钢管板桩结构计算方法研究及其在深水码头中的成功实践
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摘要
由于传统板桩码头是薄壁结构,抗弯能力有限,当用于大型化深水化泊位时,板桩墙岸壁前沿水深加大,码头上部荷载以及土体自重产生的侧向土压力,使得板桩墙的弯矩和位移随着高度的增加呈几何数的增长,同时也会使建筑物的造价以同样的比例提高,致使建造深水板桩码头的困难大为增加,而且往往使得设计方案不是在技术上不可能,就是在经济上不合理。所以,如何将板桩码头应用于大型化和深水化码头的建设就成为亟待解决的重要课题。
本文查阅了国内外众多期刊、专利、规范、标准等文献,总结了传统的或新型的板桩码头的特点、实用性和优缺点,而且对这些结构的计算方法进行了研究,并根据自己的工作情况,在某码头工程中提出了钢管板桩结构。本文的主要工作包括以下几个方面:
1.介绍了钢管板桩组合体系的组成和特点,并分析了钢管板桩结构能较好适应深水化大型化泊位的原因;
2.对钢管板桩结构采用弹性地基梁法,使用弹簧单元模拟桩与土直接的关系,应用WALLAP软件对某钢管板桩码头进行静力计算,并将得到的位移结果与实际工程中的位移观测进行比较,检验使用传统的弹性地基梁计算方法是否适用于钢管板桩码头;
3.根据地震拟静力法和时程分析法,分别采用WALLAP和FLAC软件进行了地震分析,并进行了对比;
4.因钢管板桩码头在我国本土还未有出现,本文最后介绍了钢管桩码头的施工步骤和方案。
As a conventional type of sheet pile quay wall, the thin-wall structure is of limited bending capacity. While applying it to the large-scale and deeper water terminal, where the water depth increases in the apron and subject to the terminal upper load and the lateral earth pressure generated by soil dead weight, it will not only result in square growth in the pile bending moment and displacement due to the increase of quay wall height, but also the cost of construction increases on a pro-rata basis. Obviously, to use sheet pile structure in deeper water brings in great difficulty, and is liable to make the design proposal either technically impossible or economically unreasonable. As a result, how to apply the sheet pile structure to the construction of large-scale and deeper water terminal has become a burning issue to be solved in the harbor engineering filed.
After the writer have had access to substantial both foreign and domestic relevant journals, patents, codes, standards and other literature, summed up the characteristics, practicality, advantages and disadvantages of the conventional and new type of sheet pile quay wall, and carried out intensive study and research into the calculation method of these structures, he adventured a proposal for applying steel sheet pile structure in one overseas project according to his working situation and experience. This article is hence prepared and mainly covers the following aspects:
1. The composition and characteristic of steel pile and sheet pile combination system, and reason analysis on why such structure could better satisfy the large-scale and deeper water terminals;
2. The elastic foundation beam method is adopted in this article, by utilizing the spring element for simulating the direct relationship between pile and soil, and WALLAP software is applied for static calculation on the specific steel sheet pile quay wall. The displacement results obtained is compared with the actual displacement during construction observation, so as to re-check whether this conventional method is applicable to the steel sheet pile structure or not;
3. Based on the Pseudo-Static Analysis Method and Dynamic Time-history Analysis Method, respectively WALLAP and FLAC software is taken for seismic analysis, and the result is then compared;
4. As all known the steel sheet pile quay wall has never been applied in China yet, the construction steps and method statement is therefore presented in the last part of this article for kindly reference.
