论风格翻译的文学文体学途径
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摘要
风格的翻译是文学翻译中不可或缺的一部分,其关注的核心是对原文风格美学价值的解读,以及在此基础上获得译文风格对原语风格的最佳“适应性”。由于与原文的艺术价值或“文学性”在译文中的再现关系密切,风格翻译常被视作评估文学翻译质量的重要手段。然而现阶段对风格翻译的理论研究还相对滞后,究其原因,主要体现在:其一,对风格的理解较为宽泛,存在一定的争议;其二,对风格的解读倾向于主观印象或纯粹的语言学描述,对其美学价值的探讨缺乏科学客观的理论途径。鉴于此,本研究认为有必要采取文学文体学的途径来弥补这些不足。作为连接语言学与文学批评的桥梁,文学文体学既强调语言学的描写,也重视文学批评的阐释。它客观地视风格为实际运用中的语言选择,将风格及其产生的文体效果纳为研究对象,注重探讨作者如何通过对语言的选择来表达主题意义和加强美学效果。因此,在发掘文学文本美学意义的同时,能集两学科之长,有效避免文学批评中印象主义、主观倾向的影响,最大程度地争取评论的客观性。将文学文体学应用于风格翻译,将有利于译者增强文体意识,更为注重形式本身所蕴涵的文学意义,从而更好地把握语言形式的美学功能和文体价值,避免翻译中的文体损差。为证明用文学文体学在探讨风格翻译问题上的必要性和有效性,同时为避免过于分散的讨论,本文的案例研究聚焦小说文本的翻译。我们将看到由于文学文体学的引入,小说翻译中常见的风格扭曲即“假象等值”现象得到有效的解决。
本文共分五个章节。第一章对国内外的风格翻译研究进行了简要综述,说明本研究的目的、方法和篇章安排。第二章通过列举对比几种常见的风格定义,澄清了本研究中风格的研究范畴。本章从里奇、韩礼德等对风格的相关论述入手,将风格视作与主题意义关联的前景化语言运用,并进一步探讨了该概念与文学文体学的适合性。本章还尝试厘清风格翻译的基本概念和原则,具体讨论了风格再现对文学翻译的意义以及常见研究途径的不足,指出风格翻译的文学文体学途径的紧迫性和必要性。为说明文学文体学运用于风格翻译并非是想当然的选择,本文在第三章从文学文体学的性质、目的、研究对象、主要分析方法等着力于理论框架的建构,指出其运用于风格翻译的合理性和可操作性。本章还特别聚焦小说翻译中的“假象等值”问题。申丹的文体分析模式作为解决这一问题的有效途径被引入并用来指导随后的案例研究。第四章以小说《药》及其英译本为例,首先对原作进行了相关的背景分析以加深对主题意义的理解,其次在词汇、句法、语篇这三个最容易产生风格扭曲的语言层次上对原文和译文的数据进行文体分析和比对以证明在小说风格翻译中采用文学文体学分析方法的必要性和有效性。第五章则总结全文并指出一些不足和尚待改进的地方。
Style translation is an inseparable part of literary translation. It takes as the central concern the interpretation of the aesthetic value of the original style and the most appropriated adaptation of the translated style to that of the original in the sense of retaining the same aesthetic value. Owing to its close relation to the reproduction of the original aesthetic value or "literariness", the manipulation of it is often taken as the main access to the evaluation of the quality of a literary translation. Given the importance of style translation as such, the general study on it remains comparatively backward, which can be accounted for at two aspects: firstly, there exists broad understanding of style and the definition of it remains controversial; secondly, a scientific and objective approach to the interpretation of style which distinguishes from the traditional impressionistic approach and the descriptively-oriented linguistic approach and gives considerable concern to the 'literariness" of style falls short. The remedy for the inadequacies, the author believes, can be readily sought in literary stylistics. Literary stylistics is an intermediary discipline mediating between linguistics and literary criticism, which attaches equal importance to the description in linguistics and the interpretation in literary criticism. It gives style a scientific and objective description as language choices in actual use. With style and stylistic effects as its objects of investigation, literary stylistics lays emphasis on how writers strive to express thematic meaning and heighten aesthetic effects through linguistic choices. Benefiting from both linguistics and literary criticism, in exploring the aesthetic value of literary texts, literary stylistics can effectively help fend off the impressionistic and subjective tendency that literary criticism is susceptible to so as to achieve utmost objectivity in literary criticism. Applying literary stylistics to style translation can benefit translators in that an enhanced stylistic awareness enables them to be more sensitive to the aesthetic function and stylistic value of linguistic forms, thus helping avoid the loss of stylistic effect in translation. In order to prove the necessity and effectiveness of the literary stylistic approach to style translation, and also to avoid a sporadic argumentation, the research conducts a fiction-oriented case study, where literary stylistic approach is seen to be helpful in the solution of stylistic distortion, i.e. "deceptive equivalence" in fictional translation.
The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter 1 provides a rough survey on style translation from both oriental and occidental perspectives, presents the aims and methodology of study, and describes the layout of the study. Chapter 2 explores various conceptions of style with the aim to explicate their respective study domains and distinguish the object of investigation in the present study. Taking as starting point the relevant arguments of Leech and Halliday's theoretical model about style, the study regards style as theme-relevant foregrounded language uses, with its congruence with literary stylistics being further explored. This chapter also devotes to the basic concept of style translation and the translation principle applied. Together discussed here includes the significance of style reproduction to literary translation and the insufficiency of general approaches to style study in translation, by doing which the author hopes to bring out the urgency and necessity of the present literary stylistic approach. The approach, however, is not here taken for granted. Chapter 3 focuses on the establishment of the theoretic framework for the legitimacy and feasibility of literary stylistic approach to style translation by exploring comprehensively the nature, goal, and typical analytical model, etc. of literary stylistics. Special attention is paid to "deceptive equivalence", a kind of style distortion prone to be made in fictional translation. To tackle the problem, Shen Dan's stylistic approach is introduced particularly here and serves as the ready methodology for the coming case study. Chapter 4 conducