棉花不成熟纤维突变基因（im）的定位及突变体纤维次生壁加厚期表达谱分析
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摘要
棉花是重要的经济作物。棉纤维是重要的天然纺织原料。它是由胚珠表皮细胞发育而来的单细胞绒毛。棉纤维的发育可以分为四个明显不同但略有重叠的阶段：纤维的分化和起始、细胞伸长、次生壁合成和纤维成熟。由于棉纤维在发育过程中表现出的优良特性,被认为是研究细胞伸长和细胞壁生物合成的理想模型。突变体是进行遗传研究和揭示重要基因分子机制的优良材料。不成熟纤维突变体im是棉花中一个特殊的纤维突变体,被认为引起次生壁发育缺陷。对im突变体的研究将有助于我们更好地理解纤维次生壁发育的复杂过程,揭示其分子调控机理,并为棉花纤维品质改良贮备一些优良基因。本研究以im突变体为研究材料,开展了棉花不成熟纤维突变基因对纤维主要品质和衣分性状影响研究,以及与其相关的棉纤维次生壁表达谱分析。主要研究结果如下：
1.通过比较im突变体和2个陆地棉纤维发育正常品系TM-1和I4005的纤维表型,发现与对照材料相比,棉纤维在im突变体中不蓬松,仍紧缩在种子上。进一步配置im×TM-1和im×I4005杂交组合,发现所有的F1植株均表现正常蓬松的纤维表型,而F2群体中出现紧缩和正常蓬松2种纤维表型,分离比例符合孟德尔单基因遗传规律。证实im突变体是由一对隐性等位基因控制。
2.利用6713对SSR引物对im突变体和I4005及TM-1进行全基因组扫描。在im突变体和I4005之间共找到257个多态性标记。其中186个SSR标记产生193个多态性位点,分布在31个连锁群上。im基因座和4个SSR标记NAU1190, DPL0170, NAU3995和NAU1197位于同一条连锁群上。该连锁群属于棉花3号染色体(A3),覆盖55.5cM,标记间平均距离为13.9cM。im基因座两侧最近的标记为DPL0170和NAU3995,分别相距21.8cM和32.5cM。 im突变体和TM-1之间仅发现3个位于A3染色体上的多态性标记,NAU3639, NAU1190和DPL0170,它们分别与im基因座相距10.2、24.3和23.3cM。
3.为了进一步精细定位im基因,为图位克隆该基因奠定基础。利用以TM-1为背景携带海岛棉海7124A3染色体片段的3个染色体单片段代换系(CSILs),CSIL028、 CSIL030和CSIL031与im突变体杂交,构建了CSIL028×im F2, CSIL030×im F2和CSIL031×imF2作图群体。使用棉花公共遗传图谱A3连锁群上的SSR标记在这3个F2群体中分别检测到47、7和12个SSR多态性标记。其中,以CSIL028×imF2为作图群体构建的遗传图谱最为密集,47个SSR标记联同im基因座覆盖80.9cM,平均标记间距离1.8cM。im基因被定位于BNL2443和cgr6528标记之间,分别相距3.6和1.3cM。在以CSIL030×imF2和CSIL031×imF2为作图群体构建的遗传图谱中发现只有单侧标记与im基因座连锁,最近的标记NAU5444和NAU3479分别与im基因座相距30.3cM和40.0cM。同时连锁分析显示CSIL030和CSIL031中所导入的海7124A3染色体片段上不包含im等位基因。
4.通过比较im突变体与14005、TM-1、CSIL028、CSIL030及CSIL031在纤维品质及衣分上的差异,发现除了短纤维指数im突变体显著高于其他5个材料外,在纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值、成熟度、整齐度和衣分等多个性状上,im突变体均显著的低于其他5个材料(P<0.001)。对5个F2：3群体的QTL分析显示,每个群体中均有多个性状相关的QTL成簇分布在im基因座周围,解释的表型变异从18.2%-82.03%。利用BioMercator v2.1对这5个群体QTL的meta分析显示,除了纤维比强度之外,和其他6个性状相关的成簇分布在im基因座周围的QTL均分别是一个一致性QTL。这6个一致性QTL被定位在一个很小的区间内,它们95%的置信区间分别为1.22、0.72、0.56、0.89、0.76和0.67cM,两侧最近的标记均为BNL2443和cgr6528,解释的平均表型变异为27.16%-69.61%。
5.通过检测im突变体和TM-1在19、22、25、30、35、40DPA和成熟期7个纤维不同发育时期的纤维素含量,结果显示,在每个对应的发育时期,im突变体棉纤维中纤维素含量均显著低于TM-1。推测im突变体中纤维素的合成可能受到部分抑制。对两个材料13、19、25DPA及成熟纤维细胞壁厚度的比较发现,im突变体25DPA及成熟纤维的细胞壁厚度显著低于TM-1,表明im突变体次生壁发育缺陷,而细胞壁厚度减小可能是由于纤维素减少所导致的。对10、13、16、19、22、25、30、35、40DPA纤维中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的分析发现,im突变体和TM-1中葡萄糖和果糖变化趋势非常相似,但在次生壁发育后期im突变体纤维中的葡萄糖和果糖含量更高。在25～35DPA期间TM-1纤维细胞中的蔗糖含量显著高于im突变体。这可能与im突变体和TM-1中不同的纤维素含量相关。推测在次生壁发育阶段,由mi基因突变影响了纤维细胞中正常的糖代谢过程,im突变体中分配进入纤维素合成途径的蔗糖可能少于TM-1。
