时间动态[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(8):1228-1232.
[138]魏国权,崔龙,张小梅,刘顺,吕楠,张青文.转Bt基因棉田节肢动物群落结构特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4):576-580.
[139]巫厚长.烟田节肢动物群落动态及烟蚜与其主要天敌相互作用关系的系统研究[D].南京农业大学博士学位论文.2000.
[140]吴孔明,纪好勤.棉虫综合治理对天敌昆虫群落的影响[J].昆虫天敌,1989,11(4):151-155.
[141]吴孔明,刘芹轩.温度对棉蚜生命参数影响的研究[J].棉花学报,1992,4(1):61-68.
[142]吴孔明,刘芹轩.棉蚜对杀虫剂抗性的稳定性[J].昆虫学报,1995,38(2):253-255.
[143]吴海香.菜用大豆田节肢动物群落的研究[D].福建农林大学.2006.
[144]吴振廷,王敬才,董艳慧.棉蚜在木槿上种群变化特点及其营养分析[J].昆虫知识,1988,25(1):14-17.
[145]夏敬源,王春义,马艳,王月恒.不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构研究[J].棉花学报,1998,10(1):27-33.
[146]夏敬源,王月恒,马艳,王春义.不同类型棉田昆虫群落调查的抽样方法研究[J].棉花学报,1995,7(3):179-183.
[147]夏敬源,文绍贵,崔素贞,胡发清,马丽华.棉花害虫生物生态调控关键技术研究[J].棉花学报,1996,8(5):225-228.
[148]熊映清.棉花蚜虫的发生和防治[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社.1982,50-67.
[149]徐金汉,关瑞峰,李春光,黄鹏,关雄.不同茶园昆虫群落结构及动态[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(4):315-319.
[150]徐克学.生物数学(中国科学院研究生教学丛书)[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,18-20.
[151]徐汝梅,成新跃.昆虫种群生态学—基础与前沿[M].北京:科学出版社.2005,3-4.
[152]徐遥,吴孔明,李号宾,汪飞,孙世龙,李祥烨.转基因抗虫棉对新疆棉田主要害虫及天敌群落的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2004,41(5):345-347.
[153]许立瑞,李洪刚,徐春明,于细平.转Bt基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构的研究[J].山东农业科学,2002,(3):13-17.
[154]闫纯博,张伍平,李国英.棉花“三虫三病”发生趋势及防治对策[J].新疆农垦科技,1997,(3):13-16.
[155]杨国正,展茗,杨长举,骆炳山.Bt转基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构研究[J].湖北农业科学,2005,(5):53-56.
[156]杨明超,杨涛.牧草盲蝽在南疆的发生危害及其防治[J].植物保护,2001,27(5):31-32.
[157]杨益众,陆宴辉,薛文杰,刘洋,杨海燕,李晓慧,王峰,余月书.转基因棉田棉蚜种群动态及相关影响因子分析[J].昆虫学报,2006,49(1):80-85.
[158]杨益众,庞雄飞,梁广文.棉田优势天敌对棉铃虫种群的控制作用[J].生态学报,2002,22(4):612-617.
[159]杨玉海,蒋平安,艾尔肯,周抑强.种植苜蓿对土壤肥力的影响[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(2):248-251.
[160]叶鹏盛,李琼芳.四川棉田昆虫群落的时间格局研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1995,17(1):32-34.
[161]尹楚道.棉铃虫卵和龟纹瓢虫、中华草蛉分布格局的关系研究[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6):707-709.
[162]余月书,杨益众,陆宴辉.棉田棉铃虫寄生蜂对常规棉及转Bt棉品种的趋性反应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(5):845-848.
[163]原国辉,尹新明.21世纪农业害虫调控策略与技术展望[A].昆虫学研究进展[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2000,394-399.
[164]袁忠林,沈长朋,傅建祥.萝卜田节肢动物群落生态位研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,31(3):294-296.
[165]张龙娃,柏立新,韩召军,束春娥,董双林.转Bt基因棉田害虫和天敌组成及优势类群时序动态[J].棉花学报,2005,17(4):222-226.