本文查阅了国内外众多期刊、专利、规范、标准等文献,总结了传统的或新型的板桩码头的特点、实用性和优缺点,而且对这些结构的计算方法进行了研究,并根据自己的工作情况,在某码头工程中提出了钢管板桩结构。本文的主要工作包括以下几个方面:
1.介绍了钢管板桩组合体系的组成和特点,并分析了钢管板桩结构能较好适应深水化大型化泊位的原因;
2.对钢管板桩结构采用弹性地基梁法,使用弹簧单元模拟桩与土直接的关系,应用WALLAP软件对某钢管板桩码头进行静力计算,并将得到的位移结果与实际工程中的位移观测进行比较,检验使用传统的弹性地基梁计算方法是否适用于钢管板桩码头;
3.根据地震拟静力法和时程分析法,分别采用WALLAP和FLAC软件进行了地震分析,并进行了对比;
4.因钢管板桩码头在我国本土还未有出现,本文最后介绍了钢管桩码头的施工步骤和方案。
As a conventional type of sheet pile quay wall, the thin-wall structure is of limited bending capacity. While applying it to the large-scale and deeper water terminal, where the water depth increases in the apron and subject to the terminal upper load and the lateral earth pressure generated by soil dead weight, it will not only result in square growth in the pile bending moment and displacement due to the increase of quay wall height, but also the cost of construction increases on a pro-rata basis. Obviously, to use sheet pile structure in deeper water brings in great difficulty, and is liable to make the design proposal either technically impossible or economically unreasonable. As a result, how to apply the sheet pile structure to the construction of large-scale and deeper water terminal has become a burning issue to be solved in the harbor engineering filed.
After the writer have had access to substantial both foreign and domestic relevant journals, patents, codes, standards and other literature, summed up the characteristics, practicality, advantages and disadvantages of the conventional and new type of sheet pile quay wall, and carried out intensive study and research into the calculation method of these structures, he adventured a proposal for applying steel sheet pile structure in one overseas project according to his working situation and experience. This article is hence prepared and mainly covers the following aspects:
1. The composition and characteristic of steel pile and sheet pile combination system, and reason analysis on why such structure could better satisfy the large-scale and deeper water terminals;
2. The elastic foundation beam method is adopted in this article, by utilizing the spring element for simulating the direct relationship between pile and soil, and WALLAP software is applied for static calculation on the specific steel sheet pile quay wall. The displacement results obtained is compared with the actual displacement during construction observation, so as to re-check whether this conventional method is applicable to the steel sheet pile structure or not;
3. Based on the Pseudo-Static Analysis Method and Dynamic Time-history Analysis Method, respectively WALLAP and FLAC software is taken for seismic analysis, and the result is then compared;
4. As all known the steel sheet pile quay wall has never been applied in China yet, the construction steps and method statement is therefore presented in the last part of this article for kindly reference.
引文
[1]韩理安主编,港口水工建筑物(M),人民交通出版社,2000.
[2]陈万佳主编,港口水工建筑物(M),人民交通出版社,1989
[3]程优敏,黄志刚,沈属军,深水墩钢管板桩围堰施工技术,交通科技,2004,01.
[4]中华人民共和国交通部,JTJ292~98,板桩码头设计与施工规范,北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[5]刘廷忠,王耀国,弹性介质中板桩力位移分析法的研究,太原工业大学学报,1994,3:81~84. [6 ]陶桂兰,王云球,丁坚,用荷载函数法计算板桩墙的一种途径,水运工程,1998,4:45~48.
[7]王浩芬,罗梅,确定单锚板桩墙入土深度的概率极限状态设计法,港工技术,1999,3:16~21.
[8]别社安,孙家明,柴信众,王保兴,板桩墙结构计算的改进竖向地基梁法,中国港湾建设,2002,2:24~27.
[9] Chang Y. L. Discussion on "Lateral Pile Loading Tests”by Feagin, Trans. ASCE, Paper N0. 1959, (1937):272~278.
[10]横山幸满著,唐业清,吴庆荪合译,桩结构物的计算方法和计算实例,第一版,北京:国防工业出版社,1987,14~136.
[11]卢世深,林亚超编译,桩基础的计算和分析,北京:人民交通出版社,1987,14~20,145~149 .
[12]张舒羽,水平承载桩静载P-y曲线研究,[硕士学位论文],南京:河海大学,2001.
[13]中华人民共和国交通部,JTJ 254-98,港口工程桩基规范,北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[14]中国船级社,海上移动平台入级与建造规范(2005),北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[15] API RP 2N Recommended Practice for Planning Designing and Consturcting Sturcutures and Pipelines for Arctic Conditions,American Petroleum Instiute,1995.
[16]孙巍峰,波浪力作用下桩土系统的动力反应分析,[硕士学位论文],南京:东南大学,2001.
[17]姜琳,桩-土相互作用的海洋平台动力响应研究,[硕士学位论文],大连:大连理工大学,2005.
[18]陈镕,曹国敖,海洋平台地震响应分析,中国海洋平台,1997,12(4).
[19]李家怪,潘如钧,王立宇等,浅水导管架平台的抗地震分析,海洋工程,1984(1):18~32.