6.利用包含29,184个纤维发育相关探针的cDNA芯片对im突变体和TM-1在13、16、19、22和25DPA不同纤维发育时期以及材料间的表达谱进行比较分析。对相邻时间点的基因差异表达比较显示,13～16,16～19,19～22DPA相邻时间点中在TM-1中的差异表达基因(foldchange>2倍,FDR<0.05)数目均高于im突变体。特别是在纤维发育的13～16DPA阶段,在im突变体中仅检测到98个差异基因,而在TM-1中检测到494个。但在纤维发育22～25DPA中则刚好相反,在im突变体中检测到更多的差异表达基因。在im突变体中检测到236个差异表达基因,而在TM-1中仅检测到60个。表明两个材料在相同的发育阶段表现不同的基因表达变异水平,而im突变体前低后高的基因表达变异水平则暗示其可能存在纤维发育的延迟性。TM-1和im突变体之间基因表达水平变化最大的时期发生在16DPA,一共有1308个基因差异表达。表明16DPA是一个非常重要的纤维发育时期。进一步对差异表达基因的GO功能注释及富集分析显示,和im突变体相比TM-1更早的启动了纤维次生壁的合成,大致在16DPA,而im突变体则直到19DPA才开始启动次生壁的合成。在16和19DPA,次生壁合成的起始阶段,TM-1和im突变体间差异表达基因中富集到的GO大部分涉及糖代谢及细胞壁合成相关进程。涉及这些进程的部分基因与拟南芥中被证实是次生壁正常发育所需的基因相似。和im突变体相比,它们在这个阶段的TM-1纤维中具有更高的转录水平。然而在随后的纤维发育时期中,这些与糖代谢及细胞壁合成相关的进程没有被富集,暗示im基因可能更多的作用于次生壁发育的早期阶段,它很可能是一个参与调节细胞内碳流进入纤维素合成的调控基因。
7.利用最近释放的棉花D基因组序列信息,结合im基因定位结果,在包含im基因的区域内预测到了155个基因。根据表达谱分析结果,155个基因中仅检测到8个在TM-1和im突变体之间差异表达,但基因表达水平差异并不很大。GO分析显示有73个基因参与到不同的生物进程,其中有20个基因参与到信号、生物调控、生长发育、再生及糖代谢相关进程。但这些基因并没有在芯片表达谱分析中检测到在TM-1和im突变体之间存在表达差异,这可能与芯片中代表的基因数有关。KEGG分析显示有18个基因参与到不同的代谢途径,其中糖代谢是最主要的代谢途径。这些基因在纤维发育中扮演的角色,确切的im基因的克隆及功能分析还需要进一步实验验证。
Cotton(Gossypium spp.) is an important economic crop and cotton fiber is leading natural textile fiber in the world. Cotton fiber is a unicellular hair originating from the seed epidermis. Fiber development consists of four overlapping stages:fiber initiation, fiber elongation, secondary cell wall deposition and maturation. Because of some unique characters of cotton fiber, cotton fiber is regarded as an ideal model for studies of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. Mutants are powerful tools to help us understand genetic and molecular mechanism of important genes. The immature fiber mutant (im) is a specific cotton fiber mutant, which regarded to result in defective secondry cell wall. The research work about im mutant will help us better understand the complex process of fiber secondary cell wall biogenesis and explore the molecular mechanism of gene regulation. It could also help us find some potential excellent genes for cotton gene engineering in improving fiber quality traits. In the present study, the inheritance analysis and mapping of the im mutant and QTL analysis for multiple fiber quality traits and lint percentage are performed. Also, the differential genes expression profiling of im mutant and TM-1during fiber secondary cell wall development is analyzed. The majory results are listed as following:
1. The im mutant and two cotton lines, G hirsutum acc. TM-1and14005were compared for differences in fiber characteristics. The im mutant has no fluffy fibers like as in normal cotton lines and fibers in im mutant are still tightly matted around seeds, although the cotton bolls have opened. Two hybrid combination,(im×TM-1) and im×I4005) are developed by using im mutant corssing with TM-1and14005. All F1plants had nomal fiber characteristics. However, among all of the F2segregation populations, only two phenotypes, normal and matted fibers, were found. The data in each segregation population fit a Mendelian pattern of inheritance with a ratio of3:1(Table1), which reconfirmed that im was ahomozygous recessive gene.