[166]张润志,梁红斌,林荣华,任立,田长彦,张斌,王大生.利用棉田边缘苜蓿带实施新疆棉蚜生态治理[A].昆虫学创新与发展——中国昆虫学会2002年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国科学技术出版社.2002,3-5.
[167]张润志,梁宏斌,田长彦,张广学.利用棉田边缘苜蓿带控制棉蚜的生物学机理[J].科学通报,1999,44(20):2175-2178.
[168]张润志,任立,张广学.新疆棉区棉蚜控制策略探讨[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(4):183-185.
[169]张新才.棉田节肢动物群落结构及捕食性天敌对棉蚜控制作用研究[D].安徽农业大学硕士学位论文.2006.
[170]张新才,李桂亭,孟志伟,胡晓霞,钱志恒.油菜田节肢动物群落结构研究[J].安徽农业科学,2005,33(4):591-592.
[171]张新瑞,陈明,胡冠芳,罗进仓,郭致杰.敦煌市棉田蚜虫及天敌种群消长动态研究[J].甘肃农业科技,2002,(5):42-44.
[172]张永军,吴孔明,彭于发,郭予元.转抗虫基因植物生态安全性研究进展[J].昆虫知识,2002,39(5):321-327.
[173]张永强,Aden A D,韦绥概,黄卫,许旭战.香蕉园害虫和捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(4):639-645.
[174]张育平,秦雪峰,王国昌.石榴园昆虫群落结构及多样性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(13):3108-3109.
[175]章东方,陈锦绣,张平,程福如,唐青松.抗虫棉对长江棉区棉田昆虫种群演变的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2001,29(6):744-745.
[176]赵惠燕,汪世泽.孤雌胎生棉蚜胚胎学观察[J].昆虫知识,1992,29(1):19-21.
[177]赵建周,杨奇华,周明牂.耕作栽培措施对棉花害虫及其天敌的影响[M].棉花病虫害综合防治及研究进展(陈其瑛,李典谟,曹赤阳主编),北京:中国农业科技出版社.1990,194-198.
[178]赵建周,杨奇华,周明牂,马仲实,李保兰.棉田种植诱集作物对天敌的保护及增殖作用[J].植物保护学报,1991,18(4):339-343.
[179]赵敬钊,李代芹.三突花蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食功能反应及其数学模拟的初步研究[J].昆虫天敌,1991,13(1):1-4.
[180]赵敏,米青荣.棉田间作绿肥对棉花苗期主要害虫和天敌消长的影响[J].中国棉花,2002,29(7):10-11.
[181]赵志模,郭依泉.群落生态学原理与方法[M].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社.1990,65-67.
[182]郑彩玲,刘向东,翟保平.棉花型和黄瓜型棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)的寄主适应性及转移通道[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):1879-1886.
[183]周福才,杜予州,任顺祥.转Bt基因棉花对刺吸式口器害虫种群的影响[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(2):132-135.
[184]周秋菊.转Bt基因棉花对主要害虫和天敌的影响及其机理初探[D].华南热带农业大学硕士学位论文.2003.
[185]朱传经.棉田捕食性天敌群落结构的研究[J].昆虫天敌,1994,16(1):28-35.
[186]朱三荣.“棉花-棉蚜-龟纹瓢虫”食物链关系及棉蚜生态管理研究[D].湖南农业大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[187]朱三荣,高峰,刘向辉,康乐,戈峰.龟纹瓢虫在棉株上对棉蚜的搜索与捕食行为[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(2):261-264.
[188]邹运鼎,毕守东,陈高潮,孟庆雷,耿继光,王公明,李甲林.各种天敌对棉蚜种群数量影响程度的研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(5):52-55.
[189]邹运鼎,唐世湖,陈高潮,王勇,徐光财.龟纹瓢虫成虫对棉蚜的搜索行为及棉蚜的应激反应[J].安徽农学院学报,1991a,18(1):8-14.
