前列腺癌生物力学性质的改变与其细胞恶性表型相关性的实验研究
|
摘要
前列腺癌是美国及欧洲国家最常见的恶性肿瘤，而许多前列腺癌是通过直肠指诊时触及的硬结发现的。传统观点认为肿瘤组织相较于正常组织要硬，但在临床工作中，当剖开某些肿瘤后，肿瘤组织整体与局部的质地却不尽相同。肿瘤组织进展和转移发生时伴随着肿瘤组织生物力学性质的变化，而在前列腺癌中，组织的力学性质与肿瘤恶性生物学行为之间的关系还不甚明了。
胶原蛋白collagen是细胞外基质中含量最丰富的蛋白，而且它为组织的力学性质提供支架结构，并且胶原蛋白collagen的变化能够导致细胞外基质刚度发生变化。纤维连接蛋白fibronectin分子结构上同时含有与细胞外基质中的胶原蛋白及细胞膜表面整合蛋白integrin家族的结合位点，能够作为桥梁将肿瘤细胞与细胞外基质相连接。而纤维连接蛋白fibronectin和整合蛋白家族integrin又是力学信号转导通路上的关键因子。在之前的研究中，原子力显微镜已经被用于检测生物组织微观层面的力学性质，而实时弹性超声成像也已经在生物组织宏观层面的力学性质检测上被广泛使用。但是关于前列腺癌组织微观和宏观层面的力学性质的研究较为少见。
目的
1.检测前列腺癌组织宏观及微观力学性质变化，用以探讨前列腺癌力学性质变化与前列腺癌患者的病理分级及肿瘤转移之间的联系;
2.探讨前列腺癌力学性质变化的原因，并在组织层面探索力学信号转导通路中的重要分子;
3.探讨collagen I对前列腺癌细胞粘附、杨氏模量、侵袭、凋亡的影响。
方法
1.收集43例患者的临床资料（前列腺增生20例，前列腺癌23例），按照Gleason评分系统进行病理分级，按照肿瘤分化程度分成1-5分，分化良好为1分，分化极差为5分，将两区的Gleason分值相加即可以得到Gleason评分。根据Gleason评分将23例Pca患者分成两组：低-中级别组（Gleason2-7分）共11例，高级别组（Gleason8-10分）12例。另外，根据肿瘤是否转移，将23例Pca患者分成转移组7例，非转移组16例。所有患者术前均未行任何手术及放、化疗。所有患者在术前均行TRTE检查。应用于AFM检测的BPH标本取自经尿道前列腺电切术（transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP）, Pca组织标本取自经尿道前列腺癌切除术及耻骨上前列腺癌切除术。所有组织术前及术后均行病理学检查确认。
2.我们首先对前列腺癌组织标本进行免疫组织化学实验,根据Gleason评分将23例Pca患者分成两组;另外，根据肿瘤是否转移，将23例Pca患者分成转移组和非转移组。根据免疫组化染色阳性细胞的数量及切片的染色程度来进行免疫组化评分。
3.制作不同浓度的collagen I进行前列腺癌细胞系三维培养，紧接着使用细胞粘附实验、AFM实验、Transwell实验、TUNEL实验等检测不同浓度collagen I上前列腺癌细胞的粘附、杨氏模量、凋亡、侵袭的变化。
结果
1.前列腺癌宏观及微观力学性质的变化及其临床意义
宏观层面列腺组织的力学性质变化，共43例患者穿刺及手术前行TRTE检测，其中BPH患者20例，Pca患者23例。所有患者行TRTE检测后，均行前列腺穿刺活检，并在术后结合病理诊断确认。前列腺癌病灶SI明显高于BPH组织(P<0.05)；根据术后病理诊断及患者转移情况，整理TRTE结果资料发现，高级别Pca组织（Gleason8-10）SI明显高于低-中级别Pca组织（Gleason2-7）SI (P<0.05)；而转移组与非转移组Pca组织间SI无明显统计学差异(P=0.075)。
微观层面列腺组织的力学性质变化，我们采用AFM检测43例患者组织切片的杨氏模量。结果显示，Pca组织杨氏模量明显低于BPH组织（P<0.05）；其中低-中级别肿瘤（Gleason2-7）杨氏模量明显高于高级别肿瘤（Gleason8-10）组织（P<0.05）；并且，未出现转移的Pca组织杨氏模量明显高于转移组（P<0.05）。
2.前列腺癌力学性质变化原因及力学信号转导重要分子
我们发现BPH中collagen I, III, IV的表达明显高于Pca组织（P<0.05），并且，随着肿瘤Gleason分级的增高及转移的发生，三者表达进一步下降（P<0.05）；MMP-2在Pca组织中的表达明显高于BPH组织（P<0.05），并且Pca转移组表达比非转移组高(P<0.05)；MMP-2在Pca低-中级别组Gleason(2-7)表达高于高级别组Gleason(8-10)（(P<0.05）；fibronectin在BPH与Pca组织中fibronectin的表达水平未见明显差异，仅发现表达部位的不同（P=0.189）;在Pca组织中，fibronectin的表达强度在Gleason (2-7)组明显高于Gleason (8-10)组（P<0.05），在转移组与非转移组之间未见明显差异（P=0.697）;Integrin α5在Pca组织中的表达高于BPH组织（P<0.05）。在Pca组织中，Gleason (2-7)组MMP-2的表达明显高于Gleason (8-10)组（P<0.05），但其表达在转移组与非转移组之间无明显差异（P=0.122）。
3.不同浓度collagen I干预前列腺癌细胞粘附、杨氏模量、凋亡及侵袭的实验研究
分别在不同浓度的collagen I上对PC-3及LNCaP细胞系进行三维细胞培养，通过使用说明将collagen I在能形成胶体的范围内以1mg/ml及5mg/ml作为后续实验的最低作用浓度及最高作用浓度。后续实验发现,骨转移灶来源的PC-3细胞在collagen I上的粘附能力高于来源于淋巴结转移灶LNCaP细胞；AFM实验表明，PC-3细胞的杨氏模量在低浓度collagen I (1mg/ml)上最低；Transwell侵袭实验表明，在低浓度collagen I上，PC-3细胞侵袭能力高于高浓度collagen I;TUNEL实验表明，高浓度的collagen I能增加PC-3细胞的凋亡敏感性。
结论
1.随着前列腺癌组织恶性程度增高及转移的发生，其宏观及微观力学性质发生相反的改变，表明前列腺癌生物力学性质的改变与肿瘤的恶性程度及转移相关；
2. MMP-2介导的Collagen I降解及肿瘤细胞杨氏模量的改变可能是导致前列腺癌组织生物力学性质变化的原因，且Collagen I, Fibronectin, MMP-2,integrinα5可能是力学信号传导通路上的重要分子；
3. Collagen I的浓度变化能够改变前列腺癌PC-3细胞的形态、粘附能力、力学性质、侵袭能力及凋亡敏感性，表明Collagen I与前列腺癌细胞的恶性表型及力学性质存在相关性。
Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor amongmen in the United States and European countries, and it is often palpable during adigital rectal examination (DRE). Physicians have noted that tumors are typically harderthan the surrounding tissue. However, after splitting prostate cancer specimens in half,we often find the perceived hardness of part of a tumor tissue is different from that ofthe whole. The connections between tissue mechanics and cancer progression have beenstudied in many malignancies, but the relationship between mechanical properties andmalignant behavior in Pca has yet to be determined.
Collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolding protein andcontributes significantly to the tensile strength of tissue. Furthermore, there have beenreports that alterations in ECM stiffness are correlated with tumor progression andmetastasis. As a “bridge” located between the ECM and cell membranes, fibronectinmolecules contain binding sites for collagens and cell surface receptors (integrins).Moreover, integrins and fibronectin are necessary elements for most mechano-sensingmodels and lie at the beginning of the sensing pathway that correlates with tumorbehavio. In previous studies, several methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM),unconfined compression, transrectal real-time tissue elastography (TRTE), andindentation have been used to measure the mechanical properties of tissues. However,few of these studies measured the mechanical properties of tissues on both the macro- and micro-scales in the same study.
Objective
1. Measure the differences in mechanical properties between cancerous and BPHtissues by TRTE and AFM on both the macro-and micro-scales, and study therelationship between the mechanical properties and pathological grade and metastasis;
2. Evaluate the probable cause of the difference on mechanical properties, and toidentify the key factors of the mechanotransduction pathway usingimmunohistochemistry (IHC); and try to explain the relationships between themechanical properties and malignant behavior.
3. Investigate the effect of different concentration of collagen I on cell adherent,apoptosis，Young’s modulus and invasion.
Methods
1. A total of43patients participated in this study. Twenty patients underwentsurgery for BPH, and twenty-three patients underwent surgery for Pca. None of thepatients included in this study had had chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery.Pca tissues were collected from the foci of23patients who underwent transurethralresection of the prostate cancer (TURP) and suprapubic prostatectomy. The BPH tissueswere collected from20patients who underwent TURP. The pathological biopsydiagnosis was performed and confirmed both preoperatively and postoperatively.Gleason scores were examined by two senior pathologists experienced in Pca diagnosis.The20BPH patients composed the control group, and the Pca group was divided intotwo sub-groups based on the Gleason score (11patients for Gleason2-7and12patientsfor Gleason8-10) and the presence of metastasis (16patients for non-metastasis and7patients for metastasis). All the patients was tested by TRTE andAFM.
2. For immunohistochemical analysis, the extent of target proteins expressionwere calculated by two independent pathologists who were blinded to theclinicopathological parameters of the patients. The percentage of positive cells whichshow immunorative staining on specific location were counted by10representativemicroscopic fields. And then, the specimens were scored in a semiquantitative manner based on the percentage of tumor cells showing immunoreactivity. The criteria used forthe assessment of staining for Collagen I, III, IV, MMP-2, FN, and Integrin α5were:0(negative),1(weak),2(medium), and3(strong).
3. With different concentration of collagen I, culture the PC-3cell line and LNCaPcell line in3-dimension, after that test adherent ability and invasion ability and sensitiveof apoptosis on prostate cancer cells.
Results
1.Mechanical parameters of prostate tissues measured by TRTE andAFM
To investigate the mechanical properties of BPH and Pca, a total of43patients,including20BPH patients and23Pca patients, were subjected to TRTE. The mean SI ofPca tissues were significant higher than that of BPH tissue, especially in high Gleasonscore (8-10)(P<0.05). To further investigate the differences in the mechanical propertiesof BPH and Pca tissues, AFM testing was conducted. A total of43tissue sections (20BPH and23Pca) were obtained from patients as described previously, and for eachtissue section, three random sites were probed by AFM. The Young’s modulus of thePca tissues was significant lower than that of BPH tissues (P<0.05); and the meanYoung’s modulus of low-to-medium Gleason score (2-7) Pca tissues was lower than thatof high Gleason score (8-10) Pca tissues; there were significant difference between theYoung’s moduli of non-metastatic and metastatic Pca tissues (P<0.05).
2. The expression of proteins in ECM and the expression level of importantmolecules on mechanotransduction signaling pathway
The expression levels of Collagen I, III, IV in Pca tissues were significant lowerthan that of BPH tissues (P<0.05). Further more, in advance cancer, their expressionwere decrease further. The expression of MMP-2in Pca tissues were significant higherthan that of BPH tissues, but the expression in low-meditate Gleason score (2-7) tissue were higher than that of high Gleason score, and there was significant differencebetween metastasis and non-metastasis tissues (P<0.05). There was no differencebetween the expression of fibronectin in BPH and Pca tissues, but the location wasdifferernce. The expression of integrin α5was higher in Pca tissues than in BPHtissues (P<0.05).
3. Experimental study of miRNA-198mimic inhibits the Livin geneexpression and interferes the apoptosis and invasion in prostate cancer cells
Dilute the collagen I into1mg/ml and5mg/ml, and culture the PC-3cell line andLNCaP cell line in3-dimension. Use computer software to calculate the number ofadherent cells and cell areas, and then number the cell witch invasive through theTranswell insert, and finally, use TUNEL kit to measure the sensitive of prostate cancercells apoptosis. We found that PC-3cells were better adhere to collagen I than that ofLNCaP cells. And in lower concentration of collagen I, the ability of invasion washigher than that of higher concentration in PC-3cells, and PC-3cells were moresensitive to higher concentration collagen I on aoptosis.
Conclusions
1. On macro-scale, higher mechanical properties are associate with high Gleasonscore. And on micro-scale, lower mechanical properties are associate with high Gleasonscore.
2. The prostate cancer cells proliferation were our of control, and the cells squeezewith each other and generate tension to made the mechanical properties higher onmacro-scale. The degradation collagens by MMP-2made the mechanical propertieslower on micro-scale, and fibronecin, MMP-2and integrin α5were importantmolecules on mechanotransductin signaling pathway.
3. Collagen I was a kind of barrier structure of cell invasion in ECM, at the sametime, PC-3cell were tend to adhere on collagen I. And high concentration of collagen Icue to the higher sensation of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
胶原蛋白collagen是细胞外基质中含量最丰富的蛋白，而且它为组织的力学性质提供支架结构，并且胶原蛋白collagen的变化能够导致细胞外基质刚度发生变化。纤维连接蛋白fibronectin分子结构上同时含有与细胞外基质中的胶原蛋白及细胞膜表面整合蛋白integrin家族的结合位点，能够作为桥梁将肿瘤细胞与细胞外基质相连接。而纤维连接蛋白fibronectin和整合蛋白家族integrin又是力学信号转导通路上的关键因子。在之前的研究中，原子力显微镜已经被用于检测生物组织微观层面的力学性质，而实时弹性超声成像也已经在生物组织宏观层面的力学性质检测上被广泛使用。但是关于前列腺癌组织微观和宏观层面的力学性质的研究较为少见。
目的
1.检测前列腺癌组织宏观及微观力学性质变化，用以探讨前列腺癌力学性质变化与前列腺癌患者的病理分级及肿瘤转移之间的联系;
2.探讨前列腺癌力学性质变化的原因，并在组织层面探索力学信号转导通路中的重要分子;
3.探讨collagen I对前列腺癌细胞粘附、杨氏模量、侵袭、凋亡的影响。
方法
1.收集43例患者的临床资料（前列腺增生20例，前列腺癌23例），按照Gleason评分系统进行病理分级，按照肿瘤分化程度分成1-5分，分化良好为1分，分化极差为5分，将两区的Gleason分值相加即可以得到Gleason评分。根据Gleason评分将23例Pca患者分成两组：低-中级别组（Gleason2-7分）共11例，高级别组（Gleason8-10分）12例。另外，根据肿瘤是否转移，将23例Pca患者分成转移组7例，非转移组16例。所有患者术前均未行任何手术及放、化疗。所有患者在术前均行TRTE检查。应用于AFM检测的BPH标本取自经尿道前列腺电切术（transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP）, Pca组织标本取自经尿道前列腺癌切除术及耻骨上前列腺癌切除术。所有组织术前及术后均行病理学检查确认。
2.我们首先对前列腺癌组织标本进行免疫组织化学实验,根据Gleason评分将23例Pca患者分成两组;另外，根据肿瘤是否转移，将23例Pca患者分成转移组和非转移组。根据免疫组化染色阳性细胞的数量及切片的染色程度来进行免疫组化评分。
3.制作不同浓度的collagen I进行前列腺癌细胞系三维培养，紧接着使用细胞粘附实验、AFM实验、Transwell实验、TUNEL实验等检测不同浓度collagen I上前列腺癌细胞的粘附、杨氏模量、凋亡、侵袭的变化。
结果
1.前列腺癌宏观及微观力学性质的变化及其临床意义
宏观层面列腺组织的力学性质变化，共43例患者穿刺及手术前行TRTE检测，其中BPH患者20例，Pca患者23例。所有患者行TRTE检测后，均行前列腺穿刺活检，并在术后结合病理诊断确认。前列腺癌病灶SI明显高于BPH组织(P<0.05)；根据术后病理诊断及患者转移情况，整理TRTE结果资料发现，高级别Pca组织（Gleason8-10）SI明显高于低-中级别Pca组织（Gleason2-7）SI (P<0.05)；而转移组与非转移组Pca组织间SI无明显统计学差异(P=0.075)。
微观层面列腺组织的力学性质变化，我们采用AFM检测43例患者组织切片的杨氏模量。结果显示，Pca组织杨氏模量明显低于BPH组织（P<0.05）；其中低-中级别肿瘤（Gleason2-7）杨氏模量明显高于高级别肿瘤（Gleason8-10）组织（P<0.05）；并且，未出现转移的Pca组织杨氏模量明显高于转移组（P<0.05）。
2.前列腺癌力学性质变化原因及力学信号转导重要分子
我们发现BPH中collagen I, III, IV的表达明显高于Pca组织（P<0.05），并且，随着肿瘤Gleason分级的增高及转移的发生，三者表达进一步下降（P<0.05）；MMP-2在Pca组织中的表达明显高于BPH组织（P<0.05），并且Pca转移组表达比非转移组高(P<0.05)；MMP-2在Pca低-中级别组Gleason(2-7)表达高于高级别组Gleason(8-10)（(P<0.05）；fibronectin在BPH与Pca组织中fibronectin的表达水平未见明显差异，仅发现表达部位的不同（P=0.189）;在Pca组织中，fibronectin的表达强度在Gleason (2-7)组明显高于Gleason (8-10)组（P<0.05），在转移组与非转移组之间未见明显差异（P=0.697）;Integrin α5在Pca组织中的表达高于BPH组织（P<0.05）。在Pca组织中，Gleason (2-7)组MMP-2的表达明显高于Gleason (8-10)组（P<0.05），但其表达在转移组与非转移组之间无明显差异（P=0.122）。
3.不同浓度collagen I干预前列腺癌细胞粘附、杨氏模量、凋亡及侵袭的实验研究
分别在不同浓度的collagen I上对PC-3及LNCaP细胞系进行三维细胞培养，通过使用说明将collagen I在能形成胶体的范围内以1mg/ml及5mg/ml作为后续实验的最低作用浓度及最高作用浓度。后续实验发现,骨转移灶来源的PC-3细胞在collagen I上的粘附能力高于来源于淋巴结转移灶LNCaP细胞；AFM实验表明，PC-3细胞的杨氏模量在低浓度collagen I (1mg/ml)上最低；Transwell侵袭实验表明，在低浓度collagen I上，PC-3细胞侵袭能力高于高浓度collagen I;TUNEL实验表明，高浓度的collagen I能增加PC-3细胞的凋亡敏感性。
结论
1.随着前列腺癌组织恶性程度增高及转移的发生，其宏观及微观力学性质发生相反的改变，表明前列腺癌生物力学性质的改变与肿瘤的恶性程度及转移相关；
2. MMP-2介导的Collagen I降解及肿瘤细胞杨氏模量的改变可能是导致前列腺癌组织生物力学性质变化的原因，且Collagen I, Fibronectin, MMP-2,integrinα5可能是力学信号传导通路上的重要分子；
3. Collagen I的浓度变化能够改变前列腺癌PC-3细胞的形态、粘附能力、力学性质、侵袭能力及凋亡敏感性，表明Collagen I与前列腺癌细胞的恶性表型及力学性质存在相关性。
Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor amongmen in the United States and European countries, and it is often palpable during adigital rectal examination (DRE). Physicians have noted that tumors are typically harderthan the surrounding tissue. However, after splitting prostate cancer specimens in half,we often find the perceived hardness of part of a tumor tissue is different from that ofthe whole. The connections between tissue mechanics and cancer progression have beenstudied in many malignancies, but the relationship between mechanical properties andmalignant behavior in Pca has yet to be determined.
Collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolding protein andcontributes significantly to the tensile strength of tissue. Furthermore, there have beenreports that alterations in ECM stiffness are correlated with tumor progression andmetastasis. As a “bridge” located between the ECM and cell membranes, fibronectinmolecules contain binding sites for collagens and cell surface receptors (integrins).Moreover, integrins and fibronectin are necessary elements for most mechano-sensingmodels and lie at the beginning of the sensing pathway that correlates with tumorbehavio. In previous studies, several methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM),unconfined compression, transrectal real-time tissue elastography (TRTE), andindentation have been used to measure the mechanical properties of tissues. However,few of these studies measured the mechanical properties of tissues on both the macro- and micro-scales in the same study.
Objective
1. Measure the differences in mechanical properties between cancerous and BPHtissues by TRTE and AFM on both the macro-and micro-scales, and study therelationship between the mechanical properties and pathological grade and metastasis;
2. Evaluate the probable cause of the difference on mechanical properties, and toidentify the key factors of the mechanotransduction pathway usingimmunohistochemistry (IHC); and try to explain the relationships between themechanical properties and malignant behavior.
3. Investigate the effect of different concentration of collagen I on cell adherent,apoptosis，Young’s modulus and invasion.
Methods
1. A total of43patients participated in this study. Twenty patients underwentsurgery for BPH, and twenty-three patients underwent surgery for Pca. None of thepatients included in this study had had chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery.Pca tissues were collected from the foci of23patients who underwent transurethralresection of the prostate cancer (TURP) and suprapubic prostatectomy. The BPH tissueswere collected from20patients who underwent TURP. The pathological biopsydiagnosis was performed and confirmed both preoperatively and postoperatively.Gleason scores were examined by two senior pathologists experienced in Pca diagnosis.The20BPH patients composed the control group, and the Pca group was divided intotwo sub-groups based on the Gleason score (11patients for Gleason2-7and12patientsfor Gleason8-10) and the presence of metastasis (16patients for non-metastasis and7patients for metastasis). All the patients was tested by TRTE andAFM.
2. For immunohistochemical analysis, the extent of target proteins expressionwere calculated by two independent pathologists who were blinded to theclinicopathological parameters of the patients. The percentage of positive cells whichshow immunorative staining on specific location were counted by10representativemicroscopic fields. And then, the specimens were scored in a semiquantitative manner based on the percentage of tumor cells showing immunoreactivity. The criteria used forthe assessment of staining for Collagen I, III, IV, MMP-2, FN, and Integrin α5were:0(negative),1(weak),2(medium), and3(strong).
3. With different concentration of collagen I, culture the PC-3cell line and LNCaPcell line in3-dimension, after that test adherent ability and invasion ability and sensitiveof apoptosis on prostate cancer cells.
Results
1.Mechanical parameters of prostate tissues measured by TRTE andAFM
To investigate the mechanical properties of BPH and Pca, a total of43patients,including20BPH patients and23Pca patients, were subjected to TRTE. The mean SI ofPca tissues were significant higher than that of BPH tissue, especially in high Gleasonscore (8-10)(P<0.05). To further investigate the differences in the mechanical propertiesof BPH and Pca tissues, AFM testing was conducted. A total of43tissue sections (20BPH and23Pca) were obtained from patients as described previously, and for eachtissue section, three random sites were probed by AFM. The Young’s modulus of thePca tissues was significant lower than that of BPH tissues (P<0.05); and the meanYoung’s modulus of low-to-medium Gleason score (2-7) Pca tissues was lower than thatof high Gleason score (8-10) Pca tissues; there were significant difference between theYoung’s moduli of non-metastatic and metastatic Pca tissues (P<0.05).
2. The expression of proteins in ECM and the expression level of importantmolecules on mechanotransduction signaling pathway
The expression levels of Collagen I, III, IV in Pca tissues were significant lowerthan that of BPH tissues (P<0.05). Further more, in advance cancer, their expressionwere decrease further. The expression of MMP-2in Pca tissues were significant higherthan that of BPH tissues, but the expression in low-meditate Gleason score (2-7) tissue were higher than that of high Gleason score, and there was significant differencebetween metastasis and non-metastasis tissues (P<0.05). There was no differencebetween the expression of fibronectin in BPH and Pca tissues, but the location wasdifferernce. The expression of integrin α5was higher in Pca tissues than in BPHtissues (P<0.05).
3. Experimental study of miRNA-198mimic inhibits the Livin geneexpression and interferes the apoptosis and invasion in prostate cancer cells
Dilute the collagen I into1mg/ml and5mg/ml, and culture the PC-3cell line andLNCaP cell line in3-dimension. Use computer software to calculate the number ofadherent cells and cell areas, and then number the cell witch invasive through theTranswell insert, and finally, use TUNEL kit to measure the sensitive of prostate cancercells apoptosis. We found that PC-3cells were better adhere to collagen I than that ofLNCaP cells. And in lower concentration of collagen I, the ability of invasion washigher than that of higher concentration in PC-3cells, and PC-3cells were moresensitive to higher concentration collagen I on aoptosis.
Conclusions
1. On macro-scale, higher mechanical properties are associate with high Gleasonscore. And on micro-scale, lower mechanical properties are associate with high Gleasonscore.
2. The prostate cancer cells proliferation were our of control, and the cells squeezewith each other and generate tension to made the mechanical properties higher onmacro-scale. The degradation collagens by MMP-2made the mechanical propertieslower on micro-scale, and fibronecin, MMP-2and integrin α5were importantmolecules on mechanotransductin signaling pathway.
3. Collagen I was a kind of barrier structure of cell invasion in ECM, at the sametime, PC-3cell were tend to adhere on collagen I. And high concentration of collagen Icue to the higher sensation of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
引文
1. Tosco, L. and Van, Poppel H. Prostate cancer: The role of local therapy for metastatic prostatecancer. Journal,2014,33(26):286~294.
2. Andriole, G. L. Update of the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial.Journal,2014,(202):53~57.
3. Borden, L. S., Jr., Wright, J. L., Kim, J., Latchamsetty, K., and Porter, C. R.An abnormal digitalrectal examination is an independent predictor of Gleason> or=7prostate cancer in menundergoing initial prostate biopsy: a prospective study of790men. Journal,2007,3(99):559~563.
4. Barry, S. A., Tammemagi, M. C., Penek, S., Kassan, E. C., Dorfman, C. S., Riley, T. L., Commin,J., and Taylor, K. L. Predictors of adverse smoking outcomes in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectaland Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Journal,2012,21(104):1647~1659.
5. Thompson, J. E., Moses, D., Shnier, R., Brenner, P., Delprado, W., Ponsky, L., Pulbrook, M.,Bohm, M., Haynes, A. M., Hayen, A., and Stricker, P. D. Multi-parametric magnetic resonanceimaging guiding diagnostic biopsy detects significant prostate cancer, and could reduceunnecessary biopsies and over-detection: a prospective study. Journal,2014,
6. Michor, F., Liphardt, J., Ferrari, M., and Widom, J. What does physics have to do with cancer?Journal,2011,9(11):657~670.
7. Lee, H., Jang, Y., Seo, J., Nam, J. M., and Char, K. Nanoparticle-functionalized polymerplatform for controlling metastatic cancer cell adhesion, shape, and motility. Journal,2011,7(5):5444~5456.
8. Kruse, S.A., Smith, J.A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminary results.Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
9. Kaneko, T. S., Pejcic, M. R., Tehranzadeh, J., and Keyak, J. H. Relationships between materialproperties and CT scan data of cortical bone with and without metastatic lesions. Journal,2003,6(25):445~454.
10. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H.,and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bonemarrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
11. Nikolaev, N. I., Muller, T., Williams, D. J., and Liu, Y. Changes in the stiffness of humanmesenchymal stem cells with the progress of cell death as measured by atomic force microscopy.Journal,2014,3(47):625~630.
12. Jansen, K.A., Bacabac, R. G., Piechocka, I. K., and Koenderink, G. H. Cells actively stiffenfibrin networks by generating contractile stress. Journal,2013,10(105):2240~2251.
13. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectal real-timetissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
14. Lindberg, J., Klevebring, D., Liu, W., Neiman, M., Xu, J., Wiklund, P., Wiklund, F., Mills, I. G.,Egevad, L., and Gronberg, H. Exome sequencing of prostate cancer supports the hypothesis ofindependent tumour origins. Journal,2013,2(63):347~353.
15. Miyagawa, T., Tsutsumi, M., Matsumura, T., Kawazoe, N., Ishikawa, S., Shimokama, T.,Miyanaga, N., and Akaza, H. Real-time elastography for the diagnosis of prostate cancer:evaluation of elastographic moving images. Journal,2009,6(39):394~398.
16. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., and Li, Z. Y.[Transrectal real-time tissue elastographycombined with grey-scale ultrasound: valuable for the diagnosis of prostate peripheral zonelesions]. Journal,2010,11(16):979~983.
17. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T. Theutility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
18. Puttini, S., Lekka, M., Dorchies, O. M., Saugy, D., Incitti, T., Ruegg, U. T., Bozzoni, I., Kulik, A.J., and Mermod, N. Gene-mediated restoration of normal myofiber elasticity in dystrophicmuscles. Journal,2009,1(17):19~25.
19. He, Z., Corry, B., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.A mechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotube forreversible control of ion conduction. Journal,2014,5(23):53~58
20. Le, Z., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.Amechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotube for reversiblecontrol of conduction. Journal,2012,58(3):227~229.
21. Liu, J., Sandaklie-Nikolova, L., Wang, X., and Miller, J. D. Surface force measurements atkaolinite edge surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2014,(420):35~40.
22. Ikai, A. and Afrin, R. Toward mechanical manipulations of cell membranes and membraneproteins using an atomic force microscope: an invited review. Journal,2003,3(39):257~277.
23. Saravia, V. and Toca-Herrera, J. L. Substrate influence on cell shape and cell mechanics: HepG2cells spread on positively charged surfaces. Journal,2009,12(72):957~964.
24. Louey, M. D., Mulvaney, P., and Stewart, P. J. Characterisation of adhesional properties oflactose carriers using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2001,3-4(25):559~567.
25. Yeh, M. K., Tai, N. H., and Chen, B. Y. Influence of Poisson's ratio variation on lateral springconstant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers. Journal,2008,10(108):1025~1029.
26. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar, K.,Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrix crosslinkingforces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
27. Ahn, B. M., Kim, J., Ian, L., Rha, K. H., and Kim, H. J. Mechanical property characterization ofprostate cancer using a minimally motorized indenter in an ex vivo indentation experiment.Journal,2010,4(76):1007~1011.
28. Ahn, B., Lorenzo, E. I., Rha, K. H., Kim, H. J., and Kim, J. Robotic palpation-based mechanicalproperty mapping for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2011,5(25):851~857.
29. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectal real-timetissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
30. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T. Theutility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
31. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strain index inprostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
32. Follana, P., Barriere, J., Chamorey, E., Largillier, R., Dadone, B., Mari, V., Hannoun-Levi, J. M.,Marcy, M., Flipo, B., and Ferrero, J. M. Prognostic Factors in401Elderly Women withMetastatic Breast Cancer. Journal,2014,3(86):143~151.
33. Cao, L. and Hu, X.[Prognostic analysis of patients with synchronous liver metastasis fromgastric cancer following simultaneous gastric and liver resection.]. Journal,2014,2(17):124~127.
34. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H.,and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bonemarrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
35. Baghani, Z. and Kadkhodazadeh, M. Periodontal dressing: a review article. Journal,2013,4(7):183~191.
36. Predeger, E. J., O'Malley, M., Hendrix, T., and Parker, N. M. Oncology rehabilitation outcomesover time: a mixed-methods approach. Journal,2014,2(41): E56~E63.
37. Brueggmann, D., Templeman, C., Starzinski-Powitz, A., Rao, N. P., Gayther, S.A., andLawrenson, K. Novel three-dimensional in vitro models of ovarian endometriosis. Journal,2014,1(7):17~
38. Xu, T., Yu, H., Xu, P., Xu, W., Chen, W., Chen, C., and Li, X. Real-time enzyme-digestingidentification of double-strand DNA in a resonance-cantilever embedded micro-chamber. Journal,2014,6(14):1206~1214.
39. Jamison, R.A., Samarage, C. R., Bryson-Richardson, R. J., and Fouras, A. In vivo wall shearmeasurements within the developing zebrafish heart. Journal,2013,10(8): e75722~
40. Tutar, O., Beser, O. F.,Adaletli, I., Tunc, N., Gulcu, D., Kantarci, F., Mihmanli, I., Cokugras, F.C., Kutlu, T., Ozbay, G., and Erkan, T. Shear Wave Elastography in The Evaluation of LiverFibrosis In Children: AProspective Study. Journal,2014.
1. Butcher, D. T., Alliston, T., and Weaver, V. M. A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.Journal,2009,2(9):108~122.
2. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar, K.,Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
3. Jodele, S., Blavier, L., Yoon, J. M., and DeClerck, Y. A. Modifying the soil to affect the seed:role of stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Journal,2006,1(25):35~43.
4. Carraher, C. L. and Schwarzbauer, J. E. Regulation of matrix assembly throughrigidity-dependent fibronectin conformational changes. Journal,2013,21(288):14805~14814.
5. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
6. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction in Asthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
7. Kolacna, L., Bakesova, J., Varga, F., Kostakova, E., Planka, L., Necas, A., Lukas, D., Amler, E.,and Pelouch, V. Biochemical and biophysical aspects of collagen nanostructure in theextracellular matrix. Journal,2007,(56Suppl1): S51~S60.
8. Maller, O., Hansen, K. C., Lyons, T. R., Acerbi, I., Weaver, V. M., Prekeris, R., Tan, A. C., andSchedin, P. Collagen architecture in pregnancy-induced protection from breast cancer. Journal,2013, Pt18(126):4108~4110.
9. Liu, J. L., Wei, W., Tang, W., Jiang, Y., Yang, H. W., Li, J. T., and Zhou, X. Silencing of lysyloxidase gene expression by RNA interference suppresses metastasis of breast cancer. Journal,2012,7(13):3507~3511.
10. Taguchi, A., Kawana, K., Tomio, K., Yamashita, A., Isobe, Y., Nagasaka, K., Koga, K., Inoue,T., Nishida, H., Kojima, S., Adachi, K., Matsumoto, Y., Arimoto, T., Wada-Hiraike, O., Oda, K.,Kang, J. X., Arai, H., Arita, M., Osuga, Y., and Fujii, T. Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9inCancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) Is Suppressed by Omega-3Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsIn Vitro and In Vivo. Journal,2014,2(9): e89605~
11. Milovanovic, J., Todorovic-Rakovic, N., and Abu, Rabi Z. The prognostic role of interleukin-8(IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinases-2and-9in lymph node-negative untreated breast cancerpatients. Journal,2013,4(18):866~873.
12. Saeed, H. M., Alanazi, M. S., Parine, N. R., Shaik, J., Semlali, A., Alharbi, O., Azzam, N.,Aljebreen, A., Almadi, M., and Shalaby, M. A. Matrix metalloproteinase-2(-1306c>t) promoterpolymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer in the Saudi population. Journal,2013,10(14):6025~6030.
