乳制品安全政府规制研究
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摘要
近年来,随着人们对乳制品消费需求日益增加,乳制品质量安全的重要性日益突显。但是,目前我国乳制品质量问题仍然很多,乳制品质量安全事件时有发生,质量安全管理现状急需改善。政府作为管理者在乳制品安全中占据着尤其重要的位置并起到关键作用。这不仅因为其代表国家来立法和执行监督管理,还因为政府所具有的公共管理能力,可以弥补市场在解决市场失灵等问题上的失效。因此,探讨乳制品安全问题中的政府规制就显得格外有意义。
本文借鉴国内外相关研究的成果和政府规制的相关理论,分析我国乳制品安全状况和政府规制现状、作用以及存在问题。然后从理论角度阐述了政府规制的必要性。在此基础上,从博弈论的角度对涉及我国乳制品质量安全问题的奶农、奶站、乳制品企业、政府各利益行为主体进行分析,对“三聚氰胺”事件进行案例研究。研究表明，乳制品质量安全事件频发,主要是由于我国现行的乳制品质量安全政府规制体系落后,具体表现为乳制品安全管理机构职能交错、权责不轻；乳制品安全法律法规、质量标准体系落后,执法力度轻；乳制品质量安全认证体系不成熟,普及性差；乳制品安全检测体系落后,检测缺乏客观性。与此同时,我国乳制品质量的安全很大程度上还取决于奶农、奶站、乳制品企业和政府的利益行为选择以及我国产业政策的欠科学合理导致的乳制品行业进入门槛低,导致低水平重复建设,行业利润下降。
本文认为,提高我国乳制品质量安全,政府应该建立精简、高效的乳制品质量安全管理部门；完善法律法规体系,加大执法力度；建立健全乳制品质量安全标准体系和认证体系,逐步与国际接轨；提高乳制品质量检测体系,建立第三方检测机构；制定科学合理的产业政策,确保乳业健康持续发展。要具体抓好奶源基地建设,制定优惠政策鼓励奶农发展专业合作组织,积极探索养殖、加工利益分配机制,实现一体化经营。要进一步提高乳制品行业的进入门槛,出台相关政策鼓励企业兼并、重组,向集团化方向发展。
In recent years, as people on the increasing demand for dairy consumption, the growing importance of quality and safety of dairy products increasingly prominent. However, there are still a lot of our quality dairy products currently in our country, the incidents of dairy products quality and safety have occurred, needing to improve the quality and safety management status. Government as a security manager in the dairy products occupy is a particularly important position and play a key role. This is not only their national representatives to the legislative and executive supervision and management, but also because the government has the capacity of public administration, which can make up for market failure in addressing issues of market failure. Therefore, researching government regulation in question of Safety of dairy products is especially meaningful.
This article analysis of the security situation and the government regulation dairy status, role and problems, is based on government regulation of the relevant theory, which related to the results of research from home and abroad, and expounded the need for government regulation from the theoretical point of view. As a case of "melamine" incident, from the perspective of game theory analysis of the interests of their actions which about quality and safety of Chinese dairy farmers and milk station, dairy companies, as well as the government. Research shows that dairy products quality and safety incidents frequently, mainly because our current system of milk quality and safety of the government regulation are behind.The specific performance is that the security administration functions for the dairy are cross, and that rights and responsibilities are not light;and that milk safety laws and regulations, and quality standards system are behind, and law enforcement is light; and dairy products quality and safety certification system is immaturity and poor popular; and the safety inspection system of dairy products is behind and the safety inspection lacks objectivity. There is a great relationship between products of multiple security events and our industrial policy less much to scientific and rational in China.Dairy industry with low barriers to entry leads to the low-level redundant construction and the declining of the industry profits
This paper argues that to improve quality and safety in China's dairy products, the Government should establish streamlined, efficient dairy quality and safety management, improve the legal system, intensify law enforcement, establish and improve the quality and safety standards for dairy products, systems and certification system, meet international standards, improve dairy quality inspection system and establish a third-party testing organizations, and develop scientific and rational industrial policy to ensure healthy and sustainable development of dairy industry. It should grasp the specific milk bases and develop preferential policies to encourage the development of specialized cooperative organizations of farmers, and actively explore the culture, processing and distribution of benefits system, integration of the business.To further improve the barriers to entry in the dairy industry, and introduce relevant policies to encourage enterprises to merge and restructure, and develop in the direction to the group.