2. A total of6,713SSR primer pairs were screened to detect polymorphisms among im,14005and TM-1. Two hundred and fifty-seven polymorphic SSR markers were detected between im and14005. One hundred and ninty-three polymorphic loci from186SSR markers were mapped on31linkage groups, and the im locus and four SSR loci (NAU1190, DPL0170, NAU3995and NAU1197) were identified in a linkage group. According to previous mapping information, the linkage group was assigned on chromosome3(A3), which covered55.5cM, with an average distance of about13.9cM. The DPL0170and NAU3995loci were linked to the flanking the im locus, with a distance of21.8cM and32.5cM, respectively. However, only3polymorphic SSR markers were detected between im and TM-1and anchored on chromosome A3. They were NAU3639, NAU1190and DPL0170, and all were linkaged with im locus, with a distance of10.2,24.3and23.3cM, respectively.
3. In order to lay a good foundation for future map based cloning of the im gene, fine mapping of the im gene was performed. Three F2mapping populations, CSIL028×im F2, CSIL030×im F2and CSIL031×im F2, were constructed by using im mutant respectively corssing with three different chromosome segment introgression lines (CSILs), which were characterized by carrying one homozygous chromosome3(A3) segment from G. barbadense cv Hai7124in the background of a genetic standard line of the upland cotton, TM-1. Molecular mapping showed that47,7and12polymorphic SSR loci were individually detected and anchored on the three selected overlapping CSILs on chromosome3(A3). Of these, the linkage map constructed based on (CSIL028×im) F2contained the most markers and covered80.9cM. with an average distance of1.8cM. The im gene was anchored between BNL2443and cgr6528loci with a distance4.6cM and1.3cM, respectively. The SSR markers linked to the im locus on the linkage map were detected based on (CSIL030×im) F2and (CSIL031×im) F2. The nearest marker to the im locus was NAU5444with a distance of30.3cM and NAU3479with a distance of40.0cM respectively. In addition, the linkage analysis showed that the introgression chromosome segment transferred from G. barbadense cv. Hai7124in the CSIL030and CSIL031lines might carry an im allelic locus not from Hai7124, but from TM-1.