13. Busch, D. R., Choe, R., Durduran, T., Friedman, D. H., Baker, W. B., Maidment, A. D., Rosen,M. A., Schnall, M. D., and Yodh, A. G. Blood flow reduction in breast tissue due tomammographic compression. Journal,2014,2(21):151~161.
14. Kruse, S. A., Smith, J. A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminary results.Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
15. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strain indexin prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
16. Faria, E. C., Ma, N., Gazi, E., Gardner, P., Brown, M., Clarke, N. W., and Snook, R. D.Measurement of elastic properties of prostate cancer cells using AFM. Journal,2008,11(133):1498~1500.
17. Adhikari, A. S., Glassey, E., and Dunn, A. R. Conformational dynamics accompanying theproteolytic degradation of trimeric collagen I by collagenases. Journal,2012,32(134):13259~13265.
18. Lafleur, M. A., Mercuri, F. A., Ruangpanit, N., Seiki, M., Sato, H., and Thompson, E. W. Type Icollagen abrogates the clathrin-mediated internalization of membrane type1matrixmetalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) via the MT1-MMP hemopexin domain. Journal,2006,10(281):6826~6840.
19. Reis, S. T., Timoszczuk, L. S., Pontes-Junior, J., Viana, N., Silva, I. A., Dip, N., Srougi, M., andLeite, K. R. The role of micro RNAs let7c,100and218expression and their target RAS,C-MYC, BUB1, RB, SMARCA5, LAMB3and Ki-67in prostate cancer. Journal,2013,5(68):652~657.
20. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H.,and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bonemarrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
21. Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M., and Wang, Y. L. Cell movement is guided by the rigidityof the substrate. Journal,2000,1(79):144~152.
22. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D. A., and Weaver,V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
23. Cox, T. R., Bird, D., Baker, A. M., Barker, H. E., Ho, M. W., Lang, G., and Erler, J. T.LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking is responsible for fibrosis-enhanced metastasis. Journal,2013,6(73):1721~1732.
24. Davis, M. E., Gumucio, J. P., Sugg, K. B., Bedi, A., and Mendias, C. L. MMP inhibition as apotential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix.Journal,2013,6(115):884~891.
25. Polacheck, W. J., German, A. E., Mammoto, A., Ingber, D. E., and Kamm, R. D.Mechanotransduction of fluid stresses governs3D cell migration. Journal,2014,7(111):2447~2452.
26. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
27. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X. Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~888.
28. Slanina, H., Hebling, S., Hauck, C. R., and Schubert-Unkmeir, A. Cell invasion by Neisseriameningitidis requires a functional interplay between the focal adhesion kinase, Src and cortactin.Journal,2012,6(7): e39613.
1. Kalaitzis, C., Koukourakis, M., Giannakopoulos, S., Giatromanolaki, A., Sivridis, E., Bantis, A.,and Touloupidis, S. Metastatic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate with PSAValue of8.6ng/mL at5-Year-Followup after Prostatectomy, Radiotherapy, and Androgen Deprivation.Journal,2014,(2014):218628~
2. Butcher, D. T.,Alliston, T., and Weaver, V. M.A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.Journal,2009,2(9):108~122.
3. Sinkus, R., Lorenzen, J., Schrader, D., Lorenzen, M., Dargatz, M., and Holz, D.High-resolution tensor MR elastography for breast tumour detection. Journal,2000,6(45):1649~1664.
4. Keller, E. T., Zhang, J., Cooper, C. R., Smith, P. C., McCauley, L. K., Pienta, K. J., andTaichman, R. S. Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases: cross-talk between tumor and bone.Journal,2001,3-4(20):333~349.
5. Bubendorf, L., Schopfer,A., Wagner, U., Sauter, G., Moch, H., Willi, N., Gasser, T. C., andMihatsch, M. J. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of1,589patients.Journal,2000,5(31):578~583.
6. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction inAsthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
7. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T., andHall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis.Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
8. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T., andHall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis.Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
9. Liotta, L. A., Steeg, P. S., and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: animbalance of positive and negative regulation. Journal,1991,2(64):327~336.
10. Msaouel, P., Nandikolla, G., Pneumaticos, S. G., and Koutsilieris, M. Bonemicroenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis incastration-resistant prostate cancer. Journal,2013,11(22):1385~1400.
11. Koutsilieris, M. Skeletal metastases in advanced prostate cancer: cell biology and therapy.Journal,1995,1(18):51~64.
12. Roche, P.A. and Cresswell, P. Proteolysis of the class II-associated invariant chain generates apeptide binding site in intracellular HLA-DR molecules. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA.1991.88:3150-3154. Journal,2011,3(187):1076~1080.
13. Aznavoorian, S., Stracke, M. L., Krutzsch, H., Schiffmann, E., and Liotta, L. A. Signaltransduction for chemotaxis and haptotaxis by matrix molecules in tumor cells. Journal,1990,4(110):1427~1438.
14. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar, K.,Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrix crosslinkingforces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
15. Rabbani, S. A., Arakelian, A., and Farookhi, R. LRP5knockdown: effect on prostate cancerinvasion growth and skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Journal,2013,5(2):625~635.
16. Valkenburg, K. C., Steensma, M. R., Williams, B. O., and Zhong, Z. Skeletal metastasis:treatments, mouse models, and the Wnt signaling. Journal,2013,7(32):380~396.
17. Li, J., Jamin, Y., Boult, J. K., Cummings, C., Waterton, J. C., Ulloa, J., Sinkus, R., Bamber, J.C., and Robinson, S. P. Tumour biomechanical response to the vascular disrupting agentZD6126in vivo assessed by magnetic resonance elastography. Journal,2014,
18. Denais, C. and Lammerding, J. Nuclear mechanics in cancer. Journal,2014,(773):435~470.
19. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X.Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~
20. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
21. Shallal, H. M., Minn, I., Banerjee, S. R., Lisok, A., Mease, R. C., and Pomper, M. G.Heterobivalent Agents Targeting PSMA and Integrin-alphavbeta3. Journal,2014,2(25):393~405.
22. Zhang, X., Zhang, T., Wu, J., Yu, X., Zheng, D., Yang, F., Li, T., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Dong, S.,Zhong, X., Fu, S., Xu, C. Q., Lu, F., and Zhang, W. H. Calcium Sensing Receptor PromotesCardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Secretion. Journal,2014,3(33):557~568.
23. Tait, C., Moore, D., Hodgson, C., Brown, M., Morris, T., Growcott, J., Malone, M., Hughes, A.,Renehan, A., Clarke, N., and Dive, C. Quantification of skeletal metastases in castrate resistantprostate cancer predicts progression free and overall survival. Journal,2014,
24. Ablett, M. P., O'Brien, C. S., Sims, A. H., Farnie, G., and Clarke, R. B.Adifferential role forCXCR4in the regulation of normal versus malignant breast stem cell activity. Journal,2013,
25. Read, R. C. Systemic hernial disease protects against cancer: an hypothesis. Journal,2010,2(14):119~121.
26. Adams, D. L., Martin, S. S., Alpaugh, R. K., Charpentier, M., Tsai, S., Bergan, R. C., Ogden, I.M., Catalona, W., Chumsri, S., Tang, C. M., and Cristofanilli, M. Circulating giantmacrophages as a potential biomarker of solid tumors. Journal,2014,9(111):3514~3519.
27. Howe, C. G., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Hall, M. N., Liu, X., Ilievski, V., Slavkovich, V.,Alam, S.,Siddique, A. B., Graziano, J. H., and Gamble, M. V. Folate and Cobalamin Modify Associationsbetween S-adenosylmethionine and Methylated Arsenic Metabolites inArsenic-ExposedBangladeshi Adults. Journal,2014,
28. Nikzaban, M., Hakhamaneshi, M. S., Fakhari, S., Sheikhesmaili, F., Roshani, D., Ahsan, B.,Kamali, F., and Jalili, A. The chemokine receptor CXCR4is associated with the staging ofgastric cancer. Journal,2014,(3):16~
29. Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Chen, L., Li, W., Li, F., and Chen, Q. Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1andits Receptor CXCR4are Upregulated Expression in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs. Journal,2014,3(11):240~245.
1. Tosco, L. and Van, Poppel H. Prostate cancer: The role of local therapy for metastaticprostate cancer. Journal,2014,
2. Andriole, G. L. Update of the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial.Journal,2014,(202):53~57.
3. Borden, L. S., Jr., Wright, J. L., Kim, J., Latchamsetty, K., and Porter, C. R.An abnormaldigital rectal examination is an independent predictor of Gleason> or=7prostate cancer inmen undergoing initial prostate biopsy: a prospective study of790men. Journal,2007,3(99):559~563.
4. Barry, S.A., Tammemagi, M. C., Penek, S., Kassan, E. C., Dorfman, C. S., Riley, T. L.,Commin, J., and Taylor, K. L. Predictors of adverse smoking outcomes in the Prostate, Lung,Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Journal,2012,21(104):1647~1659.
5. Thompson, J. E., Moses, D., Shnier, R., Brenner, P., Delprado, W., Ponsky, L., Pulbrook, M.,Bohm, M., Haynes, A. M., Hayen, A., and Stricker, P. D. Multi-parametric magneticresonance imaging guiding diagnostic biopsy detects significant prostate cancer, and couldreduce unnecessary biopsies and over-detection: a prospective study. Journal,2014,
6. Michor, F., Liphardt, J., Ferrari, M., and Widom, J. What does physics have to do with cancer?Journal,2011,9(11):657~670.
7. Lee, H., Jang, Y., Seo, J., Nam, J. M., and Char, K. Nanoparticle-functionalized polymerplatform for controlling metastatic cancer cell adhesion, shape, and motility. Journal,2011,7(5):5444~5456.
8. Kruse, S.A., Smith, J.A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminaryresults. Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
9. Kaneko, T. S., Pejcic, M. R., Tehranzadeh, J., and Keyak, J. H. Relationships betweenmaterial properties and CT scan data of cortical bone with and without metastatic lesions.Journal,2003,6(25):445~454.
10. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann,H., and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I andbone marrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
11. Nikolaev, N. I., Muller, T., Williams, D. J., and Liu, Y. Changes in the stiffness of humanmesenchymal stem cells with the progress of cell death as measured by atomic forcemicroscopy. Journal,2014,3(47):625~630.
12. Jansen, K.A., Bacabac, R. G., Piechocka, I. K., and Koenderink, G. H. Cells actively stiffenfibrin networks by generating contractile stress. Journal,2013,10(105):2240~2251.
13. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectalreal-time tissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
14. Lindberg, J., Klevebring, D., Liu, W., Neiman, M., Xu, J., Wiklund, P., Wiklund, F., Mills, I.G., Egevad, L., and Gronberg, H. Exome sequencing of prostate cancer supports thehypothesis of independent tumour origins. Journal,2013,2(63):347~353.
15. Miyagawa, T., Tsutsumi, M., Matsumura, T., Kawazoe, N., Ishikawa, S., Shimokama, T.,Miyanaga, N., and Akaza, H. Real-time elastography for the diagnosis of prostate cancer:evaluation of elastographic moving images. Journal,2009,6(39):394~398.
16. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., and Li, Z. Y.[Transrectal real-time tissue elastographycombined with grey-scale ultrasound: valuable for the diagnosis of prostate peripheral zonelesions]. Journal,2010,11(16):979~983.
17. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T.The utility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
18. Puttini, S., Lekka, M., Dorchies, O. M., Saugy, D., Incitti, T., Ruegg, U. T., Bozzoni, I., Kulik,A. J., and Mermod, N. Gene-mediated restoration of normal myofiber elasticity in dystrophicmuscles. Journal,2009,1(17):19~25.
19. He, Z., Corry, B., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.A mechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotubefor reversible control of ion conduction. Journal,2014,
20. He, Z., Corry, B., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.A mechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotubefor reversible control of ion conduction. Journal,2014,
21. Liu, J., Sandaklie-Nikolova, L., Wang, X., and Miller, J. D. Surface force measurements atkaolinite edge surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2014,(420):35~40.
22. Ikai, A. and Afrin, R. Toward mechanical manipulations of cell membranes and membraneproteins using an atomic force microscope: an invited review. Journal,2003,3(39):257~277.
23. Saravia, V. and Toca-Herrera, J. L. Substrate influence on cell shape and cell mechanics:HepG2cells spread on positively charged surfaces. Journal,2009,12(72):957~964.
24. Louey, M. D., Mulvaney, P., and Stewart, P. J. Characterisation of adhesional properties oflactose carriers using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2001,3-4(25):559~567.
25. Yeh, M. K., Tai, N. H., and Chen, B. Y. Influence of Poisson's ratio variation on lateral springconstant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers. Journal,2008,10(108):1025~1029.
26. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
27. Ahn, B. M., Kim, J., Ian, L., Rha, K. H., and Kim, H. J. Mechanical property characterizationof prostate cancer using a minimally motorized indenter in an ex vivo indentation experiment.Journal,2010,4(76):1007~1011.
28. Ahn, B., Lorenzo, E. I., Rha, K. H., Kim, H. J., and Kim, J. Robotic palpation-basedmechanical property mapping for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2011,5(25):851~857.
29. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectalreal-time tissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
30. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T.The utility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
31. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strainindex in prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
32. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strainindex in prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
33. Follana, P., Barriere, J., Chamorey, E., Largillier, R., Dadone, B., Mari, V., Hannoun-Levi, J.M., Marcy, M., Flipo, B., and Ferrero, J. M. Prognostic Factors in401Elderly Women withMetastatic Breast Cancer. Journal,2014,3(86):143~151.
34. Cao, L. and Hu, X.[Prognostic analysis of patients with synchronous liver metastasis fromgastric cancer following simultaneous gastric and liver resection.]. Journal,2014,2(17):124~127.
35. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann,H., and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I andbone marrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
36. Baghani, Z. and Kadkhodazadeh, M. Periodontal dressing: a review article. Journal,2013,4(7):183~191.
37. Predeger, E. J., O'Malley, M., Hendrix, T., and Parker, N. M. Oncology rehabilitationoutcomes over time: a mixed-methods approach. Journal,2014,2(41): E56~E63.
38. Brueggmann, D., Templeman, C., Starzinski-Powitz, A., Rao, N. P., Gayther, S.A., andLawrenson, K. Novel three-dimensional in vitro models of ovarian endometriosis. Journal,2014,1(7):17~
39. Xu, T., Yu, H., Xu, P., Xu, W., Chen, W., Chen, C., and Li, X. Real-time enzyme-digestingidentification of double-strand DNA in a resonance-cantilever embedded micro-chamber.Journal,2014,6(14):1206~1214.
40. Jamison, R.A., Samarage, C. R., Bryson-Richardson, R. J., and Fouras, A. In vivo wall shearmeasurements within the developing zebrafish heart. Journal,2013,10(8): e75722~
41. Tutar, O., Beser, O. F.,Adaletli, I., Tunc, N., Gulcu, D., Kantarci, F., Mihmanli, I., Cokugras,F. C., Kutlu, T., Ozbay, G., and Erkan, T. Shear Wave Elastography in The Evaluation ofLiver Fibrosis In Children: A Prospective Study. Journal,2014,
42. Butcher, D. T.,Alliston, T., and Weaver, V. M. A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.Journal,2009,2(9):108~122.
43. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
44. Jodele, S., Blavier, L., Yoon, J. M., and DeClerck, Y.A. Modifying the soil to affect the seed:role of stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Journal,2006,1(25):35~43.
45. Carraher, C. L. and Schwarzbauer, J. E. Regulation of matrix assembly throughrigidity-dependent fibronectin conformational changes. Journal,2013,21(288):14805~14814.
46. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
47. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction inAsthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
48. Kolacna, L., Bakesova, J., Varga, F., Kostakova, E., Planka, L., Necas, A., Lukas, D., Amler,E., and Pelouch, V. Biochemical and biophysical aspects of collagen nanostructure in theextracellular matrix. Journal,2007,(56Suppl1): S51~S60.
49. Maller, O., Hansen, K. C., Lyons, T. R., Acerbi, I., Weaver, V. M., Prekeris, R., Tan,A. C.,and Schedin, P. Collagen architecture in pregnancy-induced protection from breast cancer.Journal,2013, Pt18(126):4108~4110.
50. Liu, J. L., Wei, W., Tang, W., Jiang, Y., Yang, H. W., Li, J. T., and Zhou, X. Silencing of lysyloxidase gene expression by RNA interference suppresses metastasis of breast cancer. Journal,2012,7(13):3507~3511.
51. Taguchi, A., Kawana, K., Tomio, K., Yamashita, A., Isobe, Y., Nagasaka, K., Koga, K., Inoue,T., Nishida, H., Kojima, S., Adachi, K., Matsumoto, Y.,Arimoto, T., Wada-Hiraike, O., Oda,K., Kang, J. X., Arai, H., Arita, M., Osuga, Y., and Fujii, T. Matrix Metalloproteinase(MMP)-9in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) Is Suppressed by Omega-3Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Vitro and In Vivo. Journal,2014,2(9): e89605~
52. Milovanovic, J., Todorovic-Rakovic, N., and Abu, Rabi Z. The prognostic role ofinterleukin-8(IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinases-2and-9in lymph node-negativeuntreated breast cancer patients. Journal,2013,4(18):866~873.
53. Saeed, H. M.,Alanazi, M. S., Parine, N. R., Shaik, J., Semlali, A., Alharbi, O., Azzam, N.,Aljebreen, A., Almadi, M., and Shalaby, M.A. Matrix metalloproteinase-2(-1306c>t)promoter polymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer in the Saudi population. Journal,2013,10(14):6025~6030.
54. Busch, D. R., Choe, R., Durduran, T., Friedman, D. H., Baker, W. B., Maidment, A. D.,Rosen, M.A., Schnall, M. D., and Yodh, A. G. Blood flow reduction in breast tissue due tomammographic compression. Journal,2014,2(21):151~161.
55. Kruse, S.A., Smith, J.A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminaryresults. Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
56. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strainindex in prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
57. Faria, E. C., Ma, N., Gazi, E., Gardner, P., Brown, M., Clarke, N. W., and Snook, R. D.Measurement of elastic properties of prostate cancer cells using AFM. Journal,2008,11(133):1498~1500.
58. Adhikari, A. S., Glassey, E., and Dunn, A. R. Conformational dynamics accompanying theproteolytic degradation of trimeric collagen I by collagenases. Journal,2012,32(134):13259~13265.
59. Lafleur, M. A., Mercuri, F.A., Ruangpanit, N., Seiki, M., Sato, H., and Thompson, E. W.Type I collagen abrogates the clathrin-mediated internalization of membrane type1matrixmetalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) via the MT1-MMP hemopexin domain. Journal,2006,10(281):6826~6840.
60. Reis, S. T., Timoszczuk, L. S., Pontes-Junior, J., Viana, N., Silva, I. A., Dip, N., Srougi, M.,and Leite, K. R. The role of micro RNAs let7c,100and218expression and their target RAS,C-MYC, BUB1, RB, SMARCA5, LAMB3and Ki-67in prostate cancer. Journal,2013,5(68):652~657.
61. Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M., and Wang, Y. L. Cell movement is guided by therigidity of the substrate. Journal,2000,1(79):144~152.
62. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D.A., andWeaver, V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
63. Cox, T. R., Bird, D., Baker,A. M., Barker, H. E., Ho, M. W., Lang, G., and Erler, J. T.LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking is responsible for fibrosis-enhanced metastasis. Journal,2013,6(73):1721~1732.
64. Davis, M. E., Gumucio, J. P., Sugg, K. B., Bedi, A., and Mendias, C. L. MMP inhibition as apotential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix.Journal,2013,6(115):884~891.
65. Polacheck, W. J., German, A. E., Mammoto, A., Ingber, D. E., and Kamm, R. D.Mechanotransduction of fluid stresses governs3D cell migration. Journal,2014,7(111):2447~2452.
66. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
67. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X. Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~
68. Slanina, H., Hebling, S., Hauck, C. R., and Schubert-Unkmeir, A. Cell invasion by Neisseriameningitidis requires a functional interplay between the focal adhesion kinase, Src andcortactin. Journal,2012,6(7): e39613~
69. Kalaitzis, C., Koukourakis, M., Giannakopoulos, S., Giatromanolaki, A., Sivridis, E., Bantis,A., and Touloupidis, S. Metastatic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate with PSAValueof8.6ng/mL at5-Year-Followup after Prostatectomy, Radiotherapy, and AndrogenDeprivation. Journal,2014,(2014):218628~
70. Sinkus, R., Lorenzen, J., Schrader, D., Lorenzen, M., Dargatz, M., and Holz, D.High-resolution tensor MR elastography for breast tumour detection. Journal,2000,6(45):1649~1664.
71. Keller, E. T., Zhang, J., Cooper, C. R., Smith, P. C., McCauley, L. K., Pienta, K. J., andTaichman, R. S. Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases: cross-talk between tumor and bone.Journal,2001,3-4(20):333~349.
72. Bubendorf, L., Schopfer,A., Wagner, U., Sauter, G., Moch, H., Willi, N., Gasser, T. C., andMihatsch, M. J. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of1,589patients.Journal,2000,5(31):578~583.
73. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction inAsthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
74. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T.,and Hall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletalmetastasis. Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
75. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T.,and Hall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletalmetastasis. Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
76. Liotta, L. A., Steeg, P. S., and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis:an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Journal,1991,2(64):327~336.
77. Msaouel, P., Nandikolla, G., Pneumaticos, S. G., and Koutsilieris, M. Bonemicroenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis incastration-resistant prostate cancer. Journal,2013,11(22):1385~1400.
78. Koutsilieris, M. Skeletal metastases in advanced prostate cancer: cell biology and therapy.Journal,1995,1(18):51~64.
79. Roche, P.A. and Cresswell, P. Proteolysis of the class II-associated invariant chain generatesa peptide binding site in intracellular HLA-DR molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.1991.88:3150-3154. Journal,2011,3(187):1076~1080.
80. Aznavoorian, S., Stracke, M. L., Krutzsch, H., Schiffmann, E., and Liotta, L. A. Signaltransduction for chemotaxis and haptotaxis by matrix molecules in tumor cells. Journal,1990,4(110):1427~1438.
81. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
82. Rabbani, S. A., Arakelian, A., and Farookhi, R. LRP5knockdown: effect on prostate cancerinvasion growth and skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Journal,2013,5(2):625~635.
83. Valkenburg, K. C., Steensma, M. R., Williams, B. O., and Zhong, Z. Skeletal metastasis:treatments, mouse models, and the Wnt signaling. Journal,2013,7(32):380~396.
84. Li, J., Jamin, Y., Boult, J. K., Cummings, C., Waterton, J. C., Ulloa, J., Sinkus, R., Bamber, J.C., and Robinson, S. P. Tumour biomechanical response to the vascular disrupting agentZD6126in vivo assessed by magnetic resonance elastography. Journal,2014,
85. Denais, C. and Lammerding, J. Nuclear mechanics in cancer. Journal,2014,(773):435~470.
86. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X. Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~
87. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
88. Shallal, H. M., Minn, I., Banerjee, S. R., Lisok, A., Mease, R. C., and Pomper, M. G.Heterobivalent Agents Targeting PSMA and Integrin-alphavbeta3. Journal,2014,2(25):393~405.
89. Zhang, X., Zhang, T., Wu, J., Yu, X., Zheng, D., Yang, F., Li, T., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Dong, S.,Zhong, X., Fu, S., Xu, C. Q., Lu, F., and Zhang, W. H. Calcium Sensing Receptor PromotesCardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Secretion. Journal,2014,3(33):557~568.
90. Tait, C., Moore, D., Hodgson, C., Brown, M., Morris, T., Growcott, J., Malone, M., Hughes,A., Renehan, A., Clarke, N., and Dive, C. Quantification of skeletal metastases in castrateresistant prostate cancer predicts progression free and overall survival. Journal,2014,
91. Ablett, M. P., O'Brien, C. S., Sims, A. H., Farnie, G., and Clarke, R. B.Adifferential role forCXCR4in the regulation of normal versus malignant breast stem cell activity. Journal,2013,
92. Read, R. C. Systemic hernial disease protects against cancer: an hypothesis. Journal,2010,2(14):119~121.
93. Adams, D. L., Martin, S. S., Alpaugh, R. K., Charpentier, M., Tsai, S., Bergan, R. C., Ogden,I. M., Catalona, W., Chumsri, S., Tang, C. M., and Cristofanilli, M. Circulating giantmacrophages as a potential biomarker of solid tumors. Journal,2014,9(111):3514~3519.
94. Howe, C. G., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Hall, M. N., Liu, X., Ilievski, V., Slavkovich, V.,Alam, S.,Siddique, A. B., Graziano, J. H., and Gamble, M. V. Folate and Cobalamin ModifyAssociations between S-adenosylmethionine and Methylated Arsenic Metabolites inArsenic-Exposed Bangladeshi Adults. Journal,2014,
95. Nikzaban, M., Hakhamaneshi, M. S., Fakhari, S., Sheikhesmaili, F., Roshani, D., Ahsan, B.,Kamali, F., and Jalili, A. The chemokine receptor CXCR4is associated with the staging ofgastric cancer. Journal,2014,(3):16~
96. Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Chen, L., Li, W., Li, F., and Chen, Q. Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1and its Receptor CXCR4are Upregulated Expression in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs.Journal,2014,3(11):240~245.
97. Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., and MacDonald, I. C. Dissemination and growth of cancercells in metastatic sites. Journal,2002,8(2):563~572.
98. Steeg, P. S. Cancer: micromanagement of metastasis. Journal,2007,7163(449):671~673.
99. Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Ding, Y., Huang, J., Chen, S., Wu, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., and Chen, C.Antitumour activity of the recombination polypeptide GST-NT21MP is mediated byinhibition of CXCR4pathway in breast cancer. Journal,2014,
100. Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M., and Wang, Y. L. Cell movement is guided by therigidity of the substrate. Journal,2000,1(79):144~152.
101. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D.A., andWeaver, V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
102. Kalluri, R. and Weinberg, R.A. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Journal,2009,6(119):1420~1428.
103. Chaffer, C. L. and Weinberg, R. A. Aperspective on cancer cell metastasis. Journal,2011,6024(331):1559~1564.
104. Thiery, J. P. and Sleeman, J. P. Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymaltransitions. Journal,2006,2(7):131~142.
105. Polyak, K. and Weinberg, R.A. Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states:acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Journal,2009,4(9):265~273.
106. Hotary, K., Li, X. Y.,Allen, E., Stevens, S. L., and Weiss, S. J.Acancer cell metalloproteasetriad regulates the basement membrane transmigration program. Journal,2006,19(20):2673~2686.
107. Walentowicz-Sadlecka, M., Sadlecki, P., Bodnar, M., Marszalek, A., Walentowicz, P., Sokup,A., Wilinska-Jankowska, A., and Grabiec, M. Stromal derived factor-1(SDF-1) and itsreceptors CXCR4and CXCR7in endometrial cancer patients. Journal,2014,1(9): e84629~
108. Hotary, K. B., Allen, E. D., Brooks, P. C., Datta, N. S., Long, M. W., and Weiss, S. J.Membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase usurps tumor growth control imposed by thethree-dimensional extracellular matrix. Journal,2003,1(114):33~45.
109. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
110. De, Wever O., Demetter, P., Mareel, M., and Bracke, M. Stromal myofibroblasts are driversof invasive cancer growth. Journal,2008,10(123):2229~2238.
111. Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., and Keely, P. J. Matrix density-inducedmechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through aFAK-ERK linkage. Journal,2009,49(28):4326~4343.
112. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
113. Ridley,A. J., Schwartz, M. A., Burridge, K., Firtel, R. A., Ginsberg, M. H., Borisy, G.,Parsons, J. T., and Horwitz, A. R. Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back.Journal,2003,5651(302):1704~1709.
114. Pollard, T. D. and Borisy, G. G. Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly ofactin filaments. Journal,2003,4(112):453~465.
115. Sabeh, F., Shimizu-Hirota, R., and Weiss, S. J. Protease-dependent versus-independentcancer cell invasion programs: three-dimensional amoeboid movement revisited. Journal,2009,1(185):11~19.
116. Wozniak, M.A., Desai, R., Solski, P.A., Der, C. J., and Keely, P. J. ROCK-generatedcontractility regulates breast epithelial cell differentiation in response to the physicalproperties of a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Journal,2003,3(163):583~595.
117. Yamazaki, D., Kurisu, S., and Takenawa, T. Involvement of Rac and Rho signaling in cancercell motility in3D substrates. Journal,2009,13(28):1570~1583.
118. Doyle, A. D., Wang, F. W., Matsumoto, K., and Yamada, K. M. One-dimensional topographyunderlies three-dimensional fibrillar cell migration. Journal,2009,4(184):481~490.
119. Kuribayashi, N., Uchida, D., Kinouchi, M., Takamaru, N., Tamatani, T., Nagai, H., andMiyamoto, Y. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptor5on the stromal cell-derivedfactor-1/CXCR4system in oral cancer. Journal,2013,11(8): e80773~
120. Geiger, B., Spatz, J. P., and Bershadsky, A. D. Environmental sensing through focaladhesions. Journal,2009,1(10):21~33.
121. Wehrle-Haller, B. and Imhof, B. The inner lives of focal adhesions. Journal,2002,8(12):382~389.
122. Parsons, J. T., Horwitz, A. R., and Schwartz, M. A. Cell adhesion: integrating cytoskeletaldynamics and cellular tension. Journal,2010,9(11):633~643.
123. Smith, M. L., Gourdon, D., Little, W. C., Kubow, K. E., Eguiluz, R.A., Luna-Morris, S., andVogel, V. Force-induced unfolding of fibronectin in the extracellular matrix of living cells.Journal,2007,10(5): e268~
124. Sun, S. X., Walcott, S., and Wolgemuth, C. W. Cytoskeletal cross-linking and bundling inmotor-independent contraction. Journal,2010,15(20): R649~R654.
125. Bloom, R. J., George, J. P., Celedon, A., Sun, S. X., and Wirtz, D. Mapping local matrixremodeling induced by a migrating tumor cell using three-dimensional multiple-particletracking. Journal,2008,8(95):4077~4088.
126. Shih, W. and Yamada, S. Myosin IIAdependent retrograde flow drives3D cell migration.Journal,2010,8(98): L29~L31.
127. Beningo, K. A., Dembo, M., Kaverina, I., Small, J. V., and Wang, Y. L. Nascent focaladhesions are responsible for the generation of strong propulsive forces in migratingfibroblasts. Journal,2001,4(153):881~888.
128. Legant, W. R., Miller, J. S., Blakely, B. L., Cohen, D. M., Genin, G. M., and Chen, C. S.Measurement of mechanical tractions exerted by cells in three-dimensional matrices. Journal,2010,12(7):969~971.
129. Fraley, S. I., Feng, Y., Krishnamurthy, R., Kim, D. H., Celedon, A., Longmore, G. D., andWirtz, D.A distinctive role for focal adhesion proteins in three-dimensional cell motility.Journal,2010,6(12):598~604.
130. Sahai, E., Wyckoff, J., Philippar, U., Segall, J. E., Gertler, F., and Condeelis, J. Simultaneousimaging of GFP, CFP and collagen in tumors in vivo using multiphoton microscopy. Journal,2005,(5):14~
131. Giampieri, S., Manning, C., Hooper, S., Jones, L., Hill, C. S., and Sahai, E. Localized andreversible TGFbeta signalling switches breast cancer cells from cohesive to single cellmotility. Journal,2009,11(11):1287~1296.
132. Kurisu, S. and Takenawa, T. WASP and WAVE family proteins: friends or foes in cancerinvasion? Journal,2010,10(101):2093~2104.
133. Iwaya, K., Norio, K., and Mukai, K. Coexpression ofArp2and WAVE2predicts pooroutcome in invasive breast carcinoma. Journal,2007,3(20):339~343.
134. Yoder, B. J., Tso, E., Skacel, M., Pettay, J., Tarr, S., Budd, T., Tubbs, R. R., Adams, J. C., andHicks, D. G. The expression of fascin, an actin-bundling motility protein, correlates withhormone receptor-negative breast cancer and a more aggressive clinical course. Journal,2005,1(11):186~192.
135. Li, J., Yen, C., Liaw, D., Podsypanina, K., Bose, S., Wang, S. I., Puc, J., Miliaresis, C.,Rodgers, L., McCombie, R., Bigner, S. H., Giovanella, B. C., Ittmann, M., Tycko, B.,Hibshoosh, H., Wigler, M. H., and Parsons, R. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatasegene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Journal,1997,5308(275):1943~1947.
136. Wood, L. D., Parsons, D. W., Jones, S., Lin, J., Sjoblom, T., Leary, R. J., Shen, D., Boca, S.M., Barber, T., Ptak, J., Silliman, N., Szabo, S., Dezso, Z., Ustyanksky, V., Nikolskaya, T.,Nikolsky, Y., Karchin, R., Wilson, P.A., Kaminker, J. S., Zhang, Z., Croshaw, R., Willis, J.,Dawson, D., Shipitsin, M., Willson, J. K., Sukumar, S., Polyak, K., Park, B. H., Pethiyagoda,C. L., Pant, P. V., Ballinger, D. G., Sparks, A. B., Hartigan, J., Smith, D. R., Suh, E.,Papadopoulos, N., Buckhaults, P., Markowitz, S. D., Parmigiani, G., Kinzler, K. W.,Velculescu, V. E., and Vogelstein, B. The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectalcancers. Journal,2007,5853(318):1108~1113.
137. Sahai, E. and Marshall, C. J. Differing modes of tumour cell invasion have distinctrequirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis. Journal,2003,8(5):711~719.
138. Sounni, N. E., Devy, L., Hajitou, A., Frankenne, F., Munaut, C., Gilles, C., Deroanne, C.,Thompson, E. W., Foidart, J. M., and Noel, A. MT1-MMP expression promotes tumorgrowth and angiogenesis through an up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factorexpression. Journal,2002,6(16):555~564.
139. Kumar, S. and Weaver, V. M. Mechanics, malignancy, and metastasis: the force journey of atumor cell. Journal,2009,1-2(28):113~127.
140. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D.A., andWeaver, V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
141. Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., Knittel, J. G., Yan, L., Rueden, C. T., White,J. G., and Keely, P. J. Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression.Journal,2008,(6):11~
142. Wirtz, D. C.[Hip dysplasia]. Journal,2013,5(25):416~
143. Dahl, K. N., Kahn, S. M., Wilson, K. L., and Discher, D. E. The nuclear envelope laminanetwork has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber.Journal,2004, Pt20(117):4779~4786.
144. Tseng, Y., Lee, J. S., Kole, T. P., Jiang, I., and Wirtz, D. Micro-organization andvisco-elasticity of the interphase nucleus revealed by particle nanotracking. Journal,2004, Pt10(117):2159~2167.
145. Gerlitz, G. and Bustin, M. Efficient cell migration requires global chromatin condensation.Journal,2010, Pt13(123):2207~2217.
146. Crisp, M., Liu, Q., Roux, K., Rattner, J. B., Shanahan, C., Burke, B., Stahl, P. D., and Hodzic,D. Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex. Journal,2006,1(172):41~53.
147. Stewart-Hutchinson, P. J., Hale, C. M., Wirtz, D., and Hodzic, D. Structural requirements forthe assembly of LINC complexes and their function in cellular mechanical stiffness. Journal,2008,8(314):1892~1905.
148. Lee, J. S., Hale, C. M., Panorchan, P., Khatau, S. B., George, J. P., Tseng, Y., Stewart, C. L.,Hodzic, D., and Wirtz, D. Nuclear lamin A/C deficiency induces defects in cell mechanics,polarization, and migration. Journal,2007,7(93):2542~2552.
149. Yu, J., Starr, D. A., Wu, X., Parkhurst, S. M., Zhuang, Y., Xu, T., Xu, R., and Han, M. TheKASH domain protein MSP-300plays an essential role in nuclear anchoring duringDrosophila oogenesis. Journal,2006,2(289):336~345.
150. Starr, D. A., Hermann, G. J., Malone, C. J., Fixsen, W., Priess, J. R., Horvitz, H. R., and Han,M. unc-83encodes a novel component of the nuclear envelope and is essential for propernuclear migration. Journal,2001,24(128):5039~5050.
151. Technau, M. and Roth, S. The Drosophila KASH domain proteins Msp-300and Klarsichtand the SUN domain protein Klaroid have no essential function during oogenesis. Journal,2008,2(2):82~91.
152. Wood, L. D., Parsons, D. W., Jones, S., Lin, J., Sjoblom, T., Leary, R. J., Shen, D., Boca, S.M., Barber, T., Ptak, J., Silliman, N., Szabo, S., Dezso, Z., Ustyanksky, V., Nikolskaya, T.,Nikolsky, Y., Karchin, R., Wilson, P.A., Kaminker, J. S., Zhang, Z., Croshaw, R., Willis, J.,Dawson, D., Shipitsin, M., Willson, J. K., Sukumar, S., Polyak, K., Park, B. H., Pethiyagoda,C. L., Pant, P. V., Ballinger, D. G., Sparks, A. B., Hartigan, J., Smith, D. R., Suh, E.,Papadopoulos, N., Buckhaults, P., Markowitz, S. D., Parmigiani, G., Kinzler, K. W.,Velculescu, V. E., and Vogelstein, B. The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectalcancers. Journal,2007,5853(318):1108~1113.
153. Yeung, T., Georges, P. C., Flanagan, L. A., Marg, B., Ortiz, M., Funaki, M., Zahir, N., Ming,W., Weaver, V., and Janmey, P.A. Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology,cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion. Journal,2005,1(60):24~34.
154. Guck, J., Schinkinger, S., Lincoln, B., Wottawah, F., Ebert, S., Romeyke, M., Lenz, D.,Erickson, H. M., Ananthakrishnan, R., Mitchell, D., Kas, J., Ulvick, S., and Bilby, C. Opticaldeformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastaticcompetence. Journal,2005,5(88):3689~3698.
155. Yeung, T., Georges, P. C., Flanagan, L. A., Marg, B., Ortiz, M., Funaki, M., Zahir, N., Ming,W., Weaver, V., and Janmey, P.A. Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology,cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion. Journal,2005,1(60):24~34.
156. Lee, J. S., Panorchan, P., Hale, C. M., Khatau, S. B., Kole, T. P., Tseng, Y., and Wirtz, D.Ballistic intracellular nanorheology reveals ROCK-hard cytoplasmic stiffening response tofluid flow. Journal,2006, Pt9(119):1760~1768.
157. Baker, E. L., Bonnecaze, R. T., and Zaman, M. H. Extracellular matrix stiffness andarchitecture govern intracellular rheology in cancer. Journal,2009,4(97):1013~1021.
158. Baker, E. L., Lu, J.,Yu, D., Bonnecaze, R. T., and Zaman, M. H. Cancer cell stiffness:integrated roles of three-dimensional matrix stiffness and transforming potential. Journal,2010,7(99):2048~2057.
159. Lee, J. S., Panorchan, P., Hale, C. M., Khatau, S. B., Kole, T. P., Tseng, Y., and Wirtz, D.Ballistic intracellular nanorheology reveals ROCK-hard cytoplasmic stiffening response tofluid flow. Journal,2006, Pt9(119):1760~1768.
160. Tseng, Y., Lee, J. S., Kole, T. P., Jiang, I., and Wirtz, D. Micro-organization andvisco-elasticity of the interphase nucleus revealed by particle nanotracking. Journal,2004, Pt10(117):2159~2167.
161. Swartz, M.A. and Fleury, M. E. Interstitial flow and its effects in soft tissues. Journal,2007,(9):229~256.
162. Mycielska, M. E. and Djamgoz, M. B. Citrate transport in the human prostate epithelialPNT2-C2cell line: electrophysiological analyses. Journal,2004, Pt3(559):821~833.
163. Fidler, I. J., Yano, S., Zhang, R. D., Fujimaki, T., and Bucana, C. D. The seed and soilhypothesis: vascularisation and brain metastases. Journal,2002,1(3):53~57.
164. Kienast, Y., von, Baumgarten L., Fuhrmann, M., Klinkert, W. E., Goldbrunner, R., Herms, J.,and Winkler, F. Real-time imaging reveals the single steps of brain metastasis formation.Journal,2010,1(16):116~122.
165. Zhu, C., Yago, T., Lou, J., Zarnitsyna, V. I., and McEver, R. P. Mechanisms forflow-enhanced cell adhesion. Journal,2008,4(36):604~621.
166. Chang, K. C. and Hammer, D. A. The forward rate of binding of surface-tethered reactants:effect of relative motion between two surfaces. Journal,1999,3(76):1280~1292.
167. Duguay, D., Foty, R.A., and Steinberg, M. S. Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and tissuesegregation: qualitative and quantitative determinants. Journal,2003,2(253):309~323.
168. Niessen, C. M. and Gumbiner, B. M. Cadherin-mediated cell sorting not determined bybinding or adhesion specificity. Journal,2002,2(156):389~399.
169. Marshall, B. T., Long, M., Piper, J. W.,Yago, T., McEver, R. P., and Zhu, C. Directobservation of catch bonds involving cell-adhesion molecules. Journal,2003,6936(423):190~193.
170. Hynes, R. O. The evolution of metazoan extracellular matrix. Journal,2012,6(196):671~679.
171. Lorger, M., Krueger, J. S., O'Neal, M., Staflin, K., and Felding-Habermann, B.Activation oftumor cell integrin alphavbeta3controls angiogenesis and metastatic growth in the brain.Journal,2009,26(106):10666~10671.
172. Gasic, G. J., Gasic, T. B., and Stewart, C. C. Antimetastatic effects associated with plateletreduction. Journal,1968,1(61):46~52.
173. Camerer, E., Qazi, A.A., Duong, D. N., Cornelissen, I.,Advincula, R., and Coughlin, S. R.Platelets, protease-activated receptors, and fibrinogen in hematogenous metastasis. Journal,2004,2(104):397~401.
174. Karpatkin, S.,Ambrogio, C., and Pearlstein, E. The role of tumor-induced plateletaggregation, platelet adhesion and adhesive proteins in tumor metastasis. Journal,1988,(283):585~606.
175. Palumbo, J. S., Talmage, K. E., Massari, J. V., La Jeunesse, C. M., Flick, M. J., Kombrinck,K. W., Jirouskova, M., and Degen, J. L. Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastaticpotential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Journal,2005,1(105):178~185.
176. Gay, L. J. and Felding-Habermann, B. Contribution of platelets to tumour metastasis. Journal,2011,2(11):123~134.
177. Nash, G. F., Turner, L. F., Scully, M. F., and Kakkar, A. K. Platelets and cancer. Journal,2002,7(3):425~430.
178. Pinedo, H. M., Verheul, H. M., D'Amato, R. J., and Folkman, J. Involvement of platelets intumour angiogenesis? Journal,1998,9142(352):1775~1777.
179. Crissman, J. D., Hatfield, J., Schaldenbrand, M., Sloane, B. F., and Honn, K. V.Arrest andextravasation of B16amelanotic melanoma in murine lungs. A light and electron microscopicstudy. Journal,1985,4(53):470~478.
180. Burdick, M. M., McCaffery, J. M., Kim, Y. S., Bochner, B. S., and Konstantopoulos, K.Colon carcinoma cell glycolipids, integrins, and other glycoproteins mediate adhesion toHUVECs under flow. Journal,2003,4(284): C977~C987.
181. Borsig, L., Wong, R., Hynes, R. O., Varki, N. M., and Varki, A. Synergistic effects of L-andP-selectin in facilitating tumor metastasis can involve non-mucin ligands and implicateleukocytes as enhancers of metastasis. Journal,2002,4(99):2193~2198.
182. Jadhav, S., Bochner, B. S., and Konstantopoulos, K. Hydrodynamic shear regulates thekinetics and receptor specificity of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-colon carcinoma celladhesive interactions. Journal,2001,10(167):5986~5993.
183. Laubli, H., Stevenson, J. L., Varki, A., Varki, N. M., and Borsig, L. L-selectin facilitation ofmetastasis involves temporal induction of Fut7-dependent ligands at sites of tumor cell arrest.Journal,2006,3(66):1536~1542.
184. Mannori, G., Santoro, D., Carter, L., Corless, C., Nelson, R. M., and Bevilacqua, M. P.Inhibition of colon carcinoma cell lung colony formation by a soluble form of E-selectin.Journal,1997,1(151):233~243.
185. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
186. Fidler, I. J. Biological heterogeneity of cancer: implication to therapy. Journal,2012,8(8):1141~1142.
187. Pan, Z., Chen, Y. Y., Wu, X., Trisal, V., Wilczynski, S. P., Weiss, L. M., Chu, P. G., and Wu,H. Merkel cell carcinoma of lymph node with unknown primary has a significantly lowerassociation with Merkel cell polyomavirus than its cutaneous counterpart. Journal,2014,
188. Read, R. C. Is Hernia in fact a world journal? Journal,2012,6(16):615~616.
189. Lin, N. U., miri-Kordestani, L., Palmieri, D., Liewehr, D. J., and Steeg, P. S. CNS metastasesin breast cancer: old challenge, new frontiers. Journal,2013,23(19):6404~6418.
190. Trepel, M., Arap, W., and Pasqualini, R. In vivo phage display and vascular heterogeneity:implications for targeted medicine. Journal,2002,3(6):399~404.
191. Chang, S. F., Chang, C. A., Lee, D. Y., Lee, P. L., Yeh, Y. M., Yeh, C. R., Cheng, C. K., Chien,S., and Chiu, J. J. Tumor cell cycle arrest induced by shear stress: Roles of integrins andSmad. Journal,2008,10(105):3927~3932.
192. Lawler, K., O'Sullivan, G., Long, A., and Kenny, D. Shear stress induces internalization ofE-cadherin and invasiveness in metastatic oesophageal cancer cells by a Src-dependentpathway. Journal,2009,6(100):1082~1087.
2. Andriole, G. L. Update of the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial.Journal,2014,(202):53~57.
3. Borden, L. S., Jr., Wright, J. L., Kim, J., Latchamsetty, K., and Porter, C. R.An abnormal digitalrectal examination is an independent predictor of Gleason> or=7prostate cancer in menundergoing initial prostate biopsy: a prospective study of790men. Journal,2007,3(99):559~563.
4. Barry, S. A., Tammemagi, M. C., Penek, S., Kassan, E. C., Dorfman, C. S., Riley, T. L., Commin,J., and Taylor, K. L. Predictors of adverse smoking outcomes in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectaland Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Journal,2012,21(104):1647~1659.
5. Thompson, J. E., Moses, D., Shnier, R., Brenner, P., Delprado, W., Ponsky, L., Pulbrook, M.,Bohm, M., Haynes, A. M., Hayen, A., and Stricker, P. D. Multi-parametric magnetic resonanceimaging guiding diagnostic biopsy detects significant prostate cancer, and could reduceunnecessary biopsies and over-detection: a prospective study. Journal,2014,
6. Michor, F., Liphardt, J., Ferrari, M., and Widom, J. What does physics have to do with cancer?Journal,2011,9(11):657~670.
7. Lee, H., Jang, Y., Seo, J., Nam, J. M., and Char, K. Nanoparticle-functionalized polymerplatform for controlling metastatic cancer cell adhesion, shape, and motility. Journal,2011,7(5):5444~5456.
8. Kruse, S.A., Smith, J.A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminary results.Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
9. Kaneko, T. S., Pejcic, M. R., Tehranzadeh, J., and Keyak, J. H. Relationships between materialproperties and CT scan data of cortical bone with and without metastatic lesions. Journal,2003,6(25):445~454.
10. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H.,and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bonemarrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
11. Nikolaev, N. I., Muller, T., Williams, D. J., and Liu, Y. Changes in the stiffness of humanmesenchymal stem cells with the progress of cell death as measured by atomic force microscopy.Journal,2014,3(47):625~630.
12. Jansen, K.A., Bacabac, R. G., Piechocka, I. K., and Koenderink, G. H. Cells actively stiffenfibrin networks by generating contractile stress. Journal,2013,10(105):2240~2251.
13. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectal real-timetissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
14. Lindberg, J., Klevebring, D., Liu, W., Neiman, M., Xu, J., Wiklund, P., Wiklund, F., Mills, I. G.,Egevad, L., and Gronberg, H. Exome sequencing of prostate cancer supports the hypothesis ofindependent tumour origins. Journal,2013,2(63):347~353.
15. Miyagawa, T., Tsutsumi, M., Matsumura, T., Kawazoe, N., Ishikawa, S., Shimokama, T.,Miyanaga, N., and Akaza, H. Real-time elastography for the diagnosis of prostate cancer:evaluation of elastographic moving images. Journal,2009,6(39):394~398.
16. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., and Li, Z. Y.[Transrectal real-time tissue elastographycombined with grey-scale ultrasound: valuable for the diagnosis of prostate peripheral zonelesions]. Journal,2010,11(16):979~983.
17. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T. Theutility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
18. Puttini, S., Lekka, M., Dorchies, O. M., Saugy, D., Incitti, T., Ruegg, U. T., Bozzoni, I., Kulik, A.J., and Mermod, N. Gene-mediated restoration of normal myofiber elasticity in dystrophicmuscles. Journal,2009,1(17):19~25.
19. He, Z., Corry, B., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.A mechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotube forreversible control of ion conduction. Journal,2014,5(23):53~58
20. Le, Z., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.Amechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotube for reversiblecontrol of conduction. Journal,2012,58(3):227~229.
21. Liu, J., Sandaklie-Nikolova, L., Wang, X., and Miller, J. D. Surface force measurements atkaolinite edge surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2014,(420):35~40.
22. Ikai, A. and Afrin, R. Toward mechanical manipulations of cell membranes and membraneproteins using an atomic force microscope: an invited review. Journal,2003,3(39):257~277.
23. Saravia, V. and Toca-Herrera, J. L. Substrate influence on cell shape and cell mechanics: HepG2cells spread on positively charged surfaces. Journal,2009,12(72):957~964.
24. Louey, M. D., Mulvaney, P., and Stewart, P. J. Characterisation of adhesional properties oflactose carriers using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2001,3-4(25):559~567.
25. Yeh, M. K., Tai, N. H., and Chen, B. Y. Influence of Poisson's ratio variation on lateral springconstant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers. Journal,2008,10(108):1025~1029.
26. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar, K.,Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrix crosslinkingforces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
27. Ahn, B. M., Kim, J., Ian, L., Rha, K. H., and Kim, H. J. Mechanical property characterization ofprostate cancer using a minimally motorized indenter in an ex vivo indentation experiment.Journal,2010,4(76):1007~1011.
28. Ahn, B., Lorenzo, E. I., Rha, K. H., Kim, H. J., and Kim, J. Robotic palpation-based mechanicalproperty mapping for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2011,5(25):851~857.
29. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectal real-timetissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
30. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T. Theutility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
31. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strain index inprostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
32. Follana, P., Barriere, J., Chamorey, E., Largillier, R., Dadone, B., Mari, V., Hannoun-Levi, J. M.,Marcy, M., Flipo, B., and Ferrero, J. M. Prognostic Factors in401Elderly Women withMetastatic Breast Cancer. Journal,2014,3(86):143~151.
33. Cao, L. and Hu, X.[Prognostic analysis of patients with synchronous liver metastasis fromgastric cancer following simultaneous gastric and liver resection.]. Journal,2014,2(17):124~127.
34. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H.,and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bonemarrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
35. Baghani, Z. and Kadkhodazadeh, M. Periodontal dressing: a review article. Journal,2013,4(7):183~191.
36. Predeger, E. J., O'Malley, M., Hendrix, T., and Parker, N. M. Oncology rehabilitation outcomesover time: a mixed-methods approach. Journal,2014,2(41): E56~E63.
