三维地形可视域分析及显示技术的研究与实现
摘要
随着计算机真实感图形技术的发展,采用三维技术表示地形变得越来越普遍。3DGIS中的地理相关信息的分析和显示是主要的功能,对空间对象进行三维空间分析和操作,是三维GIS的重要特点,可视域分析是其中一部分。可视域分析的应用非常广泛,如电视塔最佳位置的选择以及雷达站的设置等。利用三维地理信息技术(3D GIS)来辅助移动通信基站的选址,可以形象直观地显示站址的位置及其通信覆盖范围,多站址之间覆盖范围的重合区域等。方便使用人员直观了解不同站址位置对通讯的影响,更好的对移动通讯基站进行合理的安排。
针对可视域分析及其结果的显示,本文主要讨论了:首先,采用真实DEM数据生成三维地形,并在生成的三维地形上进行纹理映射,增强真实感,满足实际需要并达到身临其境的效果。三维地形的形成与显示是所有工作的基础,所有的分析与操作都是在这个平台上实现的;然后通过Java3D中的拾取技术实现用户交互方式获得观察点。以获得的观察点为预设的基站位置,采用参考面法对地形进行可视域分析,该算法简单且不存在冗余计算,运算速度也比较快;第三,可视域分析结果的显示是直观反映通讯基站覆盖范围的关键,通过对可视域范围内点集合的三角网构造,形成新的数据模型,通过对数据的调整和显示时颜色、透明度等参数的设置可以减少对三维地形、地貌显示和用户后期交互操作的影响。最后,为了增加系统的交互性能,设计了菜单,工具栏,标签页和滚动条等,用户可以方便的操作。此外,针对应用需要,本文还实现地表面积计算和平面面积计算功能。
Analyzing and displaying geo-related information are the major functions in 3D GIS. 3D spatial analysis and operation for spatial object is important characteristic of 3D GIS, viewsheds analyze is part of it. The application of viewsheds analyze is as very broad as television tower the best location choice , radar station site and so on. Make use of 3D GIS to assist base station selections location, it can visually understand station site , coverage range, overlap region between sites coverage and so on. To make convenience for user to intuitively understand of the different sites location of the impact on communications, and be better on the mobile communication base station to carry out reasonable arrangements.
Domain for viewsheds analyzing and the results displaying. The main content of paper: First of all, the real DEM data come into being three-dimensional terrain, and the generated three-dimensional terrain on texture mapping, enhanced realism, Such is realistic needing to reach the effect being personally on the scene at present.. The formation and display of three-dimensional terrain are the basis of all the work, all analysis and operation all are to come true on this platform.; And then, making use of picking up technology in Java 3D to get a viewpoint, reaching interactive with user. To obtain the observation point as the default location of the base station, making use of the algorithm based on reference planes to viewsheds analyze terrain. The algorithm is simple , no redundancy calculation and very fast computering speed. Third, displaying the result of viewsheds analyze is key of intuitively reflecting the communication base station coverage. Through constructing point set triangulation in viewsheds domain to formatting a new data model. Through adjusting data , colour and transparency and other parameters in displaying can reduce effect on 3D terrain ,Iandform displaying and later user interaction. At last, for increasing system interactive function, designs menu, toolbar, label, scrollbar and so on, the user can operate conveniently. Besides, this paper also achieve the function of surface area calculate and plane area calculate to be aimed at application needs.
针对可视域分析及其结果的显示,本文主要讨论了:首先,采用真实DEM数据生成三维地形,并在生成的三维地形上进行纹理映射,增强真实感,满足实际需要并达到身临其境的效果。三维地形的形成与显示是所有工作的基础,所有的分析与操作都是在这个平台上实现的;然后通过Java3D中的拾取技术实现用户交互方式获得观察点。以获得的观察点为预设的基站位置,采用参考面法对地形进行可视域分析,该算法简单且不存在冗余计算,运算速度也比较快;第三,可视域分析结果的显示是直观反映通讯基站覆盖范围的关键,通过对可视域范围内点集合的三角网构造,形成新的数据模型,通过对数据的调整和显示时颜色、透明度等参数的设置可以减少对三维地形、地貌显示和用户后期交互操作的影响。最后,为了增加系统的交互性能,设计了菜单,工具栏,标签页和滚动条等,用户可以方便的操作。此外,针对应用需要,本文还实现地表面积计算和平面面积计算功能。
Analyzing and displaying geo-related information are the major functions in 3D GIS. 3D spatial analysis and operation for spatial object is important characteristic of 3D GIS, viewsheds analyze is part of it. The application of viewsheds analyze is as very broad as television tower the best location choice , radar station site and so on. Make use of 3D GIS to assist base station selections location, it can visually understand station site , coverage range, overlap region between sites coverage and so on. To make convenience for user to intuitively understand of the different sites location of the impact on communications, and be better on the mobile communication base station to carry out reasonable arrangements.
Domain for viewsheds analyzing and the results displaying. The main content of paper: First of all, the real DEM data come into being three-dimensional terrain, and the generated three-dimensional terrain on texture mapping, enhanced realism, Such is realistic needing to reach the effect being personally on the scene at present.. The formation and display of three-dimensional terrain are the basis of all the work, all analysis and operation all are to come true on this platform.; And then, making use of picking up technology in Java 3D to get a viewpoint, reaching interactive with user. To obtain the observation point as the default location of the base station, making use of the algorithm based on reference planes to viewsheds analyze terrain. The algorithm is simple , no redundancy calculation and very fast computering speed. Third, displaying the result of viewsheds analyze is key of intuitively reflecting the communication base station coverage. Through constructing point set triangulation in viewsheds domain to formatting a new data model. Through adjusting data , colour and transparency and other parameters in displaying can reduce effect on 3D terrain ,Iandform displaying and later user interaction. At last, for increasing system interactive function, designs menu, toolbar, label, scrollbar and so on, the user can operate conveniently. Besides, this paper also achieve the function of surface area calculate and plane area calculate to be aimed at application needs.
引文
[1]施加松,刘建忠.3D GIS技术研究发展综述.测绘科学,2005,10(5):117-119.
[2]吴焕萍,潘懋等.浅析3维地理信息系统技术,地理信息世界,2005,3(1).
[3]李勇,郝向阳,西勤.三维地理信息相关技术研究.测绘科学,2001,26(4):26-29.
[4]肖乐斌,龚建华等.线性四叉树和线性八又树邻域寻找的一种新算法.测绘学报,1998,27(3):195-203.
[5]唐泽圣,孙延奎,邓俊辉.科学计算可视化理论与应用研究进展.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(4/5).
[6]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化.清华大学出版社,2000.
[7]罗海平,罗红兵等.OpenGL图形程序设计与应用环境,国防科技大学出版社,1999.
[8]戴晨光.基于多源遥感数据的多要素三维景观虚拟现实技术研究.解放军测绘学院,1999.
[9]Armin Gruen TOBAGO.A Semi-automated approach for the generation of 3D building models.ISPRS journal of Photogrammetry.and Remote sensing,1998:53-57.
[10]张祖勋.张剑清,张世兴.单像房屋三维重建.2001年两岸自动化数字工程测量研讨会论文集,2001:343-349.
[11]H zhao.Reconstructing of textured urban 3D model by fusing ground-based laser range image and video.In:Proceeding of UM3,Japan,1998:3.
[12]Kia Ng.An integrated multi-sensory system for photo-realistic 3D scene reconstruction.International Archives of Photo-grammetry and Remote sensing,1998:198-202.
[13]Burrough P A,Medoneel R A.Principles of Geographical Information System.England:Oxford University.Press,1998:371-374.
[14]Li Rongxing,Xu Changshi.An algorithm for searching boundaryo ctants in 3D geological subsurface modeling.Geographic Information Sciences:1998,1(1):84-88.
[15]邬伦.地理信息系统—原理、方法、和应用.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[16]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型,武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000.
[17]吴艳兰.基于参考面的可视域算法.测绘信息与工程.2001,1:19-21.
[18]Jianjun W,Gray J.Robinson,Kevin White.Generating Viewshed Without Using Sightlines.Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,2000,66(1):87-90.
[19]张立立.基于地理信息技术的山区农村无线通信基站选址研究.电信工程技术与标准化,2004,(4):20-23.