[190]邹运鼎,杨义和,章炳旺,胡丽娟,李甲林,黄世祥.棉花苗期棉株内含物与棉蚜种群消长动态及成蚜翅型分化的关系[J].昆虫知识,1991b,28(1):14-17.
[191]Abate T.Experiments with trap crops against African bollworm,Heliothis armigera,in Ethiopia[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,1988,48:135-140.
[192]Adans J.The definition and interpretation of guild structure in ecological communities[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1985,54:43-59.
[193]Adkisson P L.The influence of fertilizer applications on populations of Heliothis zea(Boddie),and certain insect predators[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1958,51:757-759.
[194]Altieri M A.Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems(2nd ed.)[M].New York:Food Products Press,2004,203-224.
[195]Altieri M A and Letourneau D K.Vegetation diversity and insect pest outbreaks[J].CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1984,2:131-169.
[196]Altieri M A,Letourneau D K and Davis J R.Developing sustainable agroecosystems[J].Bioscience,1983,33(1):45-49.
[197]Andow D A.Population dynamics of an insect berbivore in simple and diverse habitats[J].Ecology,1990,71(3):1006-1017.
[198]Andow D A.Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1991,36:561-586.
[199]Armbrust E J.Alfalfa weevil pest management system for alfalfa[A].In:Pest Control Strategies[C].Smith E Hand Pimentel D eds.New York:Academic Press.1978,85-89.
[200]Arnold M D,Rummel D R,Bordovsky J P,Slosser J E and Carroll S C.Use of the center pivot irrigation system for reduction of cotton aphid sugars on cotton lint[J].Southwestern Entomologist,2002,27(1):11-19.
[201]Bacheler J S and Mott D W.Potential utility and susceptibility of transgenic Bt cotton against bollworms,European corn borers,and stink bugs in NC[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1996,927-931.
[202]Bacheler J S,Mort D W and Morrison D E.Large scale evaluation of Bollgard resistance to multiple pests in North Carolina under grower conditions[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference[C].1998,961-964.
[203]Beddington J R,Hassell M P and Lawton J H.The components of arthropod predation Ⅱ.The predator rate of increase[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1976,45:165-186.
[204]Beeby A and Brennan A M.First ecology[M].London:Chapman & Hall.1997,77-78.
[205]Berryman A A.The origins and evolution of predator-prey theory[J].Ecology,1992,73:1530-1535.
[206]Bi J L,Ballmer G R,Toscano N C,Madors M A,Dugger P and Richter D.Effect of nitrogen fertility on cotton whitefly interactions[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference[C].2000,1135-1142.
[207]Bommarco R and Banks J E.Scale as modifier in vegetation diversity experiments:effects on herbivores and predators[J].Oikos,2003,102(2):440-448.
[208]Brown M W and Puterka G J.Orchard management effects on the arthropod community on peach with comparison to apple[J].Journal of Entomological Science,1997,32(2):165-182.
[209]Butler G D Jr,Schonhorst M H and Watsen F.Cutting alfalfa for hay timed to reduce buildup of Lygus bug population[J].Program for Agriculture in Arizona,1971,23:12-13.
[210]Cisneros J J and Godfrey L D.Midseason pest status of the cotton aphid(Homoptera:Aphididae) in California cotton:Is nitrogen a key factor?[J].Environmental Entomology,2001,30(3):501-510.
[211]Copley K J and Grant J F.Statewide distribution of parasitoids of the alfalfa weevil in Tennessee[J].Journal of Agricultural Entomology,1998,15(1):43-51.
[212]Corbett A,Leigh.T F and Wilson L T.Interplanting alfalfa as a source of Metaseiulus occidentalis(Acari:Phytoseiidae) for managing spider mites in cotton[J].Biological Control,1991,1(3):188-196.
[213]Cousins S H.Species diversity measurement:choosing the fight index[J].Trends of Ecology and Evolution,1991,6(6):190-192.
[214]Croft B A and Brown A W A.Responses of arthropod natural enemies to insecticides[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1975,20:285-335.
[215]Daly J C.Ecology and resistance management for Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic plants[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,1994,4:563-571.
[216]Delorme R,Auge D,Bethenod M T and Villatte F.Insecticide resistance in a strain of Aphis gossypii from southern France[J].Pesticide Science,1997,49:90-96.
[217]Dhaliwal G S,Arora R and Dhawan A K.Intensive agriculture and pest problems:a case study of Punjab[J].Indian Journal of Ecology,2000,27(2):109-130.
[218]Ellington J,Southward M and Chrrillo T.Association among cotton Anthropods[J].Environmental Entomology,1997,26:1004-1008.
[219]Fisher R A,Corbet A SandWilliams C B.The relation between the number of species and thenumber of individuals in a random sample of an animal population[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1943,12:42-58.
[220]Fitt G P.The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agro-ecosysetm[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1989,34:17-52.
[221]Fitt G P.Cotton pest management:Part3.An Australian perspective[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1994,39:543-562.
[222]Fitt G P.An Australian approach to IPM in cotton:integrating new technologies to minimize insecticide dependence[J].Crop Protection,2000,19:793-800.
[223]Fitt G P,Mares C L and Llewelly D J.Field evaluation and potential ecological impact of transgenic cottons (Gossypium hirsuturn) in Australia[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,1994,4:535-548.
[224]Fleischer S J and Gaylor M J.Seasonal abundance of Lygus lineolaris(Heteroptera:Miridae) and selected predators in early season uncultivated hosts:implications for managing movement into cotton[J].Environmental Entomology,1987,16:379-389.
[225]Flint M L and van den Bosch R.Introduction to integrated pest management[M].New York:Plenum Press.1981,1-240.
[226]Freedman H I.Graphical stability,enrichment,and pest control by a natural enemy[J].Mathematical Biosciences,1976,31:207-225.
[227]Godfrey L D and Leigh T F.Alfalfa harvest strategy effect on Lygus bug(Hemiptera:Miridae) and insect predators population density:implications for use as trap crop in cotton[J].Environmental Entomology,1994,23(5):1106-1118.
[228]Goodman D.The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology[J].The Quarterly Review of Biology,1975,50(3):237-266.
[229]Grundy P R,Sequeira R V and Short K S.Evaluating legume species as alternative trap crops to chickpea for management of Helicoverpa spp.(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in central Queensland cotton cropping systems[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,2004,94:481-486.
[230]Gubran E M E,Delorme R,Auge D and Moreau J P.Insecticide resistance in cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii (Glover) in the Sudan Gezira[J].Pesticide Science,1992,35:101-107.
[231]Hagerty A M,Tumipseed S G and Sullivan M J.Impact of beneficial arthropod conservation in Bt and conventional cotton[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].2000,976-978.
[232]Harper A M,Schaber B D,Story T P and Entz T.Effect of swathing and clear-cutting alfalfa on insect populations in Southern Alberta[J]..Journal of Economic Entomology,1990,83(5):2050-2057.
[233]Harris F A,Andrews G L,Caillavet D F and Furr R E Jr.Cotton aphid effect on yield,quality and economics of cotton[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1992,652-656.
[234]Harris F A,Calhoun D S and Furr R Jr.Cotton variety resistance to cotton aphid[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1994,1007-1008.
[235]Harris F A,Furr R E Jr and Calhoun D S.Cotton insect management in transgenic Bt cotton in the Mississippi Delta,1992-1995[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1996,854-858.
[236]Hassell M P,Lawton J H and Beddington J R.The components of arthropod predation I.The prey death rote [J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1976,45:135-161.
[237]Head G,Freeman B,Mina B,Moar W,Ruberso J and Turnipseed S.Natural enemy abundance in commercial Bollgard and conventional cotton fields[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].2001,796-797.
[238]Hearn A B and Fitt G P.Cotton Cropping Systems[A].In:Field Crop Ecosystems of the World[C].Pearson C J.(Ed.)Amsterdam:Elsevier Press.1992,85-142.