[20]汪庠宝,韩继文,自升式海上钻井平台结构的模态分析及地震反应的谱分析,海洋工程,1988(11):1~8.
[21]曹国敖,裴多利,多自由度海洋结构随机地震响应的近似计算方法,地震工程与工程振动,1991,11(1):30~36.
[22]金伟良等,地震荷载作用下海洋平台结构物动力可靠分析,浙江大学学报(工学版),2002,36(3):233~238.
[23]邱驹,港工建筑物,天津:天津大学出版社,2002,44~48.
[24]龚丽飞,分离卸荷式地下连续墙板桩码头结构与土相互作用研究,[硕士学位论文],南京:南京水利科学研究院,2007.
[25]刘进生,刘永绣卸荷式板桩码头结构在汉堡港的应用,港工技术,2005,12:20.
[26]约瑟夫E波勒斯著,董小东等译,基础工程分析与设计(第5版),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[27]朱锡超,葛燕,朱雅仙等,海水中近60年钢板桩的腐蚀状况,海洋工程,2003,2:87-91.
[28]交通部水运规划设计院汇编,水运工程技术资料-地下连续墙专辑(1),北京:人民交通出版社,1980.
[29]中交第一航务工程勘察设计院,海港工程设计手册(中),北京:人民交通出版社,1994.
[30] C.H.库罗契金著,范加仑译,深水板桩码头,1983,09:17~20,54.
[31]杨亮,遮帘式板桩码头静力分析及优化设计,[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008.
[32]李静,遮帘式板桩码头结构的受力分析及合理桩间距的确定,[硕士学位论文],青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.
[33]刘永绣,板桩码头向深水化发展的方案构思和实践——遮帘式板桩码头新结构的开发,港工技术,2005,12.
[34]刘永绣,吴荔丹,李元音,一种新型码头结构型式,港工技术,2005,增刊:16~19.
[35]董文才,遮帘式深水板桩码头建设实践和经验研究,港工技术,2005,增刊:20~24.
[36]于泳,遮帘式板桩码头方案的提出与研究,港工技术,2005,增刊:30~32.
[37]刘永绣,吴荔丹,遮帘式板桩码头计算理论和方法,港工技术,2005,增刊:33~36.
[38]中华人民共和国交通输运部,JTS 167-3-2009,板桩码头设计与施工规范,北京:人民交通出版社,2009.
[39]李静,史宏达,新型码头结构在我国港口工程中的应用,海岸工程,2009,12.
[40]谢振安,分离卸荷式地下连续墙板桩码头工作机理初探,[硕士学位论文],南京:南京水利科学研究院,2009.
[41] The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan, Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan.
[42] W.K.Elson PhD Ceng MICE, Design of Laterally-loaded Piles.
[43] British Standards Institution, Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures (BS8002) .
[44] Housner G W,Characteristic of Strong Motion Earthquakes.Bull,Seism Soc Am 1947,37:17~31.
[45]中华人民共和国交通部,水运工程抗震设计规范(JTJ 255-98),北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[46] British Standards Institution, Maritime Structures (BS6349), Part 4. Code of Practice for Design of Fendering and Mooring System: 1994.
[2]陈万佳主编,港口水工建筑物(M),人民交通出版社,1989
[3]程优敏,黄志刚,沈属军,深水墩钢管板桩围堰施工技术,交通科技,2004,01.
[4]中华人民共和国交通部,JTJ292~98,板桩码头设计与施工规范,北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[5]刘廷忠,王耀国,弹性介质中板桩力位移分析法的研究,太原工业大学学报,1994,3:81~84. [6 ]陶桂兰,王云球,丁坚,用荷载函数法计算板桩墙的一种途径,水运工程,1998,4:45~48.
[7]王浩芬,罗梅,确定单锚板桩墙入土深度的概率极限状态设计法,港工技术,1999,3:16~21.
[8]别社安,孙家明,柴信众,王保兴,板桩墙结构计算的改进竖向地基梁法,中国港湾建设,2002,2:24~27.
[9] Chang Y. L. Discussion on "Lateral Pile Loading Tests”by Feagin, Trans. ASCE, Paper N0. 1959, (1937):272~278.
[10]横山幸满著,唐业清,吴庆荪合译,桩结构物的计算方法和计算实例,第一版,北京:国防工业出版社,1987,14~136.