本文借鉴国内外相关研究的成果和政府规制的相关理论,分析我国乳制品安全状况和政府规制现状、作用以及存在问题。然后从理论角度阐述了政府规制的必要性。在此基础上,从博弈论的角度对涉及我国乳制品质量安全问题的奶农、奶站、乳制品企业、政府各利益行为主体进行分析,对“三聚氰胺”事件进行案例研究。研究表明，乳制品质量安全事件频发,主要是由于我国现行的乳制品质量安全政府规制体系落后,具体表现为乳制品安全管理机构职能交错、权责不轻；乳制品安全法律法规、质量标准体系落后,执法力度轻；乳制品质量安全认证体系不成熟,普及性差；乳制品安全检测体系落后,检测缺乏客观性。与此同时,我国乳制品质量的安全很大程度上还取决于奶农、奶站、乳制品企业和政府的利益行为选择以及我国产业政策的欠科学合理导致的乳制品行业进入门槛低,导致低水平重复建设,行业利润下降。
本文认为,提高我国乳制品质量安全,政府应该建立精简、高效的乳制品质量安全管理部门；完善法律法规体系,加大执法力度；建立健全乳制品质量安全标准体系和认证体系,逐步与国际接轨；提高乳制品质量检测体系,建立第三方检测机构；制定科学合理的产业政策,确保乳业健康持续发展。要具体抓好奶源基地建设,制定优惠政策鼓励奶农发展专业合作组织,积极探索养殖、加工利益分配机制,实现一体化经营。要进一步提高乳制品行业的进入门槛,出台相关政策鼓励企业兼并、重组,向集团化方向发展。
In recent years, as people on the increasing demand for dairy consumption, the growing importance of quality and safety of dairy products increasingly prominent. However, there are still a lot of our quality dairy products currently in our country, the incidents of dairy products quality and safety have occurred, needing to improve the quality and safety management status. Government as a security manager in the dairy products occupy is a particularly important position and play a key role. This is not only their national representatives to the legislative and executive supervision and management, but also because the government has the capacity of public administration, which can make up for market failure in addressing issues of market failure. Therefore, researching government regulation in question of Safety of dairy products is especially meaningful.
This article analysis of the security situation and the government regulation dairy status, role and problems, is based on government regulation of the relevant theory, which related to the results of research from home and abroad, and expounded the need for government regulation from the theoretical point of view. As a case of "melamine" incident, from the perspective of game theory analysis of the interests of their actions which about quality and safety of Chinese dairy farmers and milk station, dairy companies, as well as the government. Research shows that dairy products quality and safety incidents frequently, mainly because our current system of milk quality and safety of the government regulation are behind.The specific performance is that the security administration functions for the dairy are cross, and that rights and responsibilities are not light;and that milk safety laws and regulations, and quality standards system are behind, and law enforcement is light; and dairy products quality and safety certification system is immaturity and poor popular; and the safety inspection system of dairy products is behind and the safety inspection lacks objectivity. There is a great relationship between products of multiple security events and our industrial policy less much to scientific and rational in China.Dairy industry with low barriers to entry leads to the low-level redundant construction and the declining of the industry profits
This paper argues that to improve quality and safety in China's dairy products, the Government should establish streamlined, efficient dairy quality and safety management, improve the legal system, intensify law enforcement, establish and improve the quality and safety standards for dairy products, systems and certification system, meet international standards, improve dairy quality inspection system and establish a third-party testing organizations, and develop scientific and rational industrial policy to ensure healthy and sustainable development of dairy industry. It should grasp the specific milk bases and develop preferential policies to encourage the development of specialized cooperative organizations of farmers, and actively explore the culture, processing and distribution of benefits system, integration of the business.To further improve the barriers to entry in the dairy industry, and introduce relevant policies to encourage enterprises to merge and restructure, and develop in the direction to the group.
引文
[1]资料来源：2008年《中国奶业年鉴》.
[1]马云泽,《规制经济学》,经济管理出版社,2008年1月第1版,45-46页
[2] David M. Kreps. Game Theory and Economic Modelling,Oxford University Press,1990
[1]详细请参见：张维迎《博弈论与信息经济学》
[1]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海：三联书店、上海人民出版社2004.11.
[1]资料来源：方志权、王威。《乳制品安全标准体系的比较与借鉴》,上海市质量月专辑,2006年
[1]资料来源：《中国奶业年鉴-2008》第82页,计算整理而得。
[1] Weimer David & Vining Aldan Policy analysis:concepts and practice,Prentice—Hall 1998。
[1]中华人民共和国海关总署.今年10月份我国乳制品出口锐减进口呈现快速增势.[EB/OL].[2008-12-03]. http://www.customs.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab2453/module72494/info144917.htm.
[2]资料来源：国际在线,http://gb.cri.cn/27824/2010/02/03/3365s2749216.htm
[1] Otto Lerbinger, The Crisis Manager: Faeing Risk and Responsibility, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlubam Assoeiates,1997.p.4-7
[1]全国干部培训教材编审指导委员会编著。公共危机管理[M].北京：人民出版社,2006年,112页.
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[4]Rolf M.Comparison of scenarios futures of European food ehain [J].Trends in Food Science& Technologyl8(2007):540-545
[5]Taylor E,Taylor J Z.Using qualitative psychology to investigate HACCP implementation barriers[J].International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2004,14(1):53-63
[6]Todd ECD—Microbiological safety standards and public health goals to reduce foodborne disease[J]. Meat Science,2004 (66):33-43
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[1]马云泽,《规制经济学》,经济管理出版社,2008年1月第1版,45-46页
[2] David M. Kreps. Game Theory and Economic Modelling,Oxford University Press,1990
[1]详细请参见：张维迎《博弈论与信息经济学》
[1]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海：三联书店、上海人民出版社2004.11.
[1]资料来源：方志权、王威。《乳制品安全标准体系的比较与借鉴》,上海市质量月专辑,2006年
[1]资料来源：《中国奶业年鉴-2008》第82页,计算整理而得。
[1] Weimer David & Vining Aldan Policy analysis:concepts and practice,Prentice—Hall 1998。
[1]中华人民共和国海关总署.今年10月份我国乳制品出口锐减进口呈现快速增势.[EB/OL].[2008-12-03]. http://www.customs.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab2453/module72494/info144917.htm.
[2]资料来源：国际在线,http://gb.cri.cn/27824/2010/02/03/3365s2749216.htm
[1] Otto Lerbinger, The Crisis Manager: Faeing Risk and Responsibility, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlubam Assoeiates,1997.p.4-7
[1]全国干部培训教材编审指导委员会编著。公共危机管理[M].北京：人民出版社,2006年,112页.
[1]Whitehead,A.Elements of an efective national food control system[J]. Food Control,1995(6): 247-251
[2]DeWaal,C(2003).Safe food from a constumer perspective,Food Control 2003(14):75-79
[3]Kruse H.Globalization of the food supply—food safety implications special regional requirements:future concerns[J].Food Control,1999(10):315-320
[4]Rolf M.Comparison of scenarios futures of European food ehain [J].Trends in Food Science& Technologyl8(2007):540-545
[5]Taylor E,Taylor J Z.Using qualitative psychology to investigate HACCP implementation barriers[J].International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2004,14(1):53-63
[6]Todd ECD—Microbiological safety standards and public health goals to reduce foodborne disease[J]. Meat Science,2004 (66):33-43
[7]A Maze, S.Polin, E. Raynaud, L Sauvee, E. Valces-chini,2001.Quality Signals and Governance Structures within European Agro-food Chains:A New Institutional Economics Apporach.Paper presented at the 78th EAAE Seminar and NJF Seminar 330,Economics of Contracts in Agriculture and the Food Supply Chain,Copenhagen,15-16,June
[8]Henrik Vetter,Kostas Karantininis,2002.Moral Hazard, Vertical Integration,and Public Monitoring in Credence Goods.Euorpean Review of Agricultural conomics,29,(2):271-279
[9]David A.Hennessy,Jutta Roosen,and John A.Miranowski,2001.Leadership and the Provision of Safe Food.American Jour-nal Agricultural Economics,83,4(November):862-874
[10]WHO.Methods for foodbonre.disease surveillance in selected sites [R]. [2002-03-18].http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/006/j2381 c.htm
[11]MEAD P S,SLUTSKER L, DIETZ V, etal.Food-related illness and death in the United States [J].Emerg Infect Dis,1999,5(5):607-625
[12]CDC. Summary of notifiable diseases-United States,2000[J].MMWR,2002,51(15):325-329
[13]BATZ M B, Michael P D, Morris J G, etal. Attributing illness to food[J].Emer Infect Dis,2005, 11(7):993-999
[14]Weimer David & Vining Aldan Policy analysis :concepts and practice,Prentice2Hall 1998
[15]J.P.T.M.Noordhuizen,J.H.M.Metz,"Quality control on dairy farms with emphasis on public health,food safety,animal health and welfare",Livestock Production Science,Volume 94,Issues 1-2,June 2005,Pages 51-59
[16]Laurian J.Unnevehr,"The economic implications of using HACCP as a food safety regulatory standard",Food Policy, Volume 24,1999,Pages 625-635
[17]Natalia I.Valeeva,"Modeling farm-level strategies for improving food safety in the dairy chain",Agricultural Systems Volume 94,2007,Pages 528-540
[18]杨丽.美国食品安全体系[J].中国食物与营养,2004(6)
[19]秦富等.欧盟食品安全管理与保障体系[J].科学决策,2004(4)
[20]Henson S. Caswell J, Food safety regulation:an overview of contemporary issues. Food Policy,1999, p.589-603
[21]Arrow, K. J., Benefits—cost analysis in environmental health and safety regulation, a statement of principles, Washington D. C.,The AEI Press,1996
[22]赵义：“食品安全考验执政能力”,http://qkzz.net《南风窗》,2005(7)
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