[20]孙睿,王乘,杨文兵.基于Java及Java3D的通用有限元后处理系统研究与开发.计算机仿真,2004,21(3):153-156.
[21]Qing Xiangge,Liu Guoquan.3D Modeling and Visualization of Polycrystalline Material Microstructure at Grain Seale with Time Scale.Journal of University of Sceice and Technology Beijing,2001,23(6):519-522.
[22]彭波,孙一林.Java多媒体技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[23]Toshiaki Yokoi.Evaluation of the availability of java3d API in three—dimensional stereoscopic visualization.Journal of the Japan Soeiety for Simulation Technology,2000,19(3):157—161.
[24]吕爱民,何钦铭.Java虚拟机垃圾收集器的性能分析与调节.计算机应用与软件,2004,21(10):110-112.
[25]都志辉.JAVA3D编程实践—网络上的三维动画.北京:清华大学出版社,2002,11.
[26]Bill Day.Advantages and disadvantages to Java-to OpenGL bindings vs.Java3D API implementation from Sun.http://www.javaworld.eom/javaworld/jw-05-1999/jw-05-edi-html.1999
[27]Bruce Eckel.Java 编程思想.侯捷译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[28]丙小平,卢亚辉,杨崇俊等.矢栅一体化的三维地形可视化研究.计算机工程与应用,2002,23(20):16-18.
[29]黄有群等.JAVA3D中视点功能的应用浅析.沈阳工业大学学报,2007,29(4):442-445.
[30]OV.Omni Vision serial camera control bus(SCCB) functional specification,Document Version:2.1.[2001-12-10].http://www.ovt.com
[31]周成国,范玉山,赵修涛.基于GIS技术的沂蒙山区无线通信基站选址与网络优化.城市勘测,2005,(6):13-15.
[32]Jianjun W,Gray J.Robinson,Kevin White.Cenerating Viewsheds Without Using Sightlines.Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,2000,66(1):87-90
[33]孙家广,杨长贵编著.计算机图形学新版.北京:清华大学出版社,1998,7.
[34]郭仁忠.'94地理信息系统学术研讨会论文集.北京:'94地理信息系统学术研讨会学术组,1994.56-60.
[35]王劲峰,李连发等.地理信息空间分析体系理论探讨.地理学报,2000,55(1).
[36]朱庆.三维动态交互式可视化模型——地理信息系统中的三维表示与分析.武汉测绘大学学报,1998,23(2):124-127.
[37]Krishnan P.Monitoring coastal water systems:an integrated approach.Geoscience and Remote Seining,1997,1(1):598-600..
[38]Kyong-Ho Kim,Seung-Keol Choe,Jong- yun Park.Virtual GIS applied to urban facility management.Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2002,5(4):24-28
[39]张立强,杨崇俊,刘冬林.三维地形数据的简化与空间分析的研究.系统仿真学报,2004,16(3)608-611.
[40]周云轩,王磊.基于DEM的GIS地形分析的实现方法研究.计算机应用研究,2002,12:50-5.
[2]吴焕萍,潘懋等.浅析3维地理信息系统技术,地理信息世界,2005,3(1).
[3]李勇,郝向阳,西勤.三维地理信息相关技术研究.测绘科学,2001,26(4):26-29.
[4]肖乐斌,龚建华等.线性四叉树和线性八又树邻域寻找的一种新算法.测绘学报,1998,27(3):195-203.
[5]唐泽圣,孙延奎,邓俊辉.科学计算可视化理论与应用研究进展.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(4/5).
[6]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化.清华大学出版社,2000.
[7]罗海平,罗红兵等.OpenGL图形程序设计与应用环境,国防科技大学出版社,1999.
[8]戴晨光.基于多源遥感数据的多要素三维景观虚拟现实技术研究.解放军测绘学院,1999.
[9]Armin Gruen TOBAGO.A Semi-automated approach for the generation of 3D building models.ISPRS journal of Photogrammetry.and Remote sensing,1998:53-57.
[10]张祖勋.张剑清,张世兴.单像房屋三维重建.2001年两岸自动化数字工程测量研讨会论文集,2001:343-349.
