无线城域网格网（WiMAX Mesh）QoS联合优化关键技术研究
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摘要
作为一种新兴的无线通信技术，无线网格网（Mesh）已经被越来越多的人认可为下一代网络通信的关键技术之一。近些年来，由于其高速率和广覆盖等传输性能，无线城域网格网（WiMAX Mesh）在商界和学术界备受关注。与传统的无线Ad-hoc不同，WiMAX无线Mesh路由器通常安放在固定位置而且由可靠电力线电源供电，并不受能量约束限制；同时，其网内的业务主要是来往于因特网的业务。因此，无线Ad-hoc网中两个主要的问题，即能量约束和节点移动性，对WiMAX无线Mesh网已经不再重要。相反，提供服务质量保障（QoS）成为提高WiMAX无线Mesh网性能的关键。
本文针对WiMAX无线Mesh网中提供QoS保障的联合优化关键技术展开研究，其目的是结合WiMAX无线Mesh网MAC层不同调度机制的特点，提出集中模式下的最大效用优化和分布模式下的融合化MAC层方法，系统地研究联合MAC层调度的优化解决方案来实现QoS保障。具体地说，在集中模式下，通常有一个节点（一般为网关节点）来负责协调和管理整体网络的调度，这样的方式在某种程度上提供了一个全局优化的可能，因此集中调度模式下以受MAC层链路调度约束的最大效用函数的联合优化为主；而在分布式模式下，由于标准定义了一个伪随机竞选算法来解决无线链路的竞争问题，优化方法转而为合理高效地使用MAC调度机制来成功实现QoS保障。基于这两种方法，本文的主要研究内容有：
1，提出了一个集中调度模式下QoS多路径路由分配的联合优化算法。算法把无线Mesh网中的多路径路由分配问题归结为一个网络效用最大化问题。利用网络效用最大化的优化方法，同时结合无线Mesh下的链路竞争矩阵模型，建立了基于多业务流类的多路径路由分配联合优化问题模型。针对该问题的求解，本文先引入最近优化算法解决了原问题目标函数的非严格凹函数性，然后又用原始对偶解法对优化问题进行了求解。本文证明了联合优化问题的收敛性。仿真实验表明，问题的优化解能够探测和感知到具有最大干扰的链路，准确地降低该链路的使用率，从而使网络的整体优化目标得以实现；同时，与其它算法相比，该优化算法能获得更好的网络总体收益。基于效用函数凸优化框架的算法为解决QoS多路由分配问题提供了一个新的思路。
2，提出了一个集中调度模式下联合MAC层调度的速率控制优化算法。该算法的目的是在无线干扰环境下，通过控制无线Mesh网节点的数据速率使其都在承载容量范围之内从而避免网络过载所带来的性能损失。利用-干扰模型下的激活集概念，提出了以MAC层链路调度为约束的联合速率控制凸优化问题模型。本文从理论上证明了该凸优化算法的强对偶性，从而保证了原问题的优化解和对偶问题优化解的一致性。通过理论分析和证明，联合MAC层调度的速率控制问题被原始对偶解法完美地分拆为链路调度和速率控制子问题从而能应用到传统的分层网络系统中。为了降低链路调度控制子问题的算法复杂度问题，该算法还使用了生成列算法。仿真结果表明：该算法不仅降低了算法复杂度，而且具有良好的收敛性，可以达到满意的次优解。
3，提出了一个实现在WiMax无线Mesh网MAC层上的分布式路由算法。考虑到无线Mesh中路由层需要依靠MAC层链路调度来提供足够的带宽保证，该路由算法实现在MAC层上。利用WiMax无线Mesh标准中的伪随机竞选算法，该算法利用各个节点当前MAC层的调度信息分布式地决定下一跳的路由，从而达到为实时业务流提供具有最短端到端时延路由的目的。仿真结果表明，该算法可以明显降低实时业务的端到端时延，能提供分布式的动态路由。
4，实现了WiMAX无线Mesh网中异构QoS保障的公平分组调度算法。基于WiMAX的无线Mesh分布式调度标准，本文构建了一个实现在MAC层的区分服务框架并提出了适合异构流业务的公平模型。同时，利用了WiMAX标准的分布式调度机制，本文实现了联合调度的异构QoS感知的公平分组调度算法。算法首先实现链路调度以完成带宽分配，并实现了一个层次分组调度子算法。分组调度算法在异构QoS需求类之间实现严格的优先级服务策略，而在同优先级业务之间则实现了公平分组调度。仿真结果表明，算法可以保证区分服务从而满足不同业务的QoS需要。同时，与其它算法相比，该算法还可以提高系统的吞吐量。
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a key technology for next-generation wireless networking. Due to its high-rate and wide-range transmission capabili-ties, WiMAX-based mesh networks have attracted considerable attention during last severalyears. Different from conventional Ad-hoc wireless networks, mesh routers in WMNS arerarely mobile and may not have power constraints. Moreover, the service traffic is mainlyrouted by the wireless mesh backbone between the mesh clients and the wired Internet andgoes through the gateway nodes. As such, the two major concerns, namely node mobilityand power consumption in Ad-hoc networks, are not significant in WMN. Instead, Qualityof Service (QoS) provisioning becomes the main topic in mesh networking.