[11]卢世深,林亚超编译,桩基础的计算和分析,北京:人民交通出版社,1987,14~20,145~149 .
[12]张舒羽,水平承载桩静载P-y曲线研究,[硕士学位论文],南京:河海大学,2001.
[13]中华人民共和国交通部,JTJ 254-98,港口工程桩基规范,北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[14]中国船级社,海上移动平台入级与建造规范(2005),北京:人民交通出版社,2005.
[15] API RP 2N Recommended Practice for Planning Designing and Consturcting Sturcutures and Pipelines for Arctic Conditions,American Petroleum Instiute,1995.
[16]孙巍峰,波浪力作用下桩土系统的动力反应分析,[硕士学位论文],南京:东南大学,2001.
[17]姜琳,桩-土相互作用的海洋平台动力响应研究,[硕士学位论文],大连:大连理工大学,2005.
[18]陈镕,曹国敖,海洋平台地震响应分析,中国海洋平台,1997,12(4).
[19]李家怪,潘如钧,王立宇等,浅水导管架平台的抗地震分析,海洋工程,1984(1):18~32.
[20]汪庠宝,韩继文,自升式海上钻井平台结构的模态分析及地震反应的谱分析,海洋工程,1988(11):1~8.
[21]曹国敖,裴多利,多自由度海洋结构随机地震响应的近似计算方法,地震工程与工程振动,1991,11(1):30~36.
[22]金伟良等,地震荷载作用下海洋平台结构物动力可靠分析,浙江大学学报(工学版),2002,36(3):233~238.
[23]邱驹,港工建筑物,天津:天津大学出版社,2002,44~48.
[24]龚丽飞,分离卸荷式地下连续墙板桩码头结构与土相互作用研究,[硕士学位论文],南京:南京水利科学研究院,2007.
[25]刘进生,刘永绣卸荷式板桩码头结构在汉堡港的应用,港工技术,2005,12:20.
[26]约瑟夫E波勒斯著,董小东等译,基础工程分析与设计(第5版),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[27]朱锡超,葛燕,朱雅仙等,海水中近60年钢板桩的腐蚀状况,海洋工程,2003,2:87-91.
[28]交通部水运规划设计院汇编,水运工程技术资料-地下连续墙专辑(1),北京:人民交通出版社,1980.
[29]中交第一航务工程勘察设计院,海港工程设计手册(中),北京:人民交通出版社,1994.
[30] C.H.库罗契金著,范加仑译,深水板桩码头,1983,09:17~20,54.
[31]杨亮,遮帘式板桩码头静力分析及优化设计,[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2008.
[32]李静,遮帘式板桩码头结构的受力分析及合理桩间距的确定,[硕士学位论文],青岛:中国海洋大学,2009.
[33]刘永绣,板桩码头向深水化发展的方案构思和实践——遮帘式板桩码头新结构的开发,港工技术,2005,12.
[34]刘永绣,吴荔丹,李元音,一种新型码头结构型式,港工技术,2005,增刊:16~19.
[35]董文才,遮帘式深水板桩码头建设实践和经验研究,港工技术,2005,增刊:20~24.
[36]于泳,遮帘式板桩码头方案的提出与研究,港工技术,2005,增刊:30~32.
[37]刘永绣,吴荔丹,遮帘式板桩码头计算理论和方法,港工技术,2005,增刊:33~36.
[38]中华人民共和国交通输运部,JTS 167-3-2009,板桩码头设计与施工规范,北京:人民交通出版社,2009.
[39]李静,史宏达,新型码头结构在我国港口工程中的应用,海岸工程,2009,12.
[40]谢振安,分离卸荷式地下连续墙板桩码头工作机理初探,[硕士学位论文],南京:南京水利科学研究院,2009.
[41] The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan, Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan.
[42] W.K.Elson PhD Ceng MICE, Design of Laterally-loaded Piles.
[43] British Standards Institution, Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures (BS8002) .
[44] Housner G W,Characteristic of Strong Motion Earthquakes.Bull,Seism Soc Am 1947,37:17~31.
[45]中华人民共和国交通部,水运工程抗震设计规范(JTJ 255-98),北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[46] British Standards Institution, Maritime Structures (BS6349), Part 4. Code of Practice for Design of Fendering and Mooring System: 1994.