沼液作为水培生菜营养液的研究
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摘要
随着能源危机加剧与全球环境恶化加深,沼气技术作为一种优质廉价的生物质能源,不仅可以缓解当前及今后的能源危机,还能有效的解决污染问题,因此沼气发酵技术已得到社会的普遍关注与重视,并越来越多的被用于生产实践。而沼气发酵技术的大量推广应用制造了大量的发酵残留物,发酵残留物的后处理成为一大问题。
随着蔬菜生产上化肥、农药的大量使用,蔬菜的风味、口感、营养品质、安全品质等已大不如从前,人们对绿色农产品、有机农产品、无公害农产品的需求量快速增长,生产上对有机肥的需求也快速增长,而沼残在作物栽培上的应用正好可以满足这一需求。本试验的主要目的就是希望在对沼液成分分析的基础上将沼液配制成水培生菜的营养液栽培生菜,一方面可以处理沼气发酵残留物,另一方面节约水培栽培成本。
本试验通过稀释和向沼液中加入各种营养元素,将其配制成不同的营养液栽培生菜,选用生菜品种为广州市伟兴利种子有限公司生产的全年耐抽薹生菜,并对栽培出的生菜的产量、品质和重金属进行了分析,得出里如下结论:
1、沼液中的营养成分基本可以满足生菜的生长发育的需要;用不同浓度的沼液栽培生菜,稀释10倍时产量最高;对相对生长速率的分析表明,随着浓度的增大,相对生长速率均先增后减,前两次的测量结果,相对生长速率在A4处达最大值,而后两次的结果在A5处达到最大,说明栽培后期沼液浓度可适当加大。
2、向沼液中加入Fe可以极显著的增加产量,增幅为75.18%,加入P、K可以显著的增加生菜产量,增幅为39.37%、40.63%;向沼液中加入多种营养元素栽培生菜,加入大量元素或者沼液与标液各一半可以极显著的提高生菜的产量,产量增幅分别为45.45%和88.66%,向沼液中补充各种营养元素使其达到标液的配比可以显著的提高生菜的产量,产量增幅为29.44%,其他处理对生菜的产量没有显著的改善。说明沼液和标液各一半栽培生菜时,产量与标液之间的产量没有显著差异,即用沼液配制的营养液达到了标液的产量水平。向沼液中加入各种化肥栽培生菜,加入尿素可以显著的提高生菜的产量,增幅为19.85%,加入三元复合肥可以极显著的提高生菜的产量,产量增幅为37.92%,加入大宝肥对生菜的产量没有显著的提高。
3、用沼液配制的营养液各处理硝酸盐的含量均明显较标液低,向沼液中加入尿素、三元复合肥或沼液与标液各一半时会明显提高硝酸盐的含量;向沼液中加入尿素、P、K,或沼液与标液各一半,或补充各种营养元素使其配比达到标液相同水平均可以增加各处理Vc含量;向沼液中加入尿素、K、三元复合肥、大宝肥,或同时加入三种大量元素,或沼液与标液各一半均能提高可溶性蛋白含量;除沼液与标液各一半外,其他各处理可溶性糖含量较标液低,向沼液中加入尿素、P、K、Fe等营养元素均可以提高生菜中可溶性糖的含量。
4、各处理重金属含量均符合国家蔬菜重金属含量限量标准,用沼液配制的各处理重金属含量均较标液高。
With the energy crisis intensified and the global environment pollution deteriorated, biogas technology, as a cheap biomass energy with high quality, not only can ease the current and future energy crisis, but also can effectively solve some of pollution problem. Therefore methane fermentation technology has been widely concerned and highlighted, and more and more being used in the practice. But he promotion of methane fermentation technology produced large amount of fermentation residues. After-treatment of the remnants of fermentation become a major problem.
As large amount of fertilizers and pesticides used in vegetable production, some qualities of vegetable such as flavor, taste, nutritional quality, safety, etc.,worsened. The demand for pollution-free agricultural products, green agricultural products and organic products grow rapidly, and so do the demand for organic fertilizer. The biogas residues used in crops cultivation meet this demand.