[239]Hendrix S D,Brown V K and Dingle H.Arthropod guild structure during early old field succession in a New World and Old World site[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,1988,57:1053-1065.
[240]Heong K L and Barrion A T.Arthropod community structure of rice ecosystem in the Philippines[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,1991,81:407-416.
[241]Hokkanen H M T.Trap cropping in pest management[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1991,36:119-138.
[242]Hurlbert S H.The nonconcept of species diversity:A critique and altemative parameters[J].Ecology,1971,52(4):577-586.
[243]Javaid I and Joshi J M.Trap cropping in insect pest management[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,1995,5:117-1361.
[244]Jimenez-Aragon J G,and Cafizlo J L.Beneficial insect fauna on cotton intersown with maize as compared with cotton alone[J].Agricultural Technology in Mexico,1978,8(4):143-156.
[245]Kereiva P and Wennergren U.Connecting landscape pattems to ecosystem and population processes[J]. Nature,1995,373:299-302.
[246]Kerns D L and Gaylor M J.Induction of cotton aphid outbreaks by insecticides in cotton[J].Crop Protection,1993,12(5):387-393.
[247]Kring J B.Flight behaviour of aphids[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1972,17:461-492.
[248]Landis D A,Wratten S D and Gurr G M.Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2000,45:175-201.
[249]Laster M L and Furr R E.Heliothis population in cotton-sesame intercroppings[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1972,65:1524-1525.
[250]Lawton J H.Plant architecture and the diversity of phytophagous insects[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1983,28:23-39.
[251]Leclant F and Deguine J P.Aphids[A].In:Insect Pests of Cotton[C].Mattews G A and Tunstall J P.(Eds.),CABI,Oxon,UK.1994,285-324.
[252]Lim U T and Lee J H.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to analyze predation of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera:Delphacidae) by Pirata subpiraticus(Araneae:Lycosidae)[J].Environmental Entomology,1999,28(6):1177-1182.
[253]Lin R,Liang H,Zhang R,Tian C and Ma Y.Impact of alfalfa/cotton intercropping and management on some.aphid predators in China[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,2003,127:33-36.
[254]Liu X D,Zhai B P and Zhang,X X.Studies on the host biotypes and its cause of cotton aphid in Nanjing,China[J].A gricultur al Sciences in China,2002,1(11):1211-1215.
[255]Liss W J,Gut L J,Westigard P H and Warren C E.Perspectives on arthropod community structure,organization,and development in agricultural crops[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1986,31:455-478.
[256]Luck R F,van den Bosch R and Garcia R.Chemical insect control—a troubled pest management strategy[J].Bioscience,1977,27(9):606-611.
[257]Luttrell R G.Cotton pest management:Part 2.A.US perspective[J].Annual Review of Entomology,1994,39:527-542.
[258]Ma X M,Liu X X,Zhang Q W,Zhao J Z,Cai Q N,Ma Y A and Chen D M.Assessment of cotton aphids,Aphis gossypii,and their natural enemies on aphid-resistant and aphid-susceptible wheat varieties in a wheat-cotton relay intercropping system[J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2006,3:235-241.
[259]Magurran A E.Ecological diversity and its measurement[M].New Jersey:Princeton University Press.1988,34-60.
[260]Mangan J and Mangan M S.A comparison of two IPM training strategies in China:the importance of concepts of the rice ecosystem for sustainable insect pest management[J].Agriculture & Human Values,1998,15(3):209-221.
[261]Massey W B Jr and Young J H.Linear and directional effects in predator populations,insect damage,and yield, associated with cotton interplanted with corn and sorghum[J].Environmental Entomology,1975,4:637-641.
[262]May RM.Qualitative stability in model ecosystems[J].Ecology,1973,54(3):638-641.
[263]McGaughey W H and Beeman R W.Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in colonies of Indian meal moth and almond moth(Lepidoptera,Pyralidae)[J].Journal Economic Entomology,1988,81:28-33.