4. A comparison analysis was performed between im mutant and other five cotton lines,14005, TM-1, CSIL028, CSIL030and CSIL031for fiber quality traits and lint percentage. Except for short fiber index, TM-1had higher fiber quality index than im mutant on the tarits including fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire, fiber maturity, fiber uniformity ratio and lint percentage (P<0.001). The results of QTL analysis based on five populations showed that QTLs related to multi-traits in each population were clustered near the im locus with a high percentage of phenotypic variance, ranging from18.2%to82.03%. The meta-analysis for QTLs from five populations revealed some consensus QTLs by using BioMercator v2.1program. Except for fiber strength, QTLs for other six traits including fiber length, micronaire, fiber uniformity ratio, short fiber index, fiber maturity and lint percentage which clustered near by im locus were all regarded as on consensus QTL. They were located on a small interval, with95%confidence interval1.22,0.72,0.56,0.89,0.76and0.67cM, respectively. They shared same flanking markers, BNL2443and cgr6528and had mean of phenotypic variation that ranged from27.16%to69.61%.
5. The cellulose content in fibers was measured at different fiber developmental stage including19,22,25,30,35and40DPA, and maturation both in im mutant and TM-1. The im mutant had significantly lower cellulose content in fibers than TM-1at each fiber developmental stage. The accumulation of cellulose in im might be propobably suppressed partially. The statistical analysis for thickness of fiber cell wall was also performed at13,19and25DPA and maturation developmental stage. There was no difference between two lines at13and19DPA, but im had thinner fiber cell wall (P<0.001) than TM-1at25DPA and maturity, suggesting the defect of the development of fiber secondary cell wall (SCW) in im mutant and thinner cell wall in im was most likely due to the reason for reduction of cellulose. The fructose, glucose and sucrose content in fibers at10,13,16,19,22,25,30,35, and40DPA were also measured. TM-1and im mutant shared similar changing trend. But the fructose and glucose content were higher in fibers of im mutant than that in TM-1during the later SCW development. During the developmental interval25～35DPA, higher sucrose content in fibers of TM-1was found than that in im mutant, which might be relative to different cellulose synthesis content between two accessions. A presumption was that the normal carbohydrate metabolism was affected in im mutant resulted from the im mutant gene, and sucrose distributed into the pathway of cellulose synthesis in im mutant was less than that in TM-1.
6. In order to explore the mechanism of fiber development and reveal potential mutant candidate genes, we employed cotton cDNA microarray to evaluate the variation of transcription profiling within and between im and TM-1at13,16,19,22and25DPA. The comparison analysis for the variation of transcription profiling between adjacent time points during fiber development within two lines revealed that TM-1had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than im mutant (fold change>2, and FDR<0.05), during the fiber developmental interval13～16,16～19, and19～22DPA. In particular, during the fiber developmental interval13～16DPA, only98DEGs were detected in im mutant, whereas494DEGs were detected in TM-1at same fiber developmental interval. Conversely, more genes were differentially expressed in im mutant than that in TM-1between22and25DPA. There were236genes differentially expressed in im mutant but only60genes differentially expressed in TM-1. The results revealed different variation levels of transcription profiling within the two lines. And there was a putative delayed fiber developmental progress in im mutant. The maximum transcriptional variation between TM-1and im mutant occurred at16DPA and a total of1308genes altered their expression levels, which suggested that16DPA was a very important fiber developmental stage. The GO annotation for DEGs and enrichment analysis indicated that onset of secondary cell wall biosynthesis for fibers in TM-1approximately occurred at16DPA, whereas the same fiber developmental program in im was delayed until19DPA, suggesting an asynchronous fiber developmental program between TM-1and im mutant. At the some fiber developmental atage of SCW,16and19DPA, most enriched GO terms for DEGs between TM-1and im mutant were associated with carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall biogenesis progress. Many genes which have been confirmed to be required for normal development of SCW in Arabidopsis were included in these GO terms. The expression levels of these genes in TM-1were higher than that in im mutant at this fiber developmental stage. However, these GOs associated with carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall biogenesis progress were not over-represented at subsequent developmental stages, suggesting that im gene probably had a major effect on the early stage of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. The im gene might be an important regulatory gene that participated in regulating carbon flux into cellulose synthesis.