The main purpose of this test is to made biogas slurry into the nutrient solution for hydroponics of lettuce, through diluting and adding some elements. The lettuce variety we chooce for the test is bolting tolerant lettuce produced by Guangzhou Hennessy Seed Co., Ltd. We analysed the yield, quality and heavy metal content of the lettuce, and reached the following conclusions:
1. The nutrients contained in the biogas slurry can meet the basic needs of the growth and developments of lettuce; cultivating lettuce with different concentration of biogas slurry, the one diluted 10 times can get the highest output; the relative growth rate analysis showed that as the increase of concentration, the relative growth rate increasd first and then reduced. We can get the biggest relative growth rate at A4 in the first two measureme, and at A5 in the latter two. It reveals that the concentration of the biogas slurry can be higher appropriately later.
2. Adding Fe into biogas slurry can increase the output very significantly, and the increasing rate is 75.18%; adding K, P can increase the output significantly, and the rates are 45.45%, 88.66%; adding the large number of elements or joining biogas slurry and the standard nutrient solution at the ratio of 1 to 1 can significantly increase the output of lettuce, and the rate is 45.45% and 88.66%; adding various of nutrients to make it reach the standard proportion can increase the yield significantly, and the rate is 29.44%; other treatment can not improve the output significantly. It reveals that joinging half of biogas slurry and half of the standard nutrent solution, the output has no significant difference with the one that of the standard nutrient solution. That is the output of the nutrient made of boigas slurry can reach the level of the standard nutrient solution. Adding a variety of chemical fertilizer to biogas slurry, adding urea can significantly increase the output of lettuce, and the increasing rate is 19.85%; adding ternary compound fertilizer can improve the output significantly, and the rate is 37.92%; adding fertilizer Dabao can not improve the output significantly.
3. Nitrate content of every treatment made of biogas slurry is obviously lower than standard nutrition; adding urea, ternary compound fertilizer, or joining biogas slurry and standard nutrient solution can increase the nitrate content obviously; adding urea, P, K, or joining slurry and the standard nutrient solution, or adding various of nutrients to make it reach the standard proportion can increase Vc content; adding urea, K, ternary compound fertilizer, Dabao fertilizer or adding three large number elements, or joining biogas slurry and standard nutrition at 1:1 can all increase soluble protein content; except for joining biogas slurry and standard nutrient solution, soluble protein contents of the other treatments are all lower than standard nutrient solution, adding urea, P, K and Fe can increase the soluble protein contents.
4. The heavy metal content of every treatment are in line with national standards limit, the heavy metal content of every treatment made of biogas slurry is high than that of the standard nutrient solution.
随着蔬菜生产上化肥、农药的大量使用,蔬菜的风味、口感、营养品质、安全品质等已大不如从前,人们对绿色农产品、有机农产品、无公害农产品的需求量快速增长,生产上对有机肥的需求也快速增长,而沼残在作物栽培上的应用正好可以满足这一需求。本试验的主要目的就是希望在对沼液成分分析的基础上将沼液配制成水培生菜的营养液栽培生菜,一方面可以处理沼气发酵残留物,另一方面节约水培栽培成本。
本试验通过稀释和向沼液中加入各种营养元素,将其配制成不同的营养液栽培生菜,选用生菜品种为广州市伟兴利种子有限公司生产的全年耐抽薹生菜,并对栽培出的生菜的产量、品质和重金属进行了分析,得出里如下结论:
1、沼液中的营养成分基本可以满足生菜的生长发育的需要;用不同浓度的沼液栽培生菜,稀释10倍时产量最高;对相对生长速率的分析表明,随着浓度的增大,相对生长速率均先增后减,前两次的测量结果,相对生长速率在A4处达最大值,而后两次的结果在A5处达到最大,说明栽培后期沼液浓度可适当加大。
2、向沼液中加入Fe可以极显著的增加产量,增幅为75.18%,加入P、K可以显著的增加生菜产量,增幅为39.37%、40.63%;向沼液中加入多种营养元素栽培生菜,加入大量元素或者沼液与标液各一半可以极显著的提高生菜的产量,产量增幅分别为45.45%和88.66%,向沼液中补充各种营养元素使其达到标液的配比可以显著的提高生菜的产量,产量增幅为29.44%,其他处理对生菜的产量没有显著的改善。说明沼液和标液各一半栽培生菜时,产量与标液之间的产量没有显著差异,即用沼液配制的营养液达到了标液的产量水平。向沼液中加入各种化肥栽培生菜,加入尿素可以显著的提高生菜的产量,增幅为19.85%,加入三元复合肥可以极显著的提高生菜的产量,产量增幅为37.92%,加入大宝肥对生菜的产量没有显著的提高。
3、用沼液配制的营养液各处理硝酸盐的含量均明显较标液低,向沼液中加入尿素、三元复合肥或沼液与标液各一半时会明显提高硝酸盐的含量;向沼液中加入尿素、P、K,或沼液与标液各一半,或补充各种营养元素使其配比达到标液相同水平均可以增加各处理Vc含量;向沼液中加入尿素、K、三元复合肥、大宝肥,或同时加入三种大量元素,或沼液与标液各一半均能提高可溶性蛋白含量;除沼液与标液各一半外,其他各处理可溶性糖含量较标液低,向沼液中加入尿素、P、K、Fe等营养元素均可以提高生菜中可溶性糖的含量。