Our work focuses on developing joint optimization algorithms for QoS provisioningin WiMAX-based mesh networks. We aim for providing specific joint optimization solu-tions to provide QoS guarantees while taking account of the MAC scheduling mechanismsin the IEEE802.16mesh standard. our solutions consist of the maximize network utilityoptimization under centralized scheduling mode and the aggregated MAC optimization un-der distributed scheduling mode. In particular, there is always an central node (usually thegateway node) which is in charge of the network management and scheduling in the centralscheduling mode, thereby rendering the optimization-based method possible. We thereforeconcentrate on developing joint scheduling optimization using network utility function con-strained by link scheduling. On the other hand, we mainly exploit the distributed schedulingmechanism to form an aggregated MAC layer since the link contention has been solved bythe pseduo-random selection algorithm in the standard. The main contents of this thesisinclude:
1, presenting an optimization-based QoS multi-path routing and scheduling algorithm.We view the multi-path routing problem as a utility maximization problem. By employingthe contention matrix to represent the wireless link interference, we formulate our convexoptimization routing problem under the impact of interference in wireless mesh networks and resolve it using the primal-dual method. Since the multi-path routing usually resultsin the non-strict concavity of the primal objective function, we first introduce the ProximalOptimization Algorithm to get around such difficulty. We then propose an algorithm to solvethe routing subproblem and the scheduling subproblem via the dual decomposition. Simula-tions demonstrate that our solution have the capabilities to find least-interference routes andachieve the best revenue. Also, our algorithm outperforms the WSP in terms of the revenueof the whole mesh network.
2, presenting a network utility maximization framework for fair rate control andscheduling in wireless mesh networks. Our objective here is to control the data rates of theapplications so that they fall within the capacity region of a wireless mesh network, therebyavoiding the performance degradation by system overloading. We formulate the joint ratecontrol and MAC scheduling as a convex optimization framework with the constraint ofMAC link scheduling using the K-hop interference model. We proof the strong duality ofour framework and also demonstrate that our framework has an attractive decompositionproperty such that the rate control problem and the scheduling problem can be decomposedand solved individually. We then focus on the scheduling subproblem and employ ColumnGeneration algorithm to reduce the computational complexity. Simulation results show thatour proposal is efficient in convergency as well as tractable and is able to reach a desirableclose-to-optimal solution.
3, proposing a novel distributed routing algorithm for IEEE802.16/WiMax based meshnetworks. Based on the underlying IEEE802.16standard distributed scheduling mechanism,our routing algorithm is incorporated into the medium access control layer. Each node deter-mines the next-hop nodes for the passing flows according to the scheduling information andattempts to forward packets in the very earliest slots. The simulation results show that ourproposal can considerably reduce the delay of traffic flows and also achieve load balance toa certain degree.