[264]McNaughton S J.Biodiversity and function of grazing ecosystem[A].In:Schulze E-D and Mooney H A.(Eds.),Biodiversity and ecosystem function[C].Berlin:Springer-Verlag.1993,361-383.
[265]Men X Y,Ge F,Edwards C A and Yardim E N.The influence of pesticide applications on Helicoverpa armigera H(u|¨)bner and sucking pests in transgenic Bt cotton and non-transgenic cotton in China[J].Crop Protection,2005,24(4):319-324
[266]Men X Y,Ge F,Liu X H and Yardim E N.Diversity of arthropod communities in transgenic Bt cotton and nontransgenic cotton agroecosystems[J].Environmental Entomology,2003,32(2):270-275.
[267]Men X Y,Ge F,Yardim E N and Parajulee M N.Evaluation of winter wheat as a potential relay crop for enhancing biological control of cotton aphids in seedling cotton[J].BioControl,2004,6:701-714.
[268]Mensah R K.Development of an integrated pest management programme for cotton.Part 1:Establishing and utilizing natural enemies[J].International Journal of Pest Management,2002,48(2):87-94.
[269]Mensah R K and Khan M.Use of Medicago sativa(L.) interplantings/trap crops in the management of the green mired,Creontiades dilutus(St(?)l) in commercial cotton in Australia[J].International Journal of Pest Management,1997,43(3):197-202.
[270]Moores G D,Gao X W,Denholm I and Devonshire A L.Characterization of insensitive acetylcholinesterase in insecticide-resistant cotton aphids,Aphis gossypii Glover(Homoptera:Aphididae)[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1996,56:102-110.
[271]Murdoch W W.Diversity,complexity,stability and pest control[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1975,3:795-807.
[272]Nevo E and Coil M.Effect of nitrogen fertilization on Aphis gossypii(Homoptera:Aphididae):variation in size,color,and reproduction[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2001,94:27-32.
[273]Nyambo B T.Significance of host-plant phenology in the dynamics and pest incidence of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera H(u|¨)bner(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),in westem Tanzania[J].Crop Protection,1988,7(3):161-167.
[274]Parajulee M N,Montandon R and Slosser J E.Relay intercropping to enhance abundance of insect predators of cotton aphid(Aphis gossypii Glover) in Texas cotton[J].International Journal Pest Management,1997,43(3):227-232.
[275]Pielou E C.Ecological diversity[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc.1975,1-30.
[276]Prasifka J R,Krauter P C,Heinz K M,Sansone C G and Minzenmayer R R.Predator conservation in cotton:using grain sorghum as a source for insect predators[J].Biological Control,1999,16(2):223-229.
[277]Price P W.Colonization of crops by arthropods:non-equilibrium communities in soybean fields[J].Environmental Entomology,1976,5:605-611.
[278]Purohit M S.Effect of nitrogenous fertilization of host plants on some growth parameters of Helicoverpa armigera[J].Entomology,1991,16(2):151-154.
[279]Rhoades M H.Key to first and second instars of six species of Coccinellidae(Coleoptera) from alfalfa in southwest Virginia[J].Journal of the New York Entomological Society,1996,104(1/2):83-88.
[280]Risch S J,Andow D and Altieri M A.Agro-ecosystem diversity and pest control:data,tentative conclusions and new research directions[J].Environmental Entomology,1983,12:625-629.
[281]Root R.Organization of plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats:the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea)[J].Ecological Monograph,1973,43:95-124.
[282]Rosenheim J A,Wilhoit L R and Armer C A.Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of an herbivore population[J].Oecologia,1993,96:439-449.
[283]Rummel D R,Arnold M D,Slosser J E,Neece K C and Pinchak W E.Cultural factors influencing the abundance of Aphis gossypii Glover in Texas High Plains cotton[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1995,20(4):395-406.
[284]Russell E P.Enemies hypothesis:a review of the effect of vegetational diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids[J].Environmental Entomology,1989,18:590-599.
