15 ka来更尕海湖泊沉积记录的尘暴事件
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摘要
共和盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,由于北方冷空气季节性入侵造成该区风力较大,因此是青藏高原平均风速最大、大风频率最高的地区之一。无论是平均风速和最大风速,还是大风和尘暴频率都以冬、春季最大,秋季次之,夏季最少。共和盆地与柴达木盆地,由一列干燥剥蚀的低矮山地分割,因而可以将该盆地与柴达木盆地共同视为青藏高原东北部粉尘源区的主体。本文利用共和盆地水文循环相对简单的封闭湖泊更尕海沉积,开展了该地区晚冰期以来尘暴演化历史的重建。
选用沉积岩芯中的植物残体作为AMS 14C测年材料。由于受湖泊“碳库效应”的影响,本文将更尕海表层沉积测得的1 010 a作为该湖泊的碳库年龄,将测得的所有14C年龄减去1010 a,然后用Calib 5.01进行日历年校正,建立了更尕海地区16650 a以来的年代序列。对更尕海湖泊沉积岩芯样品进行粒度、沉积通量、有机碳同位素(δ13corg)、总有机碳(TOC)、总有机氮(TON)、C/N、碳酸盐含量、植物残体含量以及沉水植物碳酸盐结壳富集情况等的分析,重建了更尕海地区末次冰消期以来的尘暴演化历史。
近15 ka来的5个强烈尘暴事件时段为10 800-10 350 cal a BP,6 100-5 400 cal a BP,4 700-3 100 cal a BP,1900-1550 cal a BP,250-0 cal a BP.其中,10800-10350 cal a BP对应于湖泊高水位；1900-1550 cal a BP和250-0 cal a BP与湖泊低水位时期相对应；6 100-5 400 cal a BP和4 700-3 100 cal a BP两段强烈尘暴时期,湖泊水位存在波动,均为前期湖泊水位较低,之后湖泊水位存在升高趋势。6100-5400 cal a BP的尘暴活动强烈时期,更尕海邻区均记录了干旱的气候环境,而更尕海沉积记录的湖泊水位却存在高低波动,这意味着尘暴活动不完全响应环境变化。尽管干旱环境利于尘暴活动发生,但尘暴发生还受动力条件的影响。
6 100-5 400 cal a BP期间,更尕海粉尘源区尘暴发生强烈对应于北太平洋和格陵兰等地记录的陆源粉尘高通量时段。研究区尘暴的发生可能与高纬地区变冷导致的蒙古-西伯利亚高压、西风环流等大气环流形势的变化有关,粉尘源区尘暴过程导致大气粉尘浓度增加,该过程可以用来解释亚洲粉尘源区与遥远粉尘沉降区的联系。此外,共和盆地甚至我国西北干旱区是东亚粉尘远程输送的源区之一。
The Gonghe Basin is situated at the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In the area, the surface winds is stronger, especially in winter and spring, due to the prevailing cold surge at that time. The Gonghe Basin is separated by a series of low mountains naked by drying processes from the Qaidam Basin, the two arid basins could be recognized as the main dust source area in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. A hydrologically closed lake, Lake Genggahai with a relatively simple hydrological precess, is located in the Gonghe Basin and can be employed to reconstruct history for dust storm since the late glacial in this area.
AMS 14C dating is based on the plant remains and seeds preserved in the core sediments. After deduction of the reservior effect (1010 years) and calibration to calendar ages, the chronological sequence was established. The results indicate that the GGHA cores cover the whole Holocene and the last Deglaciation. Based on grain size, clastic material flux,δ13Corg, TOC, TON, C/N, carbonate content, and abundance ratio of plant remains and carbonate encrustation of submerged plant, the dust storm history is reconstructed over the past 15 300 cal a.
There are five strong dust storm periods, i.e.,10 800-10 350,6 100-5 400,4 700-3 100,1 900-1 550 and 250-0 cal a BP. Generally speaking, dust storms always occurred during time when lake level is low relatively. This is consistent with other records from the adjacent regions. However, some events still took place during wetter periods, characterized with a higher lake level. For instance, the dust storms were intensive and/or frequent between 6 100 and 5 400 cal a BP, while the lake level is higher during the late period of this event. It is suggested that dust storm may not entirely response to environment drying.
The strongest dust storm event from 6 100 to 5 400 cal a BP is also reflected by the high terrestrial dust flux in the pelagic sediments of north Pacific Ocean and the Greenland ice core. Cooling in the higher latitudes, e.g., the northern Atlantic, may strengthen the Mongolia-Siberian High during the mid-Holocene. Outbreaks of the High in spring, combining with the shift of high-level Westerlies, could cause intensive dust storms across arid northern China. Under this condition, dust can be entrained into the air and be transported to the distal regions, e.g., the north Pacific and the Greenland ice sheet. This process perhaps explains the relationship between the Asian dust source areas and remote dust depositional areas during the mid-Holocene. In addition, the Gonghe Basin, even the arid regions of northwestern China, should be one of source areas of Asian dust, which can be transported for a long-range.