4, addressing the problem of heterogeneous Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning inIEEE802.16-based wireless mesh networks. Based on distributed scheduling in the IEEE802.16-based mesh mode, we first devise a novel differentiated service framework, which isimplemented at the medium access control layer. A multiple-class traffic fairness model isalso presented. We then present a QoS-aware fair packet scheduling (QFPS) algorithm to ful-fill the QoS provisioning. QFPS has the capability to allocate proportional bandwidth. Also,with QFPS, traffic flows with different priority level are served using strict priority policywhile fairness are imposed on these flows with the same priority level according to our pro- posed fairness model. The experimental results of the QFPS demonstrate that various trafficflows are provided with a differentiated service that offers quality of service guarantees.Also, our proposal can gain higher network throughput as compared with its counterparts.
本文针对WiMAX无线Mesh网中提供QoS保障的联合优化关键技术展开研究，其目的是结合WiMAX无线Mesh网MAC层不同调度机制的特点，提出集中模式下的最大效用优化和分布模式下的融合化MAC层方法，系统地研究联合MAC层调度的优化解决方案来实现QoS保障。具体地说，在集中模式下，通常有一个节点（一般为网关节点）来负责协调和管理整体网络的调度，这样的方式在某种程度上提供了一个全局优化的可能，因此集中调度模式下以受MAC层链路调度约束的最大效用函数的联合优化为主；而在分布式模式下，由于标准定义了一个伪随机竞选算法来解决无线链路的竞争问题，优化方法转而为合理高效地使用MAC调度机制来成功实现QoS保障。基于这两种方法，本文的主要研究内容有：
1，提出了一个集中调度模式下QoS多路径路由分配的联合优化算法。算法把无线Mesh网中的多路径路由分配问题归结为一个网络效用最大化问题。利用网络效用最大化的优化方法，同时结合无线Mesh下的链路竞争矩阵模型，建立了基于多业务流类的多路径路由分配联合优化问题模型。针对该问题的求解，本文先引入最近优化算法解决了原问题目标函数的非严格凹函数性，然后又用原始对偶解法对优化问题进行了求解。本文证明了联合优化问题的收敛性。仿真实验表明，问题的优化解能够探测和感知到具有最大干扰的链路，准确地降低该链路的使用率，从而使网络的整体优化目标得以实现；同时，与其它算法相比，该优化算法能获得更好的网络总体收益。基于效用函数凸优化框架的算法为解决QoS多路由分配问题提供了一个新的思路。
2，提出了一个集中调度模式下联合MAC层调度的速率控制优化算法。该算法的目的是在无线干扰环境下，通过控制无线Mesh网节点的数据速率使其都在承载容量范围之内从而避免网络过载所带来的性能损失。利用-干扰模型下的激活集概念，提出了以MAC层链路调度为约束的联合速率控制凸优化问题模型。本文从理论上证明了该凸优化算法的强对偶性，从而保证了原问题的优化解和对偶问题优化解的一致性。通过理论分析和证明，联合MAC层调度的速率控制问题被原始对偶解法完美地分拆为链路调度和速率控制子问题从而能应用到传统的分层网络系统中。为了降低链路调度控制子问题的算法复杂度问题，该算法还使用了生成列算法。仿真结果表明：该算法不仅降低了算法复杂度，而且具有良好的收敛性，可以达到满意的次优解。
3，提出了一个实现在WiMax无线Mesh网MAC层上的分布式路由算法。考虑到无线Mesh中路由层需要依靠MAC层链路调度来提供足够的带宽保证，该路由算法实现在MAC层上。利用WiMax无线Mesh标准中的伪随机竞选算法，该算法利用各个节点当前MAC层的调度信息分布式地决定下一跳的路由，从而达到为实时业务流提供具有最短端到端时延路由的目的。仿真结果表明，该算法可以明显降低实时业务的端到端时延，能提供分布式的动态路由。
4，实现了WiMAX无线Mesh网中异构QoS保障的公平分组调度算法。基于WiMAX的无线Mesh分布式调度标准，本文构建了一个实现在MAC层的区分服务框架并提出了适合异构流业务的公平模型。同时，利用了WiMAX标准的分布式调度机制，本文实现了联合调度的异构QoS感知的公平分组调度算法。算法首先实现链路调度以完成带宽分配，并实现了一个层次分组调度子算法。分组调度算法在异构QoS需求类之间实现严格的优先级服务策略，而在同优先级业务之间则实现了公平分组调度。仿真结果表明，算法可以保证区分服务从而满足不同业务的QoS需要。同时，与其它算法相比，该算法还可以提高系统的吞吐量。
Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a key technology for next-generation wireless networking. Due to its high-rate and wide-range transmission capabili-ties, WiMAX-based mesh networks have attracted considerable attention during last severalyears. Different from conventional Ad-hoc wireless networks, mesh routers in WMNS arerarely mobile and may not have power constraints. Moreover, the service traffic is mainlyrouted by the wireless mesh backbone between the mesh clients and the wired Internet andgoes through the gateway nodes. As such, the two major concerns, namely node mobilityand power consumption in Ad-hoc networks, are not significant in WMN. Instead, Qualityof Service (QoS) provisioning becomes the main topic in mesh networking.