37. Brueggmann, D., Templeman, C., Starzinski-Powitz, A., Rao, N. P., Gayther, S.A., andLawrenson, K. Novel three-dimensional in vitro models of ovarian endometriosis. Journal,2014,1(7):17~
38. Xu, T., Yu, H., Xu, P., Xu, W., Chen, W., Chen, C., and Li, X. Real-time enzyme-digestingidentification of double-strand DNA in a resonance-cantilever embedded micro-chamber. Journal,2014,6(14):1206~1214.
39. Jamison, R.A., Samarage, C. R., Bryson-Richardson, R. J., and Fouras, A. In vivo wall shearmeasurements within the developing zebrafish heart. Journal,2013,10(8): e75722~
40. Tutar, O., Beser, O. F.,Adaletli, I., Tunc, N., Gulcu, D., Kantarci, F., Mihmanli, I., Cokugras, F.C., Kutlu, T., Ozbay, G., and Erkan, T. Shear Wave Elastography in The Evaluation of LiverFibrosis In Children: AProspective Study. Journal,2014.
1. Butcher, D. T., Alliston, T., and Weaver, V. M. A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.Journal,2009,2(9):108~122.
2. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar, K.,Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
3. Jodele, S., Blavier, L., Yoon, J. M., and DeClerck, Y. A. Modifying the soil to affect the seed:role of stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Journal,2006,1(25):35~43.
4. Carraher, C. L. and Schwarzbauer, J. E. Regulation of matrix assembly throughrigidity-dependent fibronectin conformational changes. Journal,2013,21(288):14805~14814.
5. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
6. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction in Asthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
7. Kolacna, L., Bakesova, J., Varga, F., Kostakova, E., Planka, L., Necas, A., Lukas, D., Amler, E.,and Pelouch, V. Biochemical and biophysical aspects of collagen nanostructure in theextracellular matrix. Journal,2007,(56Suppl1): S51~S60.
8. Maller, O., Hansen, K. C., Lyons, T. R., Acerbi, I., Weaver, V. M., Prekeris, R., Tan, A. C., andSchedin, P. Collagen architecture in pregnancy-induced protection from breast cancer. Journal,2013, Pt18(126):4108~4110.
9. Liu, J. L., Wei, W., Tang, W., Jiang, Y., Yang, H. W., Li, J. T., and Zhou, X. Silencing of lysyloxidase gene expression by RNA interference suppresses metastasis of breast cancer. Journal,2012,7(13):3507~3511.
10. Taguchi, A., Kawana, K., Tomio, K., Yamashita, A., Isobe, Y., Nagasaka, K., Koga, K., Inoue,T., Nishida, H., Kojima, S., Adachi, K., Matsumoto, Y., Arimoto, T., Wada-Hiraike, O., Oda, K.,Kang, J. X., Arai, H., Arita, M., Osuga, Y., and Fujii, T. Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9inCancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) Is Suppressed by Omega-3Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidsIn Vitro and In Vivo. Journal,2014,2(9): e89605~
11. Milovanovic, J., Todorovic-Rakovic, N., and Abu, Rabi Z. The prognostic role of interleukin-8(IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinases-2and-9in lymph node-negative untreated breast cancerpatients. Journal,2013,4(18):866~873.
12. Saeed, H. M., Alanazi, M. S., Parine, N. R., Shaik, J., Semlali, A., Alharbi, O., Azzam, N.,Aljebreen, A., Almadi, M., and Shalaby, M. A. Matrix metalloproteinase-2(-1306c>t) promoterpolymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer in the Saudi population. Journal,2013,10(14):6025~6030.
13. Busch, D. R., Choe, R., Durduran, T., Friedman, D. H., Baker, W. B., Maidment, A. D., Rosen,M. A., Schnall, M. D., and Yodh, A. G. Blood flow reduction in breast tissue due tomammographic compression. Journal,2014,2(21):151~161.
14. Kruse, S. A., Smith, J. A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminary results.Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
15. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strain indexin prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
16. Faria, E. C., Ma, N., Gazi, E., Gardner, P., Brown, M., Clarke, N. W., and Snook, R. D.Measurement of elastic properties of prostate cancer cells using AFM. Journal,2008,11(133):1498~1500.
17. Adhikari, A. S., Glassey, E., and Dunn, A. R. Conformational dynamics accompanying theproteolytic degradation of trimeric collagen I by collagenases. Journal,2012,32(134):13259~13265.
18. Lafleur, M. A., Mercuri, F. A., Ruangpanit, N., Seiki, M., Sato, H., and Thompson, E. W. Type Icollagen abrogates the clathrin-mediated internalization of membrane type1matrixmetalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) via the MT1-MMP hemopexin domain. Journal,2006,10(281):6826~6840.
19. Reis, S. T., Timoszczuk, L. S., Pontes-Junior, J., Viana, N., Silva, I. A., Dip, N., Srougi, M., andLeite, K. R. The role of micro RNAs let7c,100and218expression and their target RAS,C-MYC, BUB1, RB, SMARCA5, LAMB3and Ki-67in prostate cancer. Journal,2013,5(68):652~657.
20. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H.,and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I and bonemarrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
21. Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M., and Wang, Y. L. Cell movement is guided by the rigidityof the substrate. Journal,2000,1(79):144~152.
22. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D. A., and Weaver,V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
23. Cox, T. R., Bird, D., Baker, A. M., Barker, H. E., Ho, M. W., Lang, G., and Erler, J. T.LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking is responsible for fibrosis-enhanced metastasis. Journal,2013,6(73):1721~1732.
24. Davis, M. E., Gumucio, J. P., Sugg, K. B., Bedi, A., and Mendias, C. L. MMP inhibition as apotential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix.Journal,2013,6(115):884~891.
25. Polacheck, W. J., German, A. E., Mammoto, A., Ingber, D. E., and Kamm, R. D.Mechanotransduction of fluid stresses governs3D cell migration. Journal,2014,7(111):2447~2452.
26. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
27. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X. Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~888.
28. Slanina, H., Hebling, S., Hauck, C. R., and Schubert-Unkmeir, A. Cell invasion by Neisseriameningitidis requires a functional interplay between the focal adhesion kinase, Src and cortactin.Journal,2012,6(7): e39613.
1. Kalaitzis, C., Koukourakis, M., Giannakopoulos, S., Giatromanolaki, A., Sivridis, E., Bantis, A.,and Touloupidis, S. Metastatic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate with PSAValue of8.6ng/mL at5-Year-Followup after Prostatectomy, Radiotherapy, and Androgen Deprivation.Journal,2014,(2014):218628~
2. Butcher, D. T.,Alliston, T., and Weaver, V. M.A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.Journal,2009,2(9):108~122.
3. Sinkus, R., Lorenzen, J., Schrader, D., Lorenzen, M., Dargatz, M., and Holz, D.High-resolution tensor MR elastography for breast tumour detection. Journal,2000,6(45):1649~1664.
4. Keller, E. T., Zhang, J., Cooper, C. R., Smith, P. C., McCauley, L. K., Pienta, K. J., andTaichman, R. S. Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases: cross-talk between tumor and bone.Journal,2001,3-4(20):333~349.
5. Bubendorf, L., Schopfer,A., Wagner, U., Sauter, G., Moch, H., Willi, N., Gasser, T. C., andMihatsch, M. J. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of1,589patients.Journal,2000,5(31):578~583.
6. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction inAsthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
7. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T., andHall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis.Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
8. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T., andHall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletal metastasis.Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
9. Liotta, L. A., Steeg, P. S., and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: animbalance of positive and negative regulation. Journal,1991,2(64):327~336.
10. Msaouel, P., Nandikolla, G., Pneumaticos, S. G., and Koutsilieris, M. Bonemicroenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis incastration-resistant prostate cancer. Journal,2013,11(22):1385~1400.
11. Koutsilieris, M. Skeletal metastases in advanced prostate cancer: cell biology and therapy.Journal,1995,1(18):51~64.
12. Roche, P.A. and Cresswell, P. Proteolysis of the class II-associated invariant chain generates apeptide binding site in intracellular HLA-DR molecules. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA.1991.88:3150-3154. Journal,2011,3(187):1076~1080.
13. Aznavoorian, S., Stracke, M. L., Krutzsch, H., Schiffmann, E., and Liotta, L. A. Signaltransduction for chemotaxis and haptotaxis by matrix molecules in tumor cells. Journal,1990,4(110):1427~1438.
14. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar, K.,Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrix crosslinkingforces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
15. Rabbani, S. A., Arakelian, A., and Farookhi, R. LRP5knockdown: effect on prostate cancerinvasion growth and skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Journal,2013,5(2):625~635.
16. Valkenburg, K. C., Steensma, M. R., Williams, B. O., and Zhong, Z. Skeletal metastasis:treatments, mouse models, and the Wnt signaling. Journal,2013,7(32):380~396.
17. Li, J., Jamin, Y., Boult, J. K., Cummings, C., Waterton, J. C., Ulloa, J., Sinkus, R., Bamber, J.C., and Robinson, S. P. Tumour biomechanical response to the vascular disrupting agentZD6126in vivo assessed by magnetic resonance elastography. Journal,2014,
18. Denais, C. and Lammerding, J. Nuclear mechanics in cancer. Journal,2014,(773):435~470.
19. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X.Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~
20. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
21. Shallal, H. M., Minn, I., Banerjee, S. R., Lisok, A., Mease, R. C., and Pomper, M. G.Heterobivalent Agents Targeting PSMA and Integrin-alphavbeta3. Journal,2014,2(25):393~405.
22. Zhang, X., Zhang, T., Wu, J., Yu, X., Zheng, D., Yang, F., Li, T., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Dong, S.,Zhong, X., Fu, S., Xu, C. Q., Lu, F., and Zhang, W. H. Calcium Sensing Receptor PromotesCardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Secretion. Journal,2014,3(33):557~568.
23. Tait, C., Moore, D., Hodgson, C., Brown, M., Morris, T., Growcott, J., Malone, M., Hughes, A.,Renehan, A., Clarke, N., and Dive, C. Quantification of skeletal metastases in castrate resistantprostate cancer predicts progression free and overall survival. Journal,2014,
24. Ablett, M. P., O'Brien, C. S., Sims, A. H., Farnie, G., and Clarke, R. B.Adifferential role forCXCR4in the regulation of normal versus malignant breast stem cell activity. Journal,2013,
25. Read, R. C. Systemic hernial disease protects against cancer: an hypothesis. Journal,2010,2(14):119~121.
26. Adams, D. L., Martin, S. S., Alpaugh, R. K., Charpentier, M., Tsai, S., Bergan, R. C., Ogden, I.M., Catalona, W., Chumsri, S., Tang, C. M., and Cristofanilli, M. Circulating giantmacrophages as a potential biomarker of solid tumors. Journal,2014,9(111):3514~3519.
27. Howe, C. G., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Hall, M. N., Liu, X., Ilievski, V., Slavkovich, V.,Alam, S.,Siddique, A. B., Graziano, J. H., and Gamble, M. V. Folate and Cobalamin Modify Associationsbetween S-adenosylmethionine and Methylated Arsenic Metabolites inArsenic-ExposedBangladeshi Adults. Journal,2014,
28. Nikzaban, M., Hakhamaneshi, M. S., Fakhari, S., Sheikhesmaili, F., Roshani, D., Ahsan, B.,Kamali, F., and Jalili, A. The chemokine receptor CXCR4is associated with the staging ofgastric cancer. Journal,2014,(3):16~
29. Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Chen, L., Li, W., Li, F., and Chen, Q. Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1andits Receptor CXCR4are Upregulated Expression in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs. Journal,2014,3(11):240~245.
1. Tosco, L. and Van, Poppel H. Prostate cancer: The role of local therapy for metastaticprostate cancer. Journal,2014,
2. Andriole, G. L. Update of the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial.Journal,2014,(202):53~57.
3. Borden, L. S., Jr., Wright, J. L., Kim, J., Latchamsetty, K., and Porter, C. R.An abnormaldigital rectal examination is an independent predictor of Gleason> or=7prostate cancer inmen undergoing initial prostate biopsy: a prospective study of790men. Journal,2007,3(99):559~563.
4. Barry, S.A., Tammemagi, M. C., Penek, S., Kassan, E. C., Dorfman, C. S., Riley, T. L.,Commin, J., and Taylor, K. L. Predictors of adverse smoking outcomes in the Prostate, Lung,Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Journal,2012,21(104):1647~1659.
5. Thompson, J. E., Moses, D., Shnier, R., Brenner, P., Delprado, W., Ponsky, L., Pulbrook, M.,Bohm, M., Haynes, A. M., Hayen, A., and Stricker, P. D. Multi-parametric magneticresonance imaging guiding diagnostic biopsy detects significant prostate cancer, and couldreduce unnecessary biopsies and over-detection: a prospective study. Journal,2014,
6. Michor, F., Liphardt, J., Ferrari, M., and Widom, J. What does physics have to do with cancer?Journal,2011,9(11):657~670.
7. Lee, H., Jang, Y., Seo, J., Nam, J. M., and Char, K. Nanoparticle-functionalized polymerplatform for controlling metastatic cancer cell adhesion, shape, and motility. Journal,2011,7(5):5444~5456.
8. Kruse, S.A., Smith, J.A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminaryresults. Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
9. Kaneko, T. S., Pejcic, M. R., Tehranzadeh, J., and Keyak, J. H. Relationships betweenmaterial properties and CT scan data of cortical bone with and without metastatic lesions.Journal,2003,6(25):445~454.
10. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann,H., and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I andbone marrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
11. Nikolaev, N. I., Muller, T., Williams, D. J., and Liu, Y. Changes in the stiffness of humanmesenchymal stem cells with the progress of cell death as measured by atomic forcemicroscopy. Journal,2014,3(47):625~630.
12. Jansen, K.A., Bacabac, R. G., Piechocka, I. K., and Koenderink, G. H. Cells actively stiffenfibrin networks by generating contractile stress. Journal,2013,10(105):2240~2251.
13. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectalreal-time tissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
14. Lindberg, J., Klevebring, D., Liu, W., Neiman, M., Xu, J., Wiklund, P., Wiklund, F., Mills, I.G., Egevad, L., and Gronberg, H. Exome sequencing of prostate cancer supports thehypothesis of independent tumour origins. Journal,2013,2(63):347~353.
15. Miyagawa, T., Tsutsumi, M., Matsumura, T., Kawazoe, N., Ishikawa, S., Shimokama, T.,Miyanaga, N., and Akaza, H. Real-time elastography for the diagnosis of prostate cancer:evaluation of elastographic moving images. Journal,2009,6(39):394~398.
16. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., and Li, Z. Y.[Transrectal real-time tissue elastographycombined with grey-scale ultrasound: valuable for the diagnosis of prostate peripheral zonelesions]. Journal,2010,11(16):979~983.
17. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T.The utility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
18. Puttini, S., Lekka, M., Dorchies, O. M., Saugy, D., Incitti, T., Ruegg, U. T., Bozzoni, I., Kulik,A. J., and Mermod, N. Gene-mediated restoration of normal myofiber elasticity in dystrophicmuscles. Journal,2009,1(17):19~25.
19. He, Z., Corry, B., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.A mechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotubefor reversible control of ion conduction. Journal,2014,
20. He, Z., Corry, B., Lu, X., and Zhou, J.A mechanical nanogate based on a carbon nanotubefor reversible control of ion conduction. Journal,2014,
21. Liu, J., Sandaklie-Nikolova, L., Wang, X., and Miller, J. D. Surface force measurements atkaolinite edge surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2014,(420):35~40.
22. Ikai, A. and Afrin, R. Toward mechanical manipulations of cell membranes and membraneproteins using an atomic force microscope: an invited review. Journal,2003,3(39):257~277.
23. Saravia, V. and Toca-Herrera, J. L. Substrate influence on cell shape and cell mechanics:HepG2cells spread on positively charged surfaces. Journal,2009,12(72):957~964.
24. Louey, M. D., Mulvaney, P., and Stewart, P. J. Characterisation of adhesional properties oflactose carriers using atomic force microscopy. Journal,2001,3-4(25):559~567.
25. Yeh, M. K., Tai, N. H., and Chen, B. Y. Influence of Poisson's ratio variation on lateral springconstant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers. Journal,2008,10(108):1025~1029.
26. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
27. Ahn, B. M., Kim, J., Ian, L., Rha, K. H., and Kim, H. J. Mechanical property characterizationof prostate cancer using a minimally motorized indenter in an ex vivo indentation experiment.Journal,2010,4(76):1007~1011.
28. Ahn, B., Lorenzo, E. I., Rha, K. H., Kim, H. J., and Kim, J. Robotic palpation-basedmechanical property mapping for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2011,5(25):851~857.
29. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., Lv, F. Q., He, E. H., Li, Q. Y., and Shi, H. Y.Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign lesions using strain index of transrectalreal-time tissue elastography. Journal,2012,5(81):857~862.
30. Kamoi, K., Okihara, K., Ochiai, A., Ukimura, O., Mizutani, Y., Kawauchi, A., and Miki, T.The utility of transrectal real-time elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal,2008,7(34):1025~1032.
31. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strainindex in prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
32. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strainindex in prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
33. Follana, P., Barriere, J., Chamorey, E., Largillier, R., Dadone, B., Mari, V., Hannoun-Levi, J.M., Marcy, M., Flipo, B., and Ferrero, J. M. Prognostic Factors in401Elderly Women withMetastatic Breast Cancer. Journal,2014,3(86):143~151.
34. Cao, L. and Hu, X.[Prognostic analysis of patients with synchronous liver metastasis fromgastric cancer following simultaneous gastric and liver resection.]. Journal,2014,2(17):124~127.