7. Using the recently released cotton D genome sequence information as reference and combined with the im gene mapping results, one hundary and fifty-five genes were predicted to be as im candidate genes. However, only8genes were differentially expressed between TM-1and im mutant. But the difference of gene expression level was not large. The result of GO analysis indicated that73genes involved in different biological processes. Out of them, twenty genes involved in signaling, biological regulation, growth, developmental process, reproduction and carbohydrate metabolic process, respectively. But these genes did not show significant expression difference between TM-1and im mutant. This might also be related to the representative genes in the chip. The KEGG analysis for155genes showed that18genes participated in different pathways, and the carbohydrate metabolism was one of the major pathways. That the roles of these genes played during fiber development and the functional analysis of im candidate gene from these predicted genes required further experimental validation.
1.通过比较im突变体和2个陆地棉纤维发育正常品系TM-1和I4005的纤维表型,发现与对照材料相比,棉纤维在im突变体中不蓬松,仍紧缩在种子上。进一步配置im×TM-1和im×I4005杂交组合,发现所有的F1植株均表现正常蓬松的纤维表型,而F2群体中出现紧缩和正常蓬松2种纤维表型,分离比例符合孟德尔单基因遗传规律。证实im突变体是由一对隐性等位基因控制。
2.利用6713对SSR引物对im突变体和I4005及TM-1进行全基因组扫描。在im突变体和I4005之间共找到257个多态性标记。其中186个SSR标记产生193个多态性位点,分布在31个连锁群上。im基因座和4个SSR标记NAU1190, DPL0170, NAU3995和NAU1197位于同一条连锁群上。该连锁群属于棉花3号染色体(A3),覆盖55.5cM,标记间平均距离为13.9cM。im基因座两侧最近的标记为DPL0170和NAU3995,分别相距21.8cM和32.5cM。 im突变体和TM-1之间仅发现3个位于A3染色体上的多态性标记,NAU3639, NAU1190和DPL0170,它们分别与im基因座相距10.2、24.3和23.3cM。
3.为了进一步精细定位im基因,为图位克隆该基因奠定基础。利用以TM-1为背景携带海岛棉海7124A3染色体片段的3个染色体单片段代换系(CSILs),CSIL028、 CSIL030和CSIL031与im突变体杂交,构建了CSIL028×im F2, CSIL030×im F2和CSIL031×imF2作图群体。使用棉花公共遗传图谱A3连锁群上的SSR标记在这3个F2群体中分别检测到47、7和12个SSR多态性标记。其中,以CSIL028×imF2为作图群体构建的遗传图谱最为密集,47个SSR标记联同im基因座覆盖80.9cM,平均标记间距离1.8cM。im基因被定位于BNL2443和cgr6528标记之间,分别相距3.6和1.3cM。在以CSIL030×imF2和CSIL031×imF2为作图群体构建的遗传图谱中发现只有单侧标记与im基因座连锁,最近的标记NAU5444和NAU3479分别与im基因座相距30.3cM和40.0cM。同时连锁分析显示CSIL030和CSIL031中所导入的海7124A3染色体片段上不包含im等位基因。
4.通过比较im突变体与14005、TM-1、CSIL028、CSIL030及CSIL031在纤维品质及衣分上的差异,发现除了短纤维指数im突变体显著高于其他5个材料外,在纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值、成熟度、整齐度和衣分等多个性状上,im突变体均显著的低于其他5个材料(P<0.001)。对5个F2：3群体的QTL分析显示,每个群体中均有多个性状相关的QTL成簇分布在im基因座周围,解释的表型变异从18.2%-82.03%。利用BioMercator v2.1对这5个群体QTL的meta分析显示,除了纤维比强度之外,和其他6个性状相关的成簇分布在im基因座周围的QTL均分别是一个一致性QTL。这6个一致性QTL被定位在一个很小的区间内,它们95%的置信区间分别为1.22、0.72、0.56、0.89、0.76和0.67cM,两侧最近的标记均为BNL2443和cgr6528,解释的平均表型变异为27.16%-69.61%。
5.通过检测im突变体和TM-1在19、22、25、30、35、40DPA和成熟期7个纤维不同发育时期的纤维素含量,结果显示,在每个对应的发育时期,im突变体棉纤维中纤维素含量均显著低于TM-1。推测im突变体中纤维素的合成可能受到部分抑制。对两个材料13、19、25DPA及成熟纤维细胞壁厚度的比较发现,im突变体25DPA及成熟纤维的细胞壁厚度显著低于TM-1,表明im突变体次生壁发育缺陷,而细胞壁厚度减小可能是由于纤维素减少所导致的。对10、13、16、19、22、25、30、35、40DPA纤维中葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的分析发现,im突变体和TM-1中葡萄糖和果糖变化趋势非常相似,但在次生壁发育后期im突变体纤维中的葡萄糖和果糖含量更高。在25～35DPA期间TM-1纤维细胞中的蔗糖含量显著高于im突变体。这可能与im突变体和TM-1中不同的纤维素含量相关。推测在次生壁发育阶段,由mi基因突变影响了纤维细胞中正常的糖代谢过程,im突变体中分配进入纤维素合成途径的蔗糖可能少于TM-1。
6.利用包含29,184个纤维发育相关探针的cDNA芯片对im突变体和TM-1在13、16、19、22和25DPA不同纤维发育时期以及材料间的表达谱进行比较分析。对相邻时间点的基因差异表达比较显示,13～16,16～19,19～22DPA相邻时间点中在TM-1中的差异表达基因(foldchange>2倍,FDR<0.05)数目均高于im突变体。特别是在纤维发育的13～16DPA阶段,在im突变体中仅检测到98个差异基因,而在TM-1中检测到494个。但在纤维发育22～25DPA中则刚好相反,在im突变体中检测到更多的差异表达基因。在im突变体中检测到236个差异表达基因,而在TM-1中仅检测到60个。表明两个材料在相同的发育阶段表现不同的基因表达变异水平,而im突变体前低后高的基因表达变异水平则暗示其可能存在纤维发育的延迟性。TM-1和im突变体之间基因表达水平变化最大的时期发生在16DPA,一共有1308个基因差异表达。表明16DPA是一个非常重要的纤维发育时期。进一步对差异表达基因的GO功能注释及富集分析显示,和im突变体相比TM-1更早的启动了纤维次生壁的合成,大致在16DPA,而im突变体则直到19DPA才开始启动次生壁的合成。在16和19DPA,次生壁合成的起始阶段,TM-1和im突变体间差异表达基因中富集到的GO大部分涉及糖代谢及细胞壁合成相关进程。涉及这些进程的部分基因与拟南芥中被证实是次生壁正常发育所需的基因相似。和im突变体相比,它们在这个阶段的TM-1纤维中具有更高的转录水平。然而在随后的纤维发育时期中,这些与糖代谢及细胞壁合成相关的进程没有被富集,暗示im基因可能更多的作用于次生壁发育的早期阶段,它很可能是一个参与调节细胞内碳流进入纤维素合成的调控基因。
7.利用最近释放的棉花D基因组序列信息,结合im基因定位结果,在包含im基因的区域内预测到了155个基因。根据表达谱分析结果,155个基因中仅检测到8个在TM-1和im突变体之间差异表达,但基因表达水平差异并不很大。GO分析显示有73个基因参与到不同的生物进程,其中有20个基因参与到信号、生物调控、生长发育、再生及糖代谢相关进程。但这些基因并没有在芯片表达谱分析中检测到在TM-1和im突变体之间存在表达差异,这可能与芯片中代表的基因数有关。KEGG分析显示有18个基因参与到不同的代谢途径,其中糖代谢是最主要的代谢途径。这些基因在纤维发育中扮演的角色,确切的im基因的克隆及功能分析还需要进一步实验验证。
Cotton(Gossypium spp.) is an important economic crop and cotton fiber is leading natural textile fiber in the world. Cotton fiber is a unicellular hair originating from the seed epidermis. Fiber development consists of four overlapping stages:fiber initiation, fiber elongation, secondary cell wall deposition and maturation. Because of some unique characters of cotton fiber, cotton fiber is regarded as an ideal model for studies of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. Mutants are powerful tools to help us understand genetic and molecular mechanism of important genes. The immature fiber mutant (im) is a specific cotton fiber mutant, which regarded to result in defective secondry cell wall. The research work about im mutant will help us better understand the complex process of fiber secondary cell wall biogenesis and explore the molecular mechanism of gene regulation. It could also help us find some potential excellent genes for cotton gene engineering in improving fiber quality traits. In the present study, the inheritance analysis and mapping of the im mutant and QTL analysis for multiple fiber quality traits and lint percentage are performed. Also, the differential genes expression profiling of im mutant and TM-1during fiber secondary cell wall development is analyzed. The majory results are listed as following:
1. The im mutant and two cotton lines, G hirsutum acc. TM-1and14005were compared for differences in fiber characteristics. The im mutant has no fluffy fibers like as in normal cotton lines and fibers in im mutant are still tightly matted around seeds, although the cotton bolls have opened. Two hybrid combination,(im×TM-1) and im×I4005) are developed by using im mutant corssing with TM-1and14005. All F1plants had nomal fiber characteristics. However, among all of the F2segregation populations, only two phenotypes, normal and matted fibers, were found. The data in each segregation population fit a Mendelian pattern of inheritance with a ratio of3:1(Table1), which reconfirmed that im was ahomozygous recessive gene.
2. A total of6,713SSR primer pairs were screened to detect polymorphisms among im,14005and TM-1. Two hundred and fifty-seven polymorphic SSR markers were detected between im and14005. One hundred and ninty-three polymorphic loci from186SSR markers were mapped on31linkage groups, and the im locus and four SSR loci (NAU1190, DPL0170, NAU3995and NAU1197) were identified in a linkage group. According to previous mapping information, the linkage group was assigned on chromosome3(A3), which covered55.5cM, with an average distance of about13.9cM. The DPL0170and NAU3995loci were linked to the flanking the im locus, with a distance of21.8cM and32.5cM, respectively. However, only3polymorphic SSR markers were detected between im and TM-1and anchored on chromosome A3. They were NAU3639, NAU1190and DPL0170, and all were linkaged with im locus, with a distance of10.2,24.3and23.3cM, respectively.
3. In order to lay a good foundation for future map based cloning of the im gene, fine mapping of the im gene was performed. Three F2mapping populations, CSIL028×im F2, CSIL030×im F2and CSIL031×im F2, were constructed by using im mutant respectively corssing with three different chromosome segment introgression lines (CSILs), which were characterized by carrying one homozygous chromosome3(A3) segment from G. barbadense cv Hai7124in the background of a genetic standard line of the upland cotton, TM-1. Molecular mapping showed that47,7and12polymorphic SSR loci were individually detected and anchored on the three selected overlapping CSILs on chromosome3(A3). Of these, the linkage map constructed based on (CSIL028×im) F2contained the most markers and covered80.9cM. with an average distance of1.8cM. The im gene was anchored between BNL2443and cgr6528loci with a distance4.6cM and1.3cM, respectively. The SSR markers linked to the im locus on the linkage map were detected based on (CSIL030×im) F2and (CSIL031×im) F2. The nearest marker to the im locus was NAU5444with a distance of30.3cM and NAU3479with a distance of40.0cM respectively. In addition, the linkage analysis showed that the introgression chromosome segment transferred from G. barbadense cv. Hai7124in the CSIL030and CSIL031lines might carry an im allelic locus not from Hai7124, but from TM-1.
4. A comparison analysis was performed between im mutant and other five cotton lines,14005, TM-1, CSIL028, CSIL030and CSIL031for fiber quality traits and lint percentage. Except for short fiber index, TM-1had higher fiber quality index than im mutant on the tarits including fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire, fiber maturity, fiber uniformity ratio and lint percentage (P<0.001). The results of QTL analysis based on five populations showed that QTLs related to multi-traits in each population were clustered near the im locus with a high percentage of phenotypic variance, ranging from18.2%to82.03%. The meta-analysis for QTLs from five populations revealed some consensus QTLs by using BioMercator v2.1program. Except for fiber strength, QTLs for other six traits including fiber length, micronaire, fiber uniformity ratio, short fiber index, fiber maturity and lint percentage which clustered near by im locus were all regarded as on consensus QTL. They were located on a small interval, with95%confidence interval1.22,0.72,0.56,0.89,0.76and0.67cM, respectively. They shared same flanking markers, BNL2443and cgr6528and had mean of phenotypic variation that ranged from27.16%to69.61%.
5. The cellulose content in fibers was measured at different fiber developmental stage including19,22,25,30,35and40DPA, and maturation both in im mutant and TM-1. The im mutant had significantly lower cellulose content in fibers than TM-1at each fiber developmental stage. The accumulation of cellulose in im might be propobably suppressed partially. The statistical analysis for thickness of fiber cell wall was also performed at13,19and25DPA and maturation developmental stage. There was no difference between two lines at13and19DPA, but im had thinner fiber cell wall (P<0.001) than TM-1at25DPA and maturity, suggesting the defect of the development of fiber secondary cell wall (SCW) in im mutant and thinner cell wall in im was most likely due to the reason for reduction of cellulose. The fructose, glucose and sucrose content in fibers at10,13,16,19,22,25,30,35, and40DPA were also measured. TM-1and im mutant shared similar changing trend. But the fructose and glucose content were higher in fibers of im mutant than that in TM-1during the later SCW development. During the developmental interval25～35DPA, higher sucrose content in fibers of TM-1was found than that in im mutant, which might be relative to different cellulose synthesis content between two accessions. A presumption was that the normal carbohydrate metabolism was affected in im mutant resulted from the im mutant gene, and sucrose distributed into the pathway of cellulose synthesis in im mutant was less than that in TM-1.
6. In order to explore the mechanism of fiber development and reveal potential mutant candidate genes, we employed cotton cDNA microarray to evaluate the variation of transcription profiling within and between im and TM-1at13,16,19,22and25DPA. The comparison analysis for the variation of transcription profiling between adjacent time points during fiber development within two lines revealed that TM-1had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than im mutant (fold change>2, and FDR<0.05), during the fiber developmental interval13～16,16～19, and19～22DPA. In particular, during the fiber developmental interval13～16DPA, only98DEGs were detected in im mutant, whereas494DEGs were detected in TM-1at same fiber developmental interval. Conversely, more genes were differentially expressed in im mutant than that in TM-1between22and25DPA. There were236genes differentially expressed in im mutant but only60genes differentially expressed in TM-1. The results revealed different variation levels of transcription profiling within the two lines. And there was a putative delayed fiber developmental progress in im mutant. The maximum transcriptional variation between TM-1and im mutant occurred at16DPA and a total of1308genes altered their expression levels, which suggested that16DPA was a very important fiber developmental stage. The GO annotation for DEGs and enrichment analysis indicated that onset of secondary cell wall biosynthesis for fibers in TM-1approximately occurred at16DPA, whereas the same fiber developmental program in im was delayed until19DPA, suggesting an asynchronous fiber developmental program between TM-1and im mutant. At the some fiber developmental atage of SCW,16and19DPA, most enriched GO terms for DEGs between TM-1and im mutant were associated with carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall biogenesis progress. Many genes which have been confirmed to be required for normal development of SCW in Arabidopsis were included in these GO terms. The expression levels of these genes in TM-1were higher than that in im mutant at this fiber developmental stage. However, these GOs associated with carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall biogenesis progress were not over-represented at subsequent developmental stages, suggesting that im gene probably had a major effect on the early stage of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. The im gene might be an important regulatory gene that participated in regulating carbon flux into cellulose synthesis.
7. Using the recently released cotton D genome sequence information as reference and combined with the im gene mapping results, one hundary and fifty-five genes were predicted to be as im candidate genes. However, only8genes were differentially expressed between TM-1and im mutant. But the difference of gene expression level was not large. The result of GO analysis indicated that73genes involved in different biological processes. Out of them, twenty genes involved in signaling, biological regulation, growth, developmental process, reproduction and carbohydrate metabolic process, respectively. But these genes did not show significant expression difference between TM-1and im mutant. This might also be related to the representative genes in the chip. The KEGG analysis for155genes showed that18genes participated in different pathways, and the carbohydrate metabolism was one of the major pathways. That the roles of these genes played during fiber development and the functional analysis of im candidate gene from these predicted genes required further experimental validation.
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