[285]Samu F,V(o|¨)r(o|¨)s G and Botos E.Diversity and community structure of spiders of alfalfa fields and grassy field margins in south Hungary[J].Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica,1996,31(3-4):253-266.
[286]Schowalter T D.Insect ecology:an ecosystem approach(2nd edition)[M].London:Academic Press.2006,1-576.
[287]Schuler T H,Poppy G M,Kerry B R and Denholm I.Potential side effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on arthropod natural enemies[J].Trends in Biotechnology,1999,12:210-216.
[288]Schuler T H,Potting R P J,Denholm I and Poppy G M.Parasitoid behaviour and Bt plants[J].Nature,1999,400:825-829.
[289]Sengonca C and Frings B.Interference and competitive behaviour of the aphid predators,Chrysoperla carnea and Coccinella septempunctata in the laboratory[J].Entomophaga,1985,30(3):245-251.
[290]Shannon C E.A mathematical theory of communication[J].Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27:379-423.
[291]Sheehan W.Response by specialist and generalist natural enemies to agroecosystem diversification:a selective review[J].Environmental Entomology,1986,15:456-461.
[292]Shelton A M and Badenes-Perez E.Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2006,51:285-308.
[293]Simpson E H.Measurement of diversity[J].Nature,1949,163:688.
[294]Sims S R.Bacillus thuringiensis vat.kurstaki Cry I A(c) protein expressed in transgenic cotton:effects on beneficial insects and other non-target insects[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1995,(20):493-500.
[295]Skovgard H and Pats P.Effects of intercropping on maize stemborers and their natural enemies[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,1996,86(5):599-607.
[296]Slosser J E,Montandon R,Pinchak W E and Rummel D R.Cotton aphid response to nitrogen fertility in dryland cotton[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1997,22(1):1-10.
[297]Slosser J E,Parajulee M N,Hendrix D L,Henneberry T J and Rummel D R.Relationship between Aphis gossypii(Homoptera:Aphididae) and sticky lint[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2002,95(2):299-306.
[298]Slosser J E,Pinchak W E and Rummel D R.A review of known and potential factors affecting the population dynamics of the cotton aphid[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1989,14(3):301-313.
[299]Slosser J E,Pinchak W E and Rummel D R.Biotic and abiotic regulation of Aphis gossypii Glover in West Texas dryland cotton[J].Southwestern Entomologist,1998,23(1):31-65.
[300]Smith C W.History and status of host plant resistance in cotton to insects in the United States[J].Advances in Agronomy,1992,48:251-296.
[301]Smith H A and McSorley R.Intercropping and pest management:A review of major concepts[J].American Entomologist,2000,46(3):154-161.
[302]Smith J D and Stewart S D.The effects of insecticide,nitrogen,and Pix on arthropod populations in cotton in 1998 and 1999[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].2000,963-967.
[303]Southwood T R E,Brown V K and Reader P M.The relationships of plant and insect diversities in succession [J].Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,1979,12:327-348.
[304]Sparks A N,Norman J W and Raulston J R.Effects of selected pesticides on populations of beneficial arthropods in lower Rio Grande Valley cotton[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1997,1313-1316.
[305]Speight M R,Hunter M D and Watt A D.Ecology of insects:concepts and applications[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science.1999,1-360.
[306]Stern V M.Interplanting alfalfa in cotton to control lygus bugs and other insect pests[A].In:Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management[C],Tallahassee,Florida.1969,55-69.
[307]Stinner R E,Regniere J and Wilson K.Differential effects of agroecosystem structure on dynamics of three soybean herbivores[J].Environmental Entomology,1982,11(3):538-543.
[308]Strong D R,McCoy E D and Rey J R.Time and the number of herbivore species:the pests of sugarcane[J].Ecology,1977,58:167-175.
[309]Sundby R A.A comparative study of the efficiency of three predatory insects Coccinella septempunctata L.[Coleoptera,coccinellidae],Chrysopa carnea St.[Neuroptera,Chrysopidae]and Syrphus ribesii L.[Diptera,Syrphidae]at two different temperatures[J].Entomophaga,1966,11(4):395-404.