35. Sariisik, E., Docheva, D., Padula, D., Popov, C., Opfer, J., Schieker, M., Clausen-Schaumann,H., and Benoit, M. Probing the interaction forces of prostate cancer cells with collagen I andbone marrow derived stem cells on the single cell level. Journal,2013,3(8): e57706~
36. Baghani, Z. and Kadkhodazadeh, M. Periodontal dressing: a review article. Journal,2013,4(7):183~191.
37. Predeger, E. J., O'Malley, M., Hendrix, T., and Parker, N. M. Oncology rehabilitationoutcomes over time: a mixed-methods approach. Journal,2014,2(41): E56~E63.
38. Brueggmann, D., Templeman, C., Starzinski-Powitz, A., Rao, N. P., Gayther, S.A., andLawrenson, K. Novel three-dimensional in vitro models of ovarian endometriosis. Journal,2014,1(7):17~
39. Xu, T., Yu, H., Xu, P., Xu, W., Chen, W., Chen, C., and Li, X. Real-time enzyme-digestingidentification of double-strand DNA in a resonance-cantilever embedded micro-chamber.Journal,2014,6(14):1206~1214.
40. Jamison, R.A., Samarage, C. R., Bryson-Richardson, R. J., and Fouras, A. In vivo wall shearmeasurements within the developing zebrafish heart. Journal,2013,10(8): e75722~
41. Tutar, O., Beser, O. F.,Adaletli, I., Tunc, N., Gulcu, D., Kantarci, F., Mihmanli, I., Cokugras,F. C., Kutlu, T., Ozbay, G., and Erkan, T. Shear Wave Elastography in The Evaluation ofLiver Fibrosis In Children: A Prospective Study. Journal,2014,
42. Butcher, D. T.,Alliston, T., and Weaver, V. M. A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.Journal,2009,2(9):108~122.
43. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
44. Jodele, S., Blavier, L., Yoon, J. M., and DeClerck, Y.A. Modifying the soil to affect the seed:role of stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Journal,2006,1(25):35~43.
45. Carraher, C. L. and Schwarzbauer, J. E. Regulation of matrix assembly throughrigidity-dependent fibronectin conformational changes. Journal,2013,21(288):14805~14814.
46. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
47. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction inAsthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
48. Kolacna, L., Bakesova, J., Varga, F., Kostakova, E., Planka, L., Necas, A., Lukas, D., Amler,E., and Pelouch, V. Biochemical and biophysical aspects of collagen nanostructure in theextracellular matrix. Journal,2007,(56Suppl1): S51~S60.
49. Maller, O., Hansen, K. C., Lyons, T. R., Acerbi, I., Weaver, V. M., Prekeris, R., Tan,A. C.,and Schedin, P. Collagen architecture in pregnancy-induced protection from breast cancer.Journal,2013, Pt18(126):4108~4110.
50. Liu, J. L., Wei, W., Tang, W., Jiang, Y., Yang, H. W., Li, J. T., and Zhou, X. Silencing of lysyloxidase gene expression by RNA interference suppresses metastasis of breast cancer. Journal,2012,7(13):3507~3511.
51. Taguchi, A., Kawana, K., Tomio, K., Yamashita, A., Isobe, Y., Nagasaka, K., Koga, K., Inoue,T., Nishida, H., Kojima, S., Adachi, K., Matsumoto, Y.,Arimoto, T., Wada-Hiraike, O., Oda,K., Kang, J. X., Arai, H., Arita, M., Osuga, Y., and Fujii, T. Matrix Metalloproteinase(MMP)-9in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) Is Suppressed by Omega-3Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Vitro and In Vivo. Journal,2014,2(9): e89605~
52. Milovanovic, J., Todorovic-Rakovic, N., and Abu, Rabi Z. The prognostic role ofinterleukin-8(IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinases-2and-9in lymph node-negativeuntreated breast cancer patients. Journal,2013,4(18):866~873.
53. Saeed, H. M.,Alanazi, M. S., Parine, N. R., Shaik, J., Semlali, A., Alharbi, O., Azzam, N.,Aljebreen, A., Almadi, M., and Shalaby, M.A. Matrix metalloproteinase-2(-1306c>t)promoter polymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer in the Saudi population. Journal,2013,10(14):6025~6030.
54. Busch, D. R., Choe, R., Durduran, T., Friedman, D. H., Baker, W. B., Maidment, A. D.,Rosen, M.A., Schnall, M. D., and Yodh, A. G. Blood flow reduction in breast tissue due tomammographic compression. Journal,2014,2(21):151~161.
55. Kruse, S.A., Smith, J.A., Lawrence, A. J., Dresner, M. A., Manduca, A., Greenleaf, J. F., andEhman, R. L. Tissue characterization using magnetic resonance elastography: preliminaryresults. Journal,2000,6(45):1579~1590.
56. Zhang, Y., Tang, J., Li, Y. M., Fei, X., He, E. H., and Gao, Y.[Diagnostic value of strainindex in prostate peripheral zone lesions by real time tissue elastography]. Journal,2010,5(32):549~552.
57. Faria, E. C., Ma, N., Gazi, E., Gardner, P., Brown, M., Clarke, N. W., and Snook, R. D.Measurement of elastic properties of prostate cancer cells using AFM. Journal,2008,11(133):1498~1500.
58. Adhikari, A. S., Glassey, E., and Dunn, A. R. Conformational dynamics accompanying theproteolytic degradation of trimeric collagen I by collagenases. Journal,2012,32(134):13259~13265.
59. Lafleur, M. A., Mercuri, F.A., Ruangpanit, N., Seiki, M., Sato, H., and Thompson, E. W.Type I collagen abrogates the clathrin-mediated internalization of membrane type1matrixmetalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) via the MT1-MMP hemopexin domain. Journal,2006,10(281):6826~6840.
60. Reis, S. T., Timoszczuk, L. S., Pontes-Junior, J., Viana, N., Silva, I. A., Dip, N., Srougi, M.,and Leite, K. R. The role of micro RNAs let7c,100and218expression and their target RAS,C-MYC, BUB1, RB, SMARCA5, LAMB3and Ki-67in prostate cancer. Journal,2013,5(68):652~657.
61. Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M., and Wang, Y. L. Cell movement is guided by therigidity of the substrate. Journal,2000,1(79):144~152.
62. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D.A., andWeaver, V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
63. Cox, T. R., Bird, D., Baker,A. M., Barker, H. E., Ho, M. W., Lang, G., and Erler, J. T.LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking is responsible for fibrosis-enhanced metastasis. Journal,2013,6(73):1721~1732.
64. Davis, M. E., Gumucio, J. P., Sugg, K. B., Bedi, A., and Mendias, C. L. MMP inhibition as apotential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix.Journal,2013,6(115):884~891.
65. Polacheck, W. J., German, A. E., Mammoto, A., Ingber, D. E., and Kamm, R. D.Mechanotransduction of fluid stresses governs3D cell migration. Journal,2014,7(111):2447~2452.
66. Luu, N. T., Glen, K. E., Egginton, S., Rainger, G. E., and Nash, G. B. Integrin-substrateinteractions underlying shear-induced inhibition of the inflammatory response of endothelialcells. Journal,2013,2(109):298~308.
67. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X. Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~
68. Slanina, H., Hebling, S., Hauck, C. R., and Schubert-Unkmeir, A. Cell invasion by Neisseriameningitidis requires a functional interplay between the focal adhesion kinase, Src andcortactin. Journal,2012,6(7): e39613~
69. Kalaitzis, C., Koukourakis, M., Giannakopoulos, S., Giatromanolaki, A., Sivridis, E., Bantis,A., and Touloupidis, S. Metastatic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate with PSAValueof8.6ng/mL at5-Year-Followup after Prostatectomy, Radiotherapy, and AndrogenDeprivation. Journal,2014,(2014):218628~
70. Sinkus, R., Lorenzen, J., Schrader, D., Lorenzen, M., Dargatz, M., and Holz, D.High-resolution tensor MR elastography for breast tumour detection. Journal,2000,6(45):1649~1664.
71. Keller, E. T., Zhang, J., Cooper, C. R., Smith, P. C., McCauley, L. K., Pienta, K. J., andTaichman, R. S. Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases: cross-talk between tumor and bone.Journal,2001,3-4(20):333~349.
72. Bubendorf, L., Schopfer,A., Wagner, U., Sauter, G., Moch, H., Willi, N., Gasser, T. C., andMihatsch, M. J. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of1,589patients.Journal,2000,5(31):578~583.
73. Rogers, N. K., Clements, D., Dongre, A., Harrison, T. W., Shaw, D., and Johnson, S. R.Extra-Cellular Matrix Proteins Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) Activity andIncrease Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction inAsthma. Journal,2014,2(9): e90565~
74. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T.,and Hall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletalmetastasis. Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
75. Sottnik, J. L., ignault-Newton, S., Zhang, X., Morrissey, C., Hussain, M. H., Keller, E. T.,and Hall, C. L. Integrin alpha2beta1(alpha2beta1) promotes prostate cancer skeletalmetastasis. Journal,2013,5(30):569~578.
76. Liotta, L. A., Steeg, P. S., and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis:an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Journal,1991,2(64):327~336.
77. Msaouel, P., Nandikolla, G., Pneumaticos, S. G., and Koutsilieris, M. Bonemicroenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis incastration-resistant prostate cancer. Journal,2013,11(22):1385~1400.
78. Koutsilieris, M. Skeletal metastases in advanced prostate cancer: cell biology and therapy.Journal,1995,1(18):51~64.
79. Roche, P.A. and Cresswell, P. Proteolysis of the class II-associated invariant chain generatesa peptide binding site in intracellular HLA-DR molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.1991.88:3150-3154. Journal,2011,3(187):1076~1080.
80. Aznavoorian, S., Stracke, M. L., Krutzsch, H., Schiffmann, E., and Liotta, L. A. Signaltransduction for chemotaxis and haptotaxis by matrix molecules in tumor cells. Journal,1990,4(110):1427~1438.
81. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
82. Rabbani, S. A., Arakelian, A., and Farookhi, R. LRP5knockdown: effect on prostate cancerinvasion growth and skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Journal,2013,5(2):625~635.
83. Valkenburg, K. C., Steensma, M. R., Williams, B. O., and Zhong, Z. Skeletal metastasis:treatments, mouse models, and the Wnt signaling. Journal,2013,7(32):380~396.
84. Li, J., Jamin, Y., Boult, J. K., Cummings, C., Waterton, J. C., Ulloa, J., Sinkus, R., Bamber, J.C., and Robinson, S. P. Tumour biomechanical response to the vascular disrupting agentZD6126in vivo assessed by magnetic resonance elastography. Journal,2014,
85. Denais, C. and Lammerding, J. Nuclear mechanics in cancer. Journal,2014,(773):435~470.
86. Wang, X., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Zong, H., Che, X., Zheng, W., Chen, F., Zhu, Z., Yang, D., andSong, X. Alterations in mechanical properties are associated with prostate cancer progression.Journal,2014,3(31):876~
87. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
88. Shallal, H. M., Minn, I., Banerjee, S. R., Lisok, A., Mease, R. C., and Pomper, M. G.Heterobivalent Agents Targeting PSMA and Integrin-alphavbeta3. Journal,2014,2(25):393~405.
89. Zhang, X., Zhang, T., Wu, J., Yu, X., Zheng, D., Yang, F., Li, T., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Dong, S.,Zhong, X., Fu, S., Xu, C. Q., Lu, F., and Zhang, W. H. Calcium Sensing Receptor PromotesCardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Secretion. Journal,2014,3(33):557~568.
90. Tait, C., Moore, D., Hodgson, C., Brown, M., Morris, T., Growcott, J., Malone, M., Hughes,A., Renehan, A., Clarke, N., and Dive, C. Quantification of skeletal metastases in castrateresistant prostate cancer predicts progression free and overall survival. Journal,2014,
91. Ablett, M. P., O'Brien, C. S., Sims, A. H., Farnie, G., and Clarke, R. B.Adifferential role forCXCR4in the regulation of normal versus malignant breast stem cell activity. Journal,2013,
92. Read, R. C. Systemic hernial disease protects against cancer: an hypothesis. Journal,2010,2(14):119~121.
93. Adams, D. L., Martin, S. S., Alpaugh, R. K., Charpentier, M., Tsai, S., Bergan, R. C., Ogden,I. M., Catalona, W., Chumsri, S., Tang, C. M., and Cristofanilli, M. Circulating giantmacrophages as a potential biomarker of solid tumors. Journal,2014,9(111):3514~3519.
94. Howe, C. G., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Hall, M. N., Liu, X., Ilievski, V., Slavkovich, V.,Alam, S.,Siddique, A. B., Graziano, J. H., and Gamble, M. V. Folate and Cobalamin ModifyAssociations between S-adenosylmethionine and Methylated Arsenic Metabolites inArsenic-Exposed Bangladeshi Adults. Journal,2014,
95. Nikzaban, M., Hakhamaneshi, M. S., Fakhari, S., Sheikhesmaili, F., Roshani, D., Ahsan, B.,Kamali, F., and Jalili, A. The chemokine receptor CXCR4is associated with the staging ofgastric cancer. Journal,2014,(3):16~
96. Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Chen, L., Li, W., Li, F., and Chen, Q. Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1and its Receptor CXCR4are Upregulated Expression in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs.Journal,2014,3(11):240~245.
97. Chambers, A. F., Groom, A. C., and MacDonald, I. C. Dissemination and growth of cancercells in metastatic sites. Journal,2002,8(2):563~572.
98. Steeg, P. S. Cancer: micromanagement of metastasis. Journal,2007,7163(449):671~673.
99. Yang, Q., Zhang, F., Ding, Y., Huang, J., Chen, S., Wu, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., and Chen, C.Antitumour activity of the recombination polypeptide GST-NT21MP is mediated byinhibition of CXCR4pathway in breast cancer. Journal,2014,
100. Lo, C. M., Wang, H. B., Dembo, M., and Wang, Y. L. Cell movement is guided by therigidity of the substrate. Journal,2000,1(79):144~152.
101. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D.A., andWeaver, V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
102. Kalluri, R. and Weinberg, R.A. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Journal,2009,6(119):1420~1428.
103. Chaffer, C. L. and Weinberg, R. A. Aperspective on cancer cell metastasis. Journal,2011,6024(331):1559~1564.
104. Thiery, J. P. and Sleeman, J. P. Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymaltransitions. Journal,2006,2(7):131~142.
105. Polyak, K. and Weinberg, R.A. Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states:acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Journal,2009,4(9):265~273.
106. Hotary, K., Li, X. Y.,Allen, E., Stevens, S. L., and Weiss, S. J.Acancer cell metalloproteasetriad regulates the basement membrane transmigration program. Journal,2006,19(20):2673~2686.
107. Walentowicz-Sadlecka, M., Sadlecki, P., Bodnar, M., Marszalek, A., Walentowicz, P., Sokup,A., Wilinska-Jankowska, A., and Grabiec, M. Stromal derived factor-1(SDF-1) and itsreceptors CXCR4and CXCR7in endometrial cancer patients. Journal,2014,1(9): e84629~
108. Hotary, K. B., Allen, E. D., Brooks, P. C., Datta, N. S., Long, M. W., and Weiss, S. J.Membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase usurps tumor growth control imposed by thethree-dimensional extracellular matrix. Journal,2003,1(114):33~45.
109. Levental, K. R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J. N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J. T., Fong, S. F., Csiszar,K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W.,Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D. L., and Weaver, V. M. Matrixcrosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Journal,2009,5(139):891~906.
110. De, Wever O., Demetter, P., Mareel, M., and Bracke, M. Stromal myofibroblasts are driversof invasive cancer growth. Journal,2008,10(123):2229~2238.
111. Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., and Keely, P. J. Matrix density-inducedmechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through aFAK-ERK linkage. Journal,2009,49(28):4326~4343.
112. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
113. Ridley,A. J., Schwartz, M. A., Burridge, K., Firtel, R. A., Ginsberg, M. H., Borisy, G.,Parsons, J. T., and Horwitz, A. R. Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back.Journal,2003,5651(302):1704~1709.
114. Pollard, T. D. and Borisy, G. G. Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly ofactin filaments. Journal,2003,4(112):453~465.
115. Sabeh, F., Shimizu-Hirota, R., and Weiss, S. J. Protease-dependent versus-independentcancer cell invasion programs: three-dimensional amoeboid movement revisited. Journal,2009,1(185):11~19.
116. Wozniak, M.A., Desai, R., Solski, P.A., Der, C. J., and Keely, P. J. ROCK-generatedcontractility regulates breast epithelial cell differentiation in response to the physicalproperties of a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Journal,2003,3(163):583~595.
117. Yamazaki, D., Kurisu, S., and Takenawa, T. Involvement of Rac and Rho signaling in cancercell motility in3D substrates. Journal,2009,13(28):1570~1583.
118. Doyle, A. D., Wang, F. W., Matsumoto, K., and Yamada, K. M. One-dimensional topographyunderlies three-dimensional fibrillar cell migration. Journal,2009,4(184):481~490.
119. Kuribayashi, N., Uchida, D., Kinouchi, M., Takamaru, N., Tamatani, T., Nagai, H., andMiyamoto, Y. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptor5on the stromal cell-derivedfactor-1/CXCR4system in oral cancer. Journal,2013,11(8): e80773~
120. Geiger, B., Spatz, J. P., and Bershadsky, A. D. Environmental sensing through focaladhesions. Journal,2009,1(10):21~33.