[11]H zhao.Reconstructing of textured urban 3D model by fusing ground-based laser range image and video.In:Proceeding of UM3,Japan,1998:3.
[12]Kia Ng.An integrated multi-sensory system for photo-realistic 3D scene reconstruction.International Archives of Photo-grammetry and Remote sensing,1998:198-202.
[13]Burrough P A,Medoneel R A.Principles of Geographical Information System.England:Oxford University.Press,1998:371-374.
[14]Li Rongxing,Xu Changshi.An algorithm for searching boundaryo ctants in 3D geological subsurface modeling.Geographic Information Sciences:1998,1(1):84-88.
[15]邬伦.地理信息系统—原理、方法、和应用.北京:科学出版社,2004.
[16]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型,武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000.
[17]吴艳兰.基于参考面的可视域算法.测绘信息与工程.2001,1:19-21.
[18]Jianjun W,Gray J.Robinson,Kevin White.Generating Viewshed Without Using Sightlines.Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,2000,66(1):87-90.
[19]张立立.基于地理信息技术的山区农村无线通信基站选址研究.电信工程技术与标准化,2004,(4):20-23.
[20]孙睿,王乘,杨文兵.基于Java及Java3D的通用有限元后处理系统研究与开发.计算机仿真,2004,21(3):153-156.
[21]Qing Xiangge,Liu Guoquan.3D Modeling and Visualization of Polycrystalline Material Microstructure at Grain Seale with Time Scale.Journal of University of Sceice and Technology Beijing,2001,23(6):519-522.
[22]彭波,孙一林.Java多媒体技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[23]Toshiaki Yokoi.Evaluation of the availability of java3d API in three—dimensional stereoscopic visualization.Journal of the Japan Soeiety for Simulation Technology,2000,19(3):157—161.
[24]吕爱民,何钦铭.Java虚拟机垃圾收集器的性能分析与调节.计算机应用与软件,2004,21(10):110-112.
[25]都志辉.JAVA3D编程实践—网络上的三维动画.北京:清华大学出版社,2002,11.
[26]Bill Day.Advantages and disadvantages to Java-to OpenGL bindings vs.Java3D API implementation from Sun.http://www.javaworld.eom/javaworld/jw-05-1999/jw-05-edi-html.1999
[27]Bruce Eckel.Java 编程思想.侯捷译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[28]丙小平,卢亚辉,杨崇俊等.矢栅一体化的三维地形可视化研究.计算机工程与应用,2002,23(20):16-18.
[29]黄有群等.JAVA3D中视点功能的应用浅析.沈阳工业大学学报,2007,29(4):442-445.
[30]OV.Omni Vision serial camera control bus(SCCB) functional specification,Document Version:2.1.[2001-12-10].http://www.ovt.com
[31]周成国,范玉山,赵修涛.基于GIS技术的沂蒙山区无线通信基站选址与网络优化.城市勘测,2005,(6):13-15.
[32]Jianjun W,Gray J.Robinson,Kevin White.Cenerating Viewsheds Without Using Sightlines.Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,2000,66(1):87-90
[33]孙家广,杨长贵编著.计算机图形学新版.北京:清华大学出版社,1998,7.
[34]郭仁忠.'94地理信息系统学术研讨会论文集.北京:'94地理信息系统学术研讨会学术组,1994.56-60.
[35]王劲峰,李连发等.地理信息空间分析体系理论探讨.地理学报,2000,55(1).
[36]朱庆.三维动态交互式可视化模型——地理信息系统中的三维表示与分析.武汉测绘大学学报,1998,23(2):124-127.
[37]Krishnan P.Monitoring coastal water systems:an integrated approach.Geoscience and Remote Seining,1997,1(1):598-600..
[38]Kyong-Ho Kim,Seung-Keol Choe,Jong- yun Park.Virtual GIS applied to urban facility management.Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2002,5(4):24-28
[39]张立强,杨崇俊,刘冬林.三维地形数据的简化与空间分析的研究.系统仿真学报,2004,16(3)608-611.
[40]周云轩,王磊.基于DEM的GIS地形分析的实现方法研究.计算机应用研究,2002,12:50-5.