Our work focuses on developing joint optimization algorithms for QoS provisioningin WiMAX-based mesh networks. We aim for providing specific joint optimization solu-tions to provide QoS guarantees while taking account of the MAC scheduling mechanismsin the IEEE802.16mesh standard. our solutions consist of the maximize network utilityoptimization under centralized scheduling mode and the aggregated MAC optimization un-der distributed scheduling mode. In particular, there is always an central node (usually thegateway node) which is in charge of the network management and scheduling in the centralscheduling mode, thereby rendering the optimization-based method possible. We thereforeconcentrate on developing joint scheduling optimization using network utility function con-strained by link scheduling. On the other hand, we mainly exploit the distributed schedulingmechanism to form an aggregated MAC layer since the link contention has been solved bythe pseduo-random selection algorithm in the standard. The main contents of this thesisinclude:
1, presenting an optimization-based QoS multi-path routing and scheduling algorithm.We view the multi-path routing problem as a utility maximization problem. By employingthe contention matrix to represent the wireless link interference, we formulate our convexoptimization routing problem under the impact of interference in wireless mesh networks and resolve it using the primal-dual method. Since the multi-path routing usually resultsin the non-strict concavity of the primal objective function, we first introduce the ProximalOptimization Algorithm to get around such difficulty. We then propose an algorithm to solvethe routing subproblem and the scheduling subproblem via the dual decomposition. Simula-tions demonstrate that our solution have the capabilities to find least-interference routes andachieve the best revenue. Also, our algorithm outperforms the WSP in terms of the revenueof the whole mesh network.
2, presenting a network utility maximization framework for fair rate control andscheduling in wireless mesh networks. Our objective here is to control the data rates of theapplications so that they fall within the capacity region of a wireless mesh network, therebyavoiding the performance degradation by system overloading. We formulate the joint ratecontrol and MAC scheduling as a convex optimization framework with the constraint ofMAC link scheduling using the K-hop interference model. We proof the strong duality ofour framework and also demonstrate that our framework has an attractive decompositionproperty such that the rate control problem and the scheduling problem can be decomposedand solved individually. We then focus on the scheduling subproblem and employ ColumnGeneration algorithm to reduce the computational complexity. Simulation results show thatour proposal is efficient in convergency as well as tractable and is able to reach a desirableclose-to-optimal solution.
3, proposing a novel distributed routing algorithm for IEEE802.16/WiMax based meshnetworks. Based on the underlying IEEE802.16standard distributed scheduling mechanism,our routing algorithm is incorporated into the medium access control layer. Each node deter-mines the next-hop nodes for the passing flows according to the scheduling information andattempts to forward packets in the very earliest slots. The simulation results show that ourproposal can considerably reduce the delay of traffic flows and also achieve load balance toa certain degree.
4, addressing the problem of heterogeneous Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning inIEEE802.16-based wireless mesh networks. Based on distributed scheduling in the IEEE802.16-based mesh mode, we first devise a novel differentiated service framework, which isimplemented at the medium access control layer. A multiple-class traffic fairness model isalso presented. We then present a QoS-aware fair packet scheduling (QFPS) algorithm to ful-fill the QoS provisioning. QFPS has the capability to allocate proportional bandwidth. Also,with QFPS, traffic flows with different priority level are served using strict priority policywhile fairness are imposed on these flows with the same priority level according to our pro- posed fairness model. The experimental results of the QFPS demonstrate that various trafficflows are provided with a differentiated service that offers quality of service guarantees.Also, our proposal can gain higher network throughput as compared with its counterparts.
引文
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