4、各处理重金属含量均符合国家蔬菜重金属含量限量标准,用沼液配制的各处理重金属含量均较标液高。
With the energy crisis intensified and the global environment pollution deteriorated, biogas technology, as a cheap biomass energy with high quality, not only can ease the current and future energy crisis, but also can effectively solve some of pollution problem. Therefore methane fermentation technology has been widely concerned and highlighted, and more and more being used in the practice. But he promotion of methane fermentation technology produced large amount of fermentation residues. After-treatment of the remnants of fermentation become a major problem.
As large amount of fertilizers and pesticides used in vegetable production, some qualities of vegetable such as flavor, taste, nutritional quality, safety, etc.,worsened. The demand for pollution-free agricultural products, green agricultural products and organic products grow rapidly, and so do the demand for organic fertilizer. The biogas residues used in crops cultivation meet this demand.
The main purpose of this test is to made biogas slurry into the nutrient solution for hydroponics of lettuce, through diluting and adding some elements. The lettuce variety we chooce for the test is bolting tolerant lettuce produced by Guangzhou Hennessy Seed Co., Ltd. We analysed the yield, quality and heavy metal content of the lettuce, and reached the following conclusions:
1. The nutrients contained in the biogas slurry can meet the basic needs of the growth and developments of lettuce; cultivating lettuce with different concentration of biogas slurry, the one diluted 10 times can get the highest output; the relative growth rate analysis showed that as the increase of concentration, the relative growth rate increasd first and then reduced. We can get the biggest relative growth rate at A4 in the first two measureme, and at A5 in the latter two. It reveals that the concentration of the biogas slurry can be higher appropriately later.
2. Adding Fe into biogas slurry can increase the output very significantly, and the increasing rate is 75.18%; adding K, P can increase the output significantly, and the rates are 45.45%, 88.66%; adding the large number of elements or joining biogas slurry and the standard nutrient solution at the ratio of 1 to 1 can significantly increase the output of lettuce, and the rate is 45.45% and 88.66%; adding various of nutrients to make it reach the standard proportion can increase the yield significantly, and the rate is 29.44%; other treatment can not improve the output significantly. It reveals that joinging half of biogas slurry and half of the standard nutrent solution, the output has no significant difference with the one that of the standard nutrient solution. That is the output of the nutrient made of boigas slurry can reach the level of the standard nutrient solution. Adding a variety of chemical fertilizer to biogas slurry, adding urea can significantly increase the output of lettuce, and the increasing rate is 19.85%; adding ternary compound fertilizer can improve the output significantly, and the rate is 37.92%; adding fertilizer Dabao can not improve the output significantly.
3. Nitrate content of every treatment made of biogas slurry is obviously lower than standard nutrition; adding urea, ternary compound fertilizer, or joining biogas slurry and standard nutrient solution can increase the nitrate content obviously; adding urea, P, K, or joining slurry and the standard nutrient solution, or adding various of nutrients to make it reach the standard proportion can increase Vc content; adding urea, K, ternary compound fertilizer, Dabao fertilizer or adding three large number elements, or joining biogas slurry and standard nutrition at 1:1 can all increase soluble protein content; except for joining biogas slurry and standard nutrient solution, soluble protein contents of the other treatments are all lower than standard nutrient solution, adding urea, P, K and Fe can increase the soluble protein contents.
4. The heavy metal content of every treatment are in line with national standards limit, the heavy metal content of every treatment made of biogas slurry is high than that of the standard nutrient solution.
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58.张无故,孙世中,谢建.厌氧消化液用作花卉有机肥的开发研究-厌氧消化残留物活性物质评述.农村能源,1999,(4):14-16
59.张晓辉.沼肥在防治农作物病虫害方面的应用.农村能源,1994,6:23-24
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64.朱凤林,刘景春.农业专家系统的应用与发展.厦门科技,1998,(5):35
65.朱惠芬等.沼气肥的养分性质、特点及质量的影响因子.中国沼气,1984(1):16-19
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68.E.Porpatham,A.Ramesh,B.Nagalingam,Effect of hydrogen addition on the performance of a biogas fuelled spark ignition engine;International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32(2007) 2057-2065.
69.Eiamann F.Effect of free phosphine on anaerobic digestion.Water Research,1997,31(11):2771-2774
70.Jiang W.et al.Development Of Soilless Culture In Mainland China.Transactions of the CSAE.2001,17(1):10-15
71.Peter W.Anaerobic waste digestion in Germany-Status and recent developments.Biosdegradation,2000,11(6):415-421
72.Phan M.D.,Kanit W.,Study on biogas premixed charge diesel dual fuelled engine;Energy Conversion and Management 48(2007)2286-2308.
73.Singh K.,Jatinder H.,Sooch P.,Comparative study of economics of different models of family size biogas plants for state of Punjab,India.Energy Conservation and Management,2004,45(10):1329-1341
74.Wang Q.Secure Frist Report on Study of Adding Biomass Slurry in The Pigs Feed.China.Biogas,1990,(12):36
75.Weiland P..Anaerobic waste digesting in Germany-status and recent development.Biodegredation,2000,(11):415-421
76.Y.Lafay,B.Taupin,G.Martins,G.Cabot,B.Renou,A.Boukhalfa,Experimental study of biogas combustion using a gas turbine configuration;Exp Fluids(2007)43:395-410
77. Zhang P., Jia G., Wang G. Contribution to emission reduction of CO2 and SO2 by household biogas construction in rural China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(2007)1903-1912
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57.张无敌.沼气发酵残留物利用基础.昆明:云南科技出版社,2002:30-32
58.张无故,孙世中,谢建.厌氧消化液用作花卉有机肥的开发研究-厌氧消化残留物活性物质评述.农村能源,1999,(4):14-16
59.张晓辉.沼肥在防治农作物病虫害方面的应用.农村能源,1994,6:23-24
60.张岳.沼气及其发酵物在生态农业中的在综合应用.农业环境保护,1998,17(2):94-95
61.赵春江,杨刚.农业专家系统现状与未来.计算机与农业,1992,(2):1-7
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63.朱斌成等.沼液浸种对增强水稻秧苗抗冷害机理的研究.中国沼气,1997,15(1):17-20
64.朱凤林,刘景春.农业专家系统的应用与发展.厦门科技,1998,(5):35
65.朱惠芬等.沼气肥的养分性质、特点及质量的影响因子.中国沼气,1984(1):16-19
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71.Peter W.Anaerobic waste digestion in Germany-Status and recent developments.Biosdegradation,2000,11(6):415-421
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73.Singh K.,Jatinder H.,Sooch P.,Comparative study of economics of different models of family size biogas plants for state of Punjab,India.Energy Conservation and Management,2004,45(10):1329-1341
74.Wang Q.Secure Frist Report on Study of Adding Biomass Slurry in The Pigs Feed.China.Biogas,1990,(12):36
75.Weiland P..Anaerobic waste digesting in Germany-status and recent development.Biodegredation,2000,(11):415-421
76.Y.Lafay,B.Taupin,G.Martins,G.Cabot,B.Renou,A.Boukhalfa,Experimental study of biogas combustion using a gas turbine configuration;Exp Fluids(2007)43:395-410
77. Zhang P., Jia G., Wang G. Contribution to emission reduction of CO2 and SO2 by household biogas construction in rural China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11(2007)1903-1912