选用沉积岩芯中的植物残体作为AMS 14C测年材料。由于受湖泊“碳库效应”的影响,本文将更尕海表层沉积测得的1 010 a作为该湖泊的碳库年龄,将测得的所有14C年龄减去1010 a,然后用Calib 5.01进行日历年校正,建立了更尕海地区16650 a以来的年代序列。对更尕海湖泊沉积岩芯样品进行粒度、沉积通量、有机碳同位素(δ13corg)、总有机碳(TOC)、总有机氮(TON)、C/N、碳酸盐含量、植物残体含量以及沉水植物碳酸盐结壳富集情况等的分析,重建了更尕海地区末次冰消期以来的尘暴演化历史。
近15 ka来的5个强烈尘暴事件时段为10 800-10 350 cal a BP,6 100-5 400 cal a BP,4 700-3 100 cal a BP,1900-1550 cal a BP,250-0 cal a BP.其中,10800-10350 cal a BP对应于湖泊高水位；1900-1550 cal a BP和250-0 cal a BP与湖泊低水位时期相对应；6 100-5 400 cal a BP和4 700-3 100 cal a BP两段强烈尘暴时期,湖泊水位存在波动,均为前期湖泊水位较低,之后湖泊水位存在升高趋势。6100-5400 cal a BP的尘暴活动强烈时期,更尕海邻区均记录了干旱的气候环境,而更尕海沉积记录的湖泊水位却存在高低波动,这意味着尘暴活动不完全响应环境变化。尽管干旱环境利于尘暴活动发生,但尘暴发生还受动力条件的影响。
6 100-5 400 cal a BP期间,更尕海粉尘源区尘暴发生强烈对应于北太平洋和格陵兰等地记录的陆源粉尘高通量时段。研究区尘暴的发生可能与高纬地区变冷导致的蒙古-西伯利亚高压、西风环流等大气环流形势的变化有关,粉尘源区尘暴过程导致大气粉尘浓度增加,该过程可以用来解释亚洲粉尘源区与遥远粉尘沉降区的联系。此外,共和盆地甚至我国西北干旱区是东亚粉尘远程输送的源区之一。
The Gonghe Basin is situated at the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In the area, the surface winds is stronger, especially in winter and spring, due to the prevailing cold surge at that time. The Gonghe Basin is separated by a series of low mountains naked by drying processes from the Qaidam Basin, the two arid basins could be recognized as the main dust source area in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. A hydrologically closed lake, Lake Genggahai with a relatively simple hydrological precess, is located in the Gonghe Basin and can be employed to reconstruct history for dust storm since the late glacial in this area.
AMS 14C dating is based on the plant remains and seeds preserved in the core sediments. After deduction of the reservior effect (1010 years) and calibration to calendar ages, the chronological sequence was established. The results indicate that the GGHA cores cover the whole Holocene and the last Deglaciation. Based on grain size, clastic material flux,δ13Corg, TOC, TON, C/N, carbonate content, and abundance ratio of plant remains and carbonate encrustation of submerged plant, the dust storm history is reconstructed over the past 15 300 cal a.
There are five strong dust storm periods, i.e.,10 800-10 350,6 100-5 400,4 700-3 100,1 900-1 550 and 250-0 cal a BP. Generally speaking, dust storms always occurred during time when lake level is low relatively. This is consistent with other records from the adjacent regions. However, some events still took place during wetter periods, characterized with a higher lake level. For instance, the dust storms were intensive and/or frequent between 6 100 and 5 400 cal a BP, while the lake level is higher during the late period of this event. It is suggested that dust storm may not entirely response to environment drying.
The strongest dust storm event from 6 100 to 5 400 cal a BP is also reflected by the high terrestrial dust flux in the pelagic sediments of north Pacific Ocean and the Greenland ice core. Cooling in the higher latitudes, e.g., the northern Atlantic, may strengthen the Mongolia-Siberian High during the mid-Holocene. Outbreaks of the High in spring, combining with the shift of high-level Westerlies, could cause intensive dust storms across arid northern China. Under this condition, dust can be entrained into the air and be transported to the distal regions, e.g., the north Pacific and the Greenland ice sheet. This process perhaps explains the relationship between the Asian dust source areas and remote dust depositional areas during the mid-Holocene. In addition, the Gonghe Basin, even the arid regions of northwestern China, should be one of source areas of Asian dust, which can be transported for a long-range.
引文
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