121. Wehrle-Haller, B. and Imhof, B. The inner lives of focal adhesions. Journal,2002,8(12):382~389.
122. Parsons, J. T., Horwitz, A. R., and Schwartz, M. A. Cell adhesion: integrating cytoskeletaldynamics and cellular tension. Journal,2010,9(11):633~643.
123. Smith, M. L., Gourdon, D., Little, W. C., Kubow, K. E., Eguiluz, R.A., Luna-Morris, S., andVogel, V. Force-induced unfolding of fibronectin in the extracellular matrix of living cells.Journal,2007,10(5): e268~
124. Sun, S. X., Walcott, S., and Wolgemuth, C. W. Cytoskeletal cross-linking and bundling inmotor-independent contraction. Journal,2010,15(20): R649~R654.
125. Bloom, R. J., George, J. P., Celedon, A., Sun, S. X., and Wirtz, D. Mapping local matrixremodeling induced by a migrating tumor cell using three-dimensional multiple-particletracking. Journal,2008,8(95):4077~4088.
126. Shih, W. and Yamada, S. Myosin IIAdependent retrograde flow drives3D cell migration.Journal,2010,8(98): L29~L31.
127. Beningo, K. A., Dembo, M., Kaverina, I., Small, J. V., and Wang, Y. L. Nascent focaladhesions are responsible for the generation of strong propulsive forces in migratingfibroblasts. Journal,2001,4(153):881~888.
128. Legant, W. R., Miller, J. S., Blakely, B. L., Cohen, D. M., Genin, G. M., and Chen, C. S.Measurement of mechanical tractions exerted by cells in three-dimensional matrices. Journal,2010,12(7):969~971.
129. Fraley, S. I., Feng, Y., Krishnamurthy, R., Kim, D. H., Celedon, A., Longmore, G. D., andWirtz, D.A distinctive role for focal adhesion proteins in three-dimensional cell motility.Journal,2010,6(12):598~604.
130. Sahai, E., Wyckoff, J., Philippar, U., Segall, J. E., Gertler, F., and Condeelis, J. Simultaneousimaging of GFP, CFP and collagen in tumors in vivo using multiphoton microscopy. Journal,2005,(5):14~
131. Giampieri, S., Manning, C., Hooper, S., Jones, L., Hill, C. S., and Sahai, E. Localized andreversible TGFbeta signalling switches breast cancer cells from cohesive to single cellmotility. Journal,2009,11(11):1287~1296.
132. Kurisu, S. and Takenawa, T. WASP and WAVE family proteins: friends or foes in cancerinvasion? Journal,2010,10(101):2093~2104.
133. Iwaya, K., Norio, K., and Mukai, K. Coexpression ofArp2and WAVE2predicts pooroutcome in invasive breast carcinoma. Journal,2007,3(20):339~343.
134. Yoder, B. J., Tso, E., Skacel, M., Pettay, J., Tarr, S., Budd, T., Tubbs, R. R., Adams, J. C., andHicks, D. G. The expression of fascin, an actin-bundling motility protein, correlates withhormone receptor-negative breast cancer and a more aggressive clinical course. Journal,2005,1(11):186~192.
135. Li, J., Yen, C., Liaw, D., Podsypanina, K., Bose, S., Wang, S. I., Puc, J., Miliaresis, C.,Rodgers, L., McCombie, R., Bigner, S. H., Giovanella, B. C., Ittmann, M., Tycko, B.,Hibshoosh, H., Wigler, M. H., and Parsons, R. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatasegene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Journal,1997,5308(275):1943~1947.
136. Wood, L. D., Parsons, D. W., Jones, S., Lin, J., Sjoblom, T., Leary, R. J., Shen, D., Boca, S.M., Barber, T., Ptak, J., Silliman, N., Szabo, S., Dezso, Z., Ustyanksky, V., Nikolskaya, T.,Nikolsky, Y., Karchin, R., Wilson, P.A., Kaminker, J. S., Zhang, Z., Croshaw, R., Willis, J.,Dawson, D., Shipitsin, M., Willson, J. K., Sukumar, S., Polyak, K., Park, B. H., Pethiyagoda,C. L., Pant, P. V., Ballinger, D. G., Sparks, A. B., Hartigan, J., Smith, D. R., Suh, E.,Papadopoulos, N., Buckhaults, P., Markowitz, S. D., Parmigiani, G., Kinzler, K. W.,Velculescu, V. E., and Vogelstein, B. The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectalcancers. Journal,2007,5853(318):1108~1113.
137. Sahai, E. and Marshall, C. J. Differing modes of tumour cell invasion have distinctrequirements for Rho/ROCK signalling and extracellular proteolysis. Journal,2003,8(5):711~719.
138. Sounni, N. E., Devy, L., Hajitou, A., Frankenne, F., Munaut, C., Gilles, C., Deroanne, C.,Thompson, E. W., Foidart, J. M., and Noel, A. MT1-MMP expression promotes tumorgrowth and angiogenesis through an up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factorexpression. Journal,2002,6(16):555~564.
139. Kumar, S. and Weaver, V. M. Mechanics, malignancy, and metastasis: the force journey of atumor cell. Journal,2009,1-2(28):113~127.
140. Paszek, M. J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K. R., Lakins, J. N., Rozenberg, G. I., Gefen, A.,Reinhart-King, C. A., Margulies, S. S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D.A., andWeaver, V. M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Journal,2005,3(8):241~254.
141. Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., Knittel, J. G., Yan, L., Rueden, C. T., White,J. G., and Keely, P. J. Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression.Journal,2008,(6):11~
142. Wirtz, D. C.[Hip dysplasia]. Journal,2013,5(25):416~
143. Dahl, K. N., Kahn, S. M., Wilson, K. L., and Discher, D. E. The nuclear envelope laminanetwork has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber.Journal,2004, Pt20(117):4779~4786.
144. Tseng, Y., Lee, J. S., Kole, T. P., Jiang, I., and Wirtz, D. Micro-organization andvisco-elasticity of the interphase nucleus revealed by particle nanotracking. Journal,2004, Pt10(117):2159~2167.
145. Gerlitz, G. and Bustin, M. Efficient cell migration requires global chromatin condensation.Journal,2010, Pt13(123):2207~2217.
146. Crisp, M., Liu, Q., Roux, K., Rattner, J. B., Shanahan, C., Burke, B., Stahl, P. D., and Hodzic,D. Coupling of the nucleus and cytoplasm: role of the LINC complex. Journal,2006,1(172):41~53.
147. Stewart-Hutchinson, P. J., Hale, C. M., Wirtz, D., and Hodzic, D. Structural requirements forthe assembly of LINC complexes and their function in cellular mechanical stiffness. Journal,2008,8(314):1892~1905.
148. Lee, J. S., Hale, C. M., Panorchan, P., Khatau, S. B., George, J. P., Tseng, Y., Stewart, C. L.,Hodzic, D., and Wirtz, D. Nuclear lamin A/C deficiency induces defects in cell mechanics,polarization, and migration. Journal,2007,7(93):2542~2552.
149. Yu, J., Starr, D. A., Wu, X., Parkhurst, S. M., Zhuang, Y., Xu, T., Xu, R., and Han, M. TheKASH domain protein MSP-300plays an essential role in nuclear anchoring duringDrosophila oogenesis. Journal,2006,2(289):336~345.
150. Starr, D. A., Hermann, G. J., Malone, C. J., Fixsen, W., Priess, J. R., Horvitz, H. R., and Han,M. unc-83encodes a novel component of the nuclear envelope and is essential for propernuclear migration. Journal,2001,24(128):5039~5050.
151. Technau, M. and Roth, S. The Drosophila KASH domain proteins Msp-300and Klarsichtand the SUN domain protein Klaroid have no essential function during oogenesis. Journal,2008,2(2):82~91.
152. Wood, L. D., Parsons, D. W., Jones, S., Lin, J., Sjoblom, T., Leary, R. J., Shen, D., Boca, S.M., Barber, T., Ptak, J., Silliman, N., Szabo, S., Dezso, Z., Ustyanksky, V., Nikolskaya, T.,Nikolsky, Y., Karchin, R., Wilson, P.A., Kaminker, J. S., Zhang, Z., Croshaw, R., Willis, J.,Dawson, D., Shipitsin, M., Willson, J. K., Sukumar, S., Polyak, K., Park, B. H., Pethiyagoda,C. L., Pant, P. V., Ballinger, D. G., Sparks, A. B., Hartigan, J., Smith, D. R., Suh, E.,Papadopoulos, N., Buckhaults, P., Markowitz, S. D., Parmigiani, G., Kinzler, K. W.,Velculescu, V. E., and Vogelstein, B. The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectalcancers. Journal,2007,5853(318):1108~1113.
153. Yeung, T., Georges, P. C., Flanagan, L. A., Marg, B., Ortiz, M., Funaki, M., Zahir, N., Ming,W., Weaver, V., and Janmey, P.A. Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology,cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion. Journal,2005,1(60):24~34.
154. Guck, J., Schinkinger, S., Lincoln, B., Wottawah, F., Ebert, S., Romeyke, M., Lenz, D.,Erickson, H. M., Ananthakrishnan, R., Mitchell, D., Kas, J., Ulvick, S., and Bilby, C. Opticaldeformability as an inherent cell marker for testing malignant transformation and metastaticcompetence. Journal,2005,5(88):3689~3698.
155. Yeung, T., Georges, P. C., Flanagan, L. A., Marg, B., Ortiz, M., Funaki, M., Zahir, N., Ming,W., Weaver, V., and Janmey, P.A. Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology,cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion. Journal,2005,1(60):24~34.
156. Lee, J. S., Panorchan, P., Hale, C. M., Khatau, S. B., Kole, T. P., Tseng, Y., and Wirtz, D.Ballistic intracellular nanorheology reveals ROCK-hard cytoplasmic stiffening response tofluid flow. Journal,2006, Pt9(119):1760~1768.
157. Baker, E. L., Bonnecaze, R. T., and Zaman, M. H. Extracellular matrix stiffness andarchitecture govern intracellular rheology in cancer. Journal,2009,4(97):1013~1021.
158. Baker, E. L., Lu, J.,Yu, D., Bonnecaze, R. T., and Zaman, M. H. Cancer cell stiffness:integrated roles of three-dimensional matrix stiffness and transforming potential. Journal,2010,7(99):2048~2057.
159. Lee, J. S., Panorchan, P., Hale, C. M., Khatau, S. B., Kole, T. P., Tseng, Y., and Wirtz, D.Ballistic intracellular nanorheology reveals ROCK-hard cytoplasmic stiffening response tofluid flow. Journal,2006, Pt9(119):1760~1768.
160. Tseng, Y., Lee, J. S., Kole, T. P., Jiang, I., and Wirtz, D. Micro-organization andvisco-elasticity of the interphase nucleus revealed by particle nanotracking. Journal,2004, Pt10(117):2159~2167.
161. Swartz, M.A. and Fleury, M. E. Interstitial flow and its effects in soft tissues. Journal,2007,(9):229~256.
162. Mycielska, M. E. and Djamgoz, M. B. Citrate transport in the human prostate epithelialPNT2-C2cell line: electrophysiological analyses. Journal,2004, Pt3(559):821~833.
163. Fidler, I. J., Yano, S., Zhang, R. D., Fujimaki, T., and Bucana, C. D. The seed and soilhypothesis: vascularisation and brain metastases. Journal,2002,1(3):53~57.
164. Kienast, Y., von, Baumgarten L., Fuhrmann, M., Klinkert, W. E., Goldbrunner, R., Herms, J.,and Winkler, F. Real-time imaging reveals the single steps of brain metastasis formation.Journal,2010,1(16):116~122.
165. Zhu, C., Yago, T., Lou, J., Zarnitsyna, V. I., and McEver, R. P. Mechanisms forflow-enhanced cell adhesion. Journal,2008,4(36):604~621.
166. Chang, K. C. and Hammer, D. A. The forward rate of binding of surface-tethered reactants:effect of relative motion between two surfaces. Journal,1999,3(76):1280~1292.
167. Duguay, D., Foty, R.A., and Steinberg, M. S. Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and tissuesegregation: qualitative and quantitative determinants. Journal,2003,2(253):309~323.
168. Niessen, C. M. and Gumbiner, B. M. Cadherin-mediated cell sorting not determined bybinding or adhesion specificity. Journal,2002,2(156):389~399.
169. Marshall, B. T., Long, M., Piper, J. W.,Yago, T., McEver, R. P., and Zhu, C. Directobservation of catch bonds involving cell-adhesion molecules. Journal,2003,6936(423):190~193.
170. Hynes, R. O. The evolution of metazoan extracellular matrix. Journal,2012,6(196):671~679.
171. Lorger, M., Krueger, J. S., O'Neal, M., Staflin, K., and Felding-Habermann, B.Activation oftumor cell integrin alphavbeta3controls angiogenesis and metastatic growth in the brain.Journal,2009,26(106):10666~10671.
172. Gasic, G. J., Gasic, T. B., and Stewart, C. C. Antimetastatic effects associated with plateletreduction. Journal,1968,1(61):46~52.
173. Camerer, E., Qazi, A.A., Duong, D. N., Cornelissen, I.,Advincula, R., and Coughlin, S. R.Platelets, protease-activated receptors, and fibrinogen in hematogenous metastasis. Journal,2004,2(104):397~401.
174. Karpatkin, S.,Ambrogio, C., and Pearlstein, E. The role of tumor-induced plateletaggregation, platelet adhesion and adhesive proteins in tumor metastasis. Journal,1988,(283):585~606.
175. Palumbo, J. S., Talmage, K. E., Massari, J. V., La Jeunesse, C. M., Flick, M. J., Kombrinck,K. W., Jirouskova, M., and Degen, J. L. Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastaticpotential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Journal,2005,1(105):178~185.
176. Gay, L. J. and Felding-Habermann, B. Contribution of platelets to tumour metastasis. Journal,2011,2(11):123~134.
177. Nash, G. F., Turner, L. F., Scully, M. F., and Kakkar, A. K. Platelets and cancer. Journal,2002,7(3):425~430.
178. Pinedo, H. M., Verheul, H. M., D'Amato, R. J., and Folkman, J. Involvement of platelets intumour angiogenesis? Journal,1998,9142(352):1775~1777.
179. Crissman, J. D., Hatfield, J., Schaldenbrand, M., Sloane, B. F., and Honn, K. V.Arrest andextravasation of B16amelanotic melanoma in murine lungs. A light and electron microscopicstudy. Journal,1985,4(53):470~478.
180. Burdick, M. M., McCaffery, J. M., Kim, Y. S., Bochner, B. S., and Konstantopoulos, K.Colon carcinoma cell glycolipids, integrins, and other glycoproteins mediate adhesion toHUVECs under flow. Journal,2003,4(284): C977~C987.
181. Borsig, L., Wong, R., Hynes, R. O., Varki, N. M., and Varki, A. Synergistic effects of L-andP-selectin in facilitating tumor metastasis can involve non-mucin ligands and implicateleukocytes as enhancers of metastasis. Journal,2002,4(99):2193~2198.
182. Jadhav, S., Bochner, B. S., and Konstantopoulos, K. Hydrodynamic shear regulates thekinetics and receptor specificity of polymorphonuclear leukocyte-colon carcinoma celladhesive interactions. Journal,2001,10(167):5986~5993.
183. Laubli, H., Stevenson, J. L., Varki, A., Varki, N. M., and Borsig, L. L-selectin facilitation ofmetastasis involves temporal induction of Fut7-dependent ligands at sites of tumor cell arrest.Journal,2006,3(66):1536~1542.
184. Mannori, G., Santoro, D., Carter, L., Corless, C., Nelson, R. M., and Bevilacqua, M. P.Inhibition of colon carcinoma cell lung colony formation by a soluble form of E-selectin.Journal,1997,1(151):233~243.
185. Wirtz, D., Konstantopoulos, K., and Searson, P. C. The physics of cancer: the role of physicalinteractions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Journal,2011,7(11):512~522.
186. Fidler, I. J. Biological heterogeneity of cancer: implication to therapy. Journal,2012,8(8):1141~1142.
187. Pan, Z., Chen, Y. Y., Wu, X., Trisal, V., Wilczynski, S. P., Weiss, L. M., Chu, P. G., and Wu,H. Merkel cell carcinoma of lymph node with unknown primary has a significantly lowerassociation with Merkel cell polyomavirus than its cutaneous counterpart. Journal,2014,
188. Read, R. C. Is Hernia in fact a world journal? Journal,2012,6(16):615~616.
189. Lin, N. U., miri-Kordestani, L., Palmieri, D., Liewehr, D. J., and Steeg, P. S. CNS metastasesin breast cancer: old challenge, new frontiers. Journal,2013,23(19):6404~6418.
190. Trepel, M., Arap, W., and Pasqualini, R. In vivo phage display and vascular heterogeneity:implications for targeted medicine. Journal,2002,3(6):399~404.
191. Chang, S. F., Chang, C. A., Lee, D. Y., Lee, P. L., Yeh, Y. M., Yeh, C. R., Cheng, C. K., Chien,S., and Chiu, J. J. Tumor cell cycle arrest induced by shear stress: Roles of integrins andSmad. Journal,2008,10(105):3927~3932.
192. Lawler, K., O'Sullivan, G., Long, A., and Kenny, D. Shear stress induces internalization ofE-cadherin and invasiveness in metastatic oesophageal cancer cells by a Src-dependentpathway. Journal,2009,6(100):1082~1087.