巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区近20年土地沙漠化遥感监测研究
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摘要
巴丹吉林沙漠是世界第三大、中国第二大沙漠,地处中亚干旱与半干旱气候中心,是我国北方沙尘暴发生的最主要沙源地之一。近半个世纪以来,在西风环流、冬夏季风特别是冬季风、气候变化与人类活动影响下,巴丹吉林沙漠流动沙丘不断扩张,其边缘地区土地沙漠化发生发展十分活跃,且与其东南部的腾格里沙漠、东部的乌兰布和沙漠形成“握手”之势,直接影响了内蒙古额济纳旗、阿拉善右旗、甘肃省民勤县、高台县、临泽县等地区的人民生活与社会发展。
本研究以地球系统科学思想为指导,以巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区土地沙漠化时空变化为研究对象,以近20a的卫星遥感资料、气象观测资料、社会经济资料等为分析基础,结合实地调查与试验研究,在分析了沙漠化土地地物光谱特征、对比探讨了土地沙漠化遥感监测不同方法的适用性、精确性的基础上,对巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区土地沙漠化现状及近20a来沙漠化土地时空变化特征、土地沙漠化与气候变化和人类活动相互作用关系进行了多学科交叉综合研究。旨在建立基于遥感的及时迅速的土地沙漠化监测体系,为沙漠化防治提供对策建议,促进区域自然、生态环境、人类活动可持续发展。主要研究结果和结论有以下几点：
(1)野外光谱测量数据显示,沙面反射率在350-760nm可见光区段持续增加,760-1000nm较平稳,之后呈波浪式变化；在350-1050nm,沙面反射率表现出随着颜色加深粒度增大而逐渐增大的基本趋势；随着植被覆盖度减小,其地表反射率在可见光波段350-700nm逐渐减小,在近红外波段700-1050nm逐渐增大；在近红外波段700-1050nm区间,土地沙漠化程度越严重,其地表反射率越大,植被通过其在近红外波段的波谱特征响应了其在地表景观层面上对沙漠化程度的指示作用。
(2)对试验区1、2各分类方法的总体精度和Kappa系数分析表明,特征空间法在两个试验区中的总体精度和kappa系数均最大,其中在试验区2其总体分类精度达到76.99%,kappa系数达到0.6825；对各方法误差来源分析表明,各类别地表景观的复杂性、异质性和破碎性,以及不同程度沙漠化土地之间的差异性小、对比度低,是导致分类精度降低的主要因素；针对具体监测区域和不同的监测任务,各方法的适用性有所不同,各种基于植被指数、植被盖度的分类方法在植被覆盖较好的半干旱、半湿润地区的分类效果好,且适合高精度、系统、综合的沙漠化监测任务。
(3) 2010年巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区土地沙漠化程度从沙漠边界到其外围区域逐渐减小,其中以极重度沙漠化和重度沙漠化土地为主,中度沙漠化土地较少,轻度沙漠化土地分布最少；1990至2000年,巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区沙漠化土地整体上表现出增长趋势,沙漠化土地的蔓延与沙漠化程度的加重并存；2000至2010年,巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区沙漠化土地整体上表现出减少趋势,沙漠化土地的逆转程度大于扩展程度；对巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区的气候资料和人类活动分析表明,自然环境因素是沙漠化正逆过程时空变化的环境背景,人为因素对研究区沙漠化的正逆过程起到加剧和减缓作用。
Badain Jaran Desert, which is located in the center of arid and semi-arid climate region in middle Asian, is the world's third largest, China's second largest desert, and is also one of the strongest dust storms source in northern China. Nearly half a century, under the influence of the westerly circulation, winter and summer monsoon wind, especially in the winter monsoon wind, climate change and human activities, the sand dunes in Badain Jaran Desert were expanding continuously, and a large number of lands on the edge of the desert were desertified actively. In this situation, Badain Jaran Desert gradually closed to the Tengger Desert in its southeastern and Ulan Buh Desert in its east and directly impacted on the people's livelihood and social development of Ejinaqi, Cosby in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Minqin County, Gaotai County, Linze County in Gansu Province.
In this study, we had the theory of Earth System Science as a guide, the spatial and temporal dynamic changes of desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert as the research objects, and nearly 20a of the satellite remote sensing data, meteorological data and socio-economic data as the based analysis.Combined with field survey and experimental study, we analysed the spectral characteristics of desertified land, compared and discussed the accuracy and applicability of different methods monitored desertification on the base of remote sensing imagery, and with the methods of integrated interdisciplinary study, researched the features of spatial and temporal dynamic changes of desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert in recent 20a and the interaction between these changes and climate change and human activities. We aimed to establish promptly monitoring system of desertification based on remote sensing for providing suggestions of desertification prevention and promoting the sustainable development among regional nature, ecological environment and human activities.
Key results and conclusions were as follows:
(1) After analyzing field spectral experimental data, we found that reflectance of sand increased at 350～760nm visible spectral region, relatively stabilized at 760～1000nm spectral region, and followed by a wavy change. The reflectance of sand shown a basic trend of gradually increasing as its color deepened and its granularity enlarged. As the fraction of vegetation coverage decreased, the surface reflectance gradually decreased at 350～700nm visible spectral region and increased at 700～1050nm near-infrared spectral region. And at 700～1050nm near-infrared spectral region, the more serious desertification, the greater its surface reflectance. Vegetation indicated to the degree of desertification in the the exterior level of landscape through its interior spectral characteristics at near-infrared region.
(2) After analyzing the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of each classification method on test area 1 and 2, we found that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient from feature space method were the best in both two test areas and separately to 76.99% and 0.6825 in the test area 2. The major factors in reducing the classification accuracy included the complexity, heterogeneity and fragmentation of each degree desertification landscape, as well as the small difference and low contrast among different degree desertified lands. The applicability of each method was different for specific monitoring regions and tasks. These classification methods based on vegetation indices had high accuracy in semi-arid and sub-humid regions with good vegetation condition and were good for the high accuracy, systematic and comprehensive desertification monitoring tasks.
(3) The degree of desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert gradually decreased from desert boundary regions to outside regions in 2010. The land of very severe desertification and severe desertification accounted for the main part, and of moderate and slight desertification were both less. From 1990 to 2000, the desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert displayed a growth trend that the spread and the severity of desertification were coexistence. From 2000 to 2010, the desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert expressed a decreasing trend that the reverse of desertification was greater than the expansion of it. The analysis of meteorological data and human activity indicated that the natural environment was the background of desertification process and human factors had an effect of aggravating or mitigating the process of desertification in the study area.
本研究以地球系统科学思想为指导,以巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区土地沙漠化时空变化为研究对象,以近20a的卫星遥感资料、气象观测资料、社会经济资料等为分析基础,结合实地调查与试验研究,在分析了沙漠化土地地物光谱特征、对比探讨了土地沙漠化遥感监测不同方法的适用性、精确性的基础上,对巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区土地沙漠化现状及近20a来沙漠化土地时空变化特征、土地沙漠化与气候变化和人类活动相互作用关系进行了多学科交叉综合研究。旨在建立基于遥感的及时迅速的土地沙漠化监测体系,为沙漠化防治提供对策建议,促进区域自然、生态环境、人类活动可持续发展。主要研究结果和结论有以下几点：
(1)野外光谱测量数据显示,沙面反射率在350-760nm可见光区段持续增加,760-1000nm较平稳,之后呈波浪式变化；在350-1050nm,沙面反射率表现出随着颜色加深粒度增大而逐渐增大的基本趋势；随着植被覆盖度减小,其地表反射率在可见光波段350-700nm逐渐减小,在近红外波段700-1050nm逐渐增大；在近红外波段700-1050nm区间,土地沙漠化程度越严重,其地表反射率越大,植被通过其在近红外波段的波谱特征响应了其在地表景观层面上对沙漠化程度的指示作用。
(2)对试验区1、2各分类方法的总体精度和Kappa系数分析表明,特征空间法在两个试验区中的总体精度和kappa系数均最大,其中在试验区2其总体分类精度达到76.99%,kappa系数达到0.6825；对各方法误差来源分析表明,各类别地表景观的复杂性、异质性和破碎性,以及不同程度沙漠化土地之间的差异性小、对比度低,是导致分类精度降低的主要因素；针对具体监测区域和不同的监测任务,各方法的适用性有所不同,各种基于植被指数、植被盖度的分类方法在植被覆盖较好的半干旱、半湿润地区的分类效果好,且适合高精度、系统、综合的沙漠化监测任务。
(3) 2010年巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区土地沙漠化程度从沙漠边界到其外围区域逐渐减小,其中以极重度沙漠化和重度沙漠化土地为主,中度沙漠化土地较少,轻度沙漠化土地分布最少；1990至2000年,巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区沙漠化土地整体上表现出增长趋势,沙漠化土地的蔓延与沙漠化程度的加重并存；2000至2010年,巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区沙漠化土地整体上表现出减少趋势,沙漠化土地的逆转程度大于扩展程度；对巴丹吉林沙漠边缘地区的气候资料和人类活动分析表明,自然环境因素是沙漠化正逆过程时空变化的环境背景,人为因素对研究区沙漠化的正逆过程起到加剧和减缓作用。
Badain Jaran Desert, which is located in the center of arid and semi-arid climate region in middle Asian, is the world's third largest, China's second largest desert, and is also one of the strongest dust storms source in northern China. Nearly half a century, under the influence of the westerly circulation, winter and summer monsoon wind, especially in the winter monsoon wind, climate change and human activities, the sand dunes in Badain Jaran Desert were expanding continuously, and a large number of lands on the edge of the desert were desertified actively. In this situation, Badain Jaran Desert gradually closed to the Tengger Desert in its southeastern and Ulan Buh Desert in its east and directly impacted on the people's livelihood and social development of Ejinaqi, Cosby in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Minqin County, Gaotai County, Linze County in Gansu Province.
In this study, we had the theory of Earth System Science as a guide, the spatial and temporal dynamic changes of desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert as the research objects, and nearly 20a of the satellite remote sensing data, meteorological data and socio-economic data as the based analysis.Combined with field survey and experimental study, we analysed the spectral characteristics of desertified land, compared and discussed the accuracy and applicability of different methods monitored desertification on the base of remote sensing imagery, and with the methods of integrated interdisciplinary study, researched the features of spatial and temporal dynamic changes of desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert in recent 20a and the interaction between these changes and climate change and human activities. We aimed to establish promptly monitoring system of desertification based on remote sensing for providing suggestions of desertification prevention and promoting the sustainable development among regional nature, ecological environment and human activities.
Key results and conclusions were as follows:
(1) After analyzing field spectral experimental data, we found that reflectance of sand increased at 350～760nm visible spectral region, relatively stabilized at 760～1000nm spectral region, and followed by a wavy change. The reflectance of sand shown a basic trend of gradually increasing as its color deepened and its granularity enlarged. As the fraction of vegetation coverage decreased, the surface reflectance gradually decreased at 350～700nm visible spectral region and increased at 700～1050nm near-infrared spectral region. And at 700～1050nm near-infrared spectral region, the more serious desertification, the greater its surface reflectance. Vegetation indicated to the degree of desertification in the the exterior level of landscape through its interior spectral characteristics at near-infrared region.
(2) After analyzing the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of each classification method on test area 1 and 2, we found that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient from feature space method were the best in both two test areas and separately to 76.99% and 0.6825 in the test area 2. The major factors in reducing the classification accuracy included the complexity, heterogeneity and fragmentation of each degree desertification landscape, as well as the small difference and low contrast among different degree desertified lands. The applicability of each method was different for specific monitoring regions and tasks. These classification methods based on vegetation indices had high accuracy in semi-arid and sub-humid regions with good vegetation condition and were good for the high accuracy, systematic and comprehensive desertification monitoring tasks.
(3) The degree of desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert gradually decreased from desert boundary regions to outside regions in 2010. The land of very severe desertification and severe desertification accounted for the main part, and of moderate and slight desertification were both less. From 1990 to 2000, the desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert displayed a growth trend that the spread and the severity of desertification were coexistence. From 2000 to 2010, the desertification on the edge of Badain Jaran Desert expressed a decreasing trend that the reverse of desertification was greater than the expansion of it. The analysis of meteorological data and human activity indicated that the natural environment was the background of desertification process and human factors had an effect of aggravating or mitigating the process of desertification in the study area.
引文
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