[310]Szentkiralyi F and Kozar F.How many species are there in apple insect communities? Testing the resource diversity and intermediate disturbance hypotheses[J].Ecological Entomology,1991,16(4):491-503.
[311]Tabashnik B E and Croft B A.Managing pesticide resistance in crop-arthropod complexes:interactions between biological and operational factors[J].Environmental Entomology,1982,11:1137-1144.
[312]Tahvanainen J O and Root R B.The influence of vegetational diversity on the population ecology of a specialized herbivore,Phyllotreta cruciferae(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)[J].Oecologia,1972,10(4):321-346.
[313]Thomas C F G and Marshall E J P.Arthropod abundance and diversity in differently vegetated margins of arable fields[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1999,72(2):131-144.
[314]Tillman P G and Mullinix B J Jr..Grain sorghum as a trap crop for the com earworm,Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera:Noctui dae) in cotton[J].Environmental Entomology,2004,33:1371-1380.
[315]Tshernyshev W B.Ecological pest management(EPM):general approaches[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,1995,119:379-381.
[316]Vaeck M R.Transgenie plants protected from insect attack[J].Nature,1987,328:33-37.
[317]Vandermeer J.The ecology of intereropping[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1989,1-237.
[318]van Tol N B and Lentz G L.Influence of Bt cotton on beneficial arthropod populations[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1998,1052-1054.
[319]Varchola J M and Dunn J P.Changes in ground beetle(Coleoptera:Carabidae) assemblages in farming systems bordered by complex or simple roadside vegetation[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,1999,73(1):41-49.
[320]Velders R M,Cui J J,Xia J Y and van der Weft W.Influence of transgenic cotton on the cotton aphid(Aphis gossypii)and its two major enemies in north China[J].Acta Gossypii Sinica,2002,14(3):175-179.
[321]Watson T F.Impact of transgenie cotton on pink bollworm and other lepidopteran insects[A].Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences[C].1995,759-760.
[322]Way M J and Heong K L.The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice:a review[J].Bulletin of Entomology Research,1994,84:567-587.
[323]Weathersbee Ⅲ A A and Hardee D D.Abundance of cotton aphids(Homoptera:Aphididae) and associated biological control agents on six cotton cultivars[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1994,87:258-265.
[324]Wigiey P J,Chilcott C N and Broadwell A H.Conservation of Bacillus thuringiensis efficacy in New Zealand through the planned deployments of Bt genes in Transgenic crops[J].Biacontrol Science and Technology,1994,4:527-534.
[325]Wilson F D,Flint H M,Deaton W R,Fischhoff D A,Perlak F J,Armstrong A,Fuchs R L,Berberich S A,Parks N J and Stapp B R.Resistance of cotton lines containing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and other insects[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1992,85(4):1516-1521.
[326]Wilson L J,Bauer L R and Lally D A.Effect of early season insecticide use on predators and outbreaks of spider mites(Acafi:Tetranychidae)in cotton[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research,1998,88:477-488.
[327]Wilson L J,Bauer L R and Laily D A.Insecticide-induced increases in aphid abundance in cotton[J].Australian Journal of Entomology,1999,38:242-243.
[328]Wilson L T and Gutierrez A P.Within-plant distribution of predators on cotton:comments on sampling and predator efficiencies[J].Hilgardia,1980,48(2):3-11.
[329]Woodward F I.How many species are required for a functional ecosystem?[A]In:Schulze E-D and Mooney HA.eds.Biodiversity and ecosystem function[C].Berlin:Springer-Verlag.1993,271-291.
[330]Wu K M and Guo Y Y.The evolution of cotton pest management practices in China[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2005,50:31-52.
[331]Wu K M,Lu Y H,Feng H Q,Jiang Y Y and Zhao J Z.Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxin-containing cotton[J].Science,2008,321:1676-1678.
[332]Zink A G and Rosenheim J A.Stage-specific predation on Lygus hesperus affects its population stage structure [J].Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,2008,126(1):61-66.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |