复杂情况下等值线的生成和处理
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摘要
等值线图是在石油勘探开发、采矿、地质、地球物理、地球化学和气象等领域等工程和技术领域内应用极广的一种图形,是众多领域成果表示的重要图件之一,它是一种形和数的统一。
本文主要研究了以下两个方面的内容:约束边界下等值线的生成和处理;含断层情况下等值线的生成。
本文对基于格网的等值线生成方法进行了改进。在网格化过程中加入一个特殊值区分研究区域内和研究区域外的格网单元;并在等值线的追踪过程中对约束边界所在格网单元进行处理,实现约束边界下等值线的绘制;最后使用Bezier曲线法对等值线进行光滑处理。
对于数据稀少,且有复杂断层的断块工区,由于断层的存在,研究区域被切割成独立的断块。本文基于断层恢复的思想提出一种新的断层网格化方法。根据已知的断层落差信息建立地层面的垂直位移网格,将研究区域内的离散采样点校正到断层产生前的空间位置,消除断层存在所带来的影响。然后使用复原后的数据插值得到一个连续的原始地层网格数据体。再将两网格数据体相加,从而得到考虑断层影响的网格化数据。在整个过程中,垂直位移网格的建立是关键问题,通过对距离反比加权法进行改进,加入一个角度因子来调节断层上每个控制点对地层面上任一点的插值贡献,实现垂直位移网格的建立。在等值线的绘制过程中,采用外推法来对带断层线的网格进行处理,完成含断层情况下等值线的生成。
The isoline graph has been widely used in engineering and technique field, such as oil exploration development, mining, geology, physical geography, geochemistry and meteorology, and it is one of the important maps that the achievement of many fields show. It also unifies shape and data.
The paper mainly researches the following two contents: one is the isoline's generation in constrained border position, and two is in the fault block position.
The paper improves the isoline generation based on the gird. We add a particular value to differentiate the grid unit in the intra-field and the external field in the process of the grid, and deal with the grid unit in the constrained borders in the process of the isoline trace to realize the isoline's draft, and finally we use the Bezier method to handle the smooth problem of the isoline.
As for rare data and block work area with complicated fault block, the investigative area has been cut into independent block as the fault block exists. In this paper, a new method of the fault block grid based on fault block reinstatement's idea is proposed. We set up the vertical displacement of the ground floor using the fault block's head drop information to regulate the discrete simple points in the investigative area into the spatial site before the fault block is generated and to remove the influence that the fault block causes, and finally we get a subsequent original ground floor's gird data cube by using renatured data interpolation, and add the two grid data cube to gain the grid data. In the whole process, the vertical displacement grid's establishment is the key problem, so we improve it by applying the distance inverse ratio's weighting method, that is, we add an angle factor to regulate every controlling point that influences any one point on the ground floor, on the fault block, and implement the establishment of the vertical displacement grid. In the process of the isoline draw, we apply extrapolation to deal with the grid with the fault block line to finish the isoline generation with the fault block.
本文主要研究了以下两个方面的内容:约束边界下等值线的生成和处理;含断层情况下等值线的生成。
本文对基于格网的等值线生成方法进行了改进。在网格化过程中加入一个特殊值区分研究区域内和研究区域外的格网单元;并在等值线的追踪过程中对约束边界所在格网单元进行处理,实现约束边界下等值线的绘制;最后使用Bezier曲线法对等值线进行光滑处理。
对于数据稀少,且有复杂断层的断块工区,由于断层的存在,研究区域被切割成独立的断块。本文基于断层恢复的思想提出一种新的断层网格化方法。根据已知的断层落差信息建立地层面的垂直位移网格,将研究区域内的离散采样点校正到断层产生前的空间位置,消除断层存在所带来的影响。然后使用复原后的数据插值得到一个连续的原始地层网格数据体。再将两网格数据体相加,从而得到考虑断层影响的网格化数据。在整个过程中,垂直位移网格的建立是关键问题,通过对距离反比加权法进行改进,加入一个角度因子来调节断层上每个控制点对地层面上任一点的插值贡献,实现垂直位移网格的建立。在等值线的绘制过程中,采用外推法来对带断层线的网格进行处理,完成含断层情况下等值线的生成。
The isoline graph has been widely used in engineering and technique field, such as oil exploration development, mining, geology, physical geography, geochemistry and meteorology, and it is one of the important maps that the achievement of many fields show. It also unifies shape and data.
The paper mainly researches the following two contents: one is the isoline's generation in constrained border position, and two is in the fault block position.
The paper improves the isoline generation based on the gird. We add a particular value to differentiate the grid unit in the intra-field and the external field in the process of the grid, and deal with the grid unit in the constrained borders in the process of the isoline trace to realize the isoline's draft, and finally we use the Bezier method to handle the smooth problem of the isoline.
As for rare data and block work area with complicated fault block, the investigative area has been cut into independent block as the fault block exists. In this paper, a new method of the fault block grid based on fault block reinstatement's idea is proposed. We set up the vertical displacement of the ground floor using the fault block's head drop information to regulate the discrete simple points in the investigative area into the spatial site before the fault block is generated and to remove the influence that the fault block causes, and finally we get a subsequent original ground floor's gird data cube by using renatured data interpolation, and add the two grid data cube to gain the grid data. In the whole process, the vertical displacement grid's establishment is the key problem, so we improve it by applying the distance inverse ratio's weighting method, that is, we add an angle factor to regulate every controlling point that influences any one point on the ground floor, on the fault block, and implement the establishment of the vertical displacement grid. In the process of the isoline draw, we apply extrapolation to deal with the grid with the fault block line to finish the isoline generation with the fault block.
引文
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[2]龚建雅.地理信息系统基础[M].北京:科技出版社,2001
[3]王家耀,崔铁军,苗国强.数字高程模型及其数据结构[J].海洋测绘,2004,24(3):1-4
[4]Michael B.Gousie,Wm.Randolph Franklin.Constructing a DEM from grid-based data by computing intermediate contours[J].Proceedings of the 11th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems,2003,11:71-77
[5]Sharon Shin,Eric Landis.Enabling data interoperability through metadata[J].Proceedings of the 2004 annual national conference on Digital govemment research,2004,5:1-2
[6]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001
[7]Julie Charleux-Demargne,Christian Puech.Quality assessment for drainage networks and watershed boundaries extraction from a digital elevation model (DEM)[J].Proceedings of the 8th ACM intemational symposium on Advances in geographic information systems,2000,89-94
[8]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
[9]闵卫东,唐泽圣.二维Delaunay三角划分的平均形态比最大性质[J].计算机学报(增刊),1994,17:20-25
[10]薛涛.等值线格网算法的改进[D].北京:中国地质大学.2005
[11]林怡,陈鹰.一种数字高程模型生成系统的研究[J].测绘学院学报,2000,9:187-190
[12]蒋红斐,詹振炎.利用锥构建DTM生成算法研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,4:120-126
[13]胡金星,吴焕萍,潘懋.基于格网划分的海量DEM数据生成[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学报,2004,16(1):41-44
[14]Janos Kalmar.DEM-based Surface and Volume Approximation-Geographical Application[J].Computer & Geosciences,1995,21(2):147-163
[15]吴焕萍,潘懋,胡金星.规则格网DTM快速构建算法研究[J].计算机应用研究,2004,6:26-28
[16]吴焕萍,潘懋,胡金星.基于空间索引的规则格网DTM内插算法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(1):43-46
[17]Jon Louis Bentley.K-d trees for semidynamic point sets[J].Proceedings of the sixth annual symposium on Computational geometry,1990,6:187-197
[18]Tim Foley,Jeremy Sugerman.KD-tree acceleration structures for a GPU raytracer[J].Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS conference on Graphics hardware,2005,6:15-22
[19]刘斌.地形图等高线的自动绘制.全国水力水电测绘科技学术交流会,1998,10:79-80
[20]吴立新,史文中.地理信息系统原理与算法[M].科学出版社,2003
[21]宋丽娟,龚晓峰,钟猛.基于网格法的等值线绘制方法[J].现代电子技术,2005,14:65-67
[22]王永会,宋晓宇,栾方军.基于网格的等值线图快速生成算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2001,17:124-125
[23]王涛,雷蓉.从规则高程格网中提取等高线的优化算法研究[J].地理信息世界,2006,1:39-44
[24]王延亮,王明爽.新型曲线光滑法-切线抹角法[J].测绘通报,2005,3:52-54
[25]R.J.Renka.Algorithm 716;TSPACK:tension spline curve-fitting package[J].ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software.1993,19(1):81-94
[26]Vilmos Horvat,Mladen Rogina.Tension spline collocation methods for singularly perturbed Volterra integro-differential and Volterra integral equations[J].Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics.2002:381-402
[27]邓曙光,李婉.曲线光滑的张力样条插值法VC实现[J].工程地球物理学报,2005,5(2):387-390
[28]苗润忠.光滑的等值线生成算法[J].长春理工大学学报,2004,27(1):16-18
[29]Gerald Farin.Class A Bezier curves[J].Computer Aided Geometric Design.2006,23(7):537-581
[30]邓德祥,苗京,吴章华.光滑条件约束下密集等高线识别算法研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1998,23(1):36-39
[31]Qi-Xing Huang,Shi-Min Hu,Ralph R.Martin.Fast degree elevation and knot insertion for B-spline curves[J].Computer Aided Geometric Design.2005, 22(2):183-197
[32]董玉杰,彦伟达,马远乐.油藏数值模拟中复杂等值线图的绘制方法研究[J].计算机仿真,2007,24(7):220-224
[33]刘传志,张华,张亚男.等高线自动绘制中断层处理的新方法[J].海洋测绘,2005,25(3):70-73
[34]王家华,高海余,周叶克.里金地质绘图技术[M].石油工业出版社,1999
[35]卢传贤.实用计算机图形学[M].西南交通大 学出版社,1996
[36]孙家广.计算机图形学[M].清华大学出版社,1999
[37]朱庆,陈楚江.不规则三角网的快速建立及其动态更新[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1998,23(3):204-207
[38]易红.逆断层地质等值线构造系统的设计与实现[D].西安:西北大学,2002
[39]曹代勇,李青元,朱小弟.地质构造三维可视化模型探讨[J].地址与勘探,2001,37(4):60-62
[40]Sohler C.Fast Reconstruction of Delaunay Triangulations[J].Computational Geometry,2005,31:166-178
[41]吴宇晓,张登荣.生成Delaunay三角网的快速合成算法[J].浙江大学学报,2004,31(3):343-348
[42]赵文芳.离散点集Delaunay三角网生成算法改进与软件开发[J].测绘工程,2003,12(4):22-25
[43]宋占峰,蒲浩,詹振炎.基于三角网数字地面模型快速定位算法的研究[J].中国铁道科学,2002,23(1):63-66
[44]邵春丽,胡鹏,黄承义,等.Delaunay三角网的算法详述及其应用发展前景[J].测绘科学,2004,29(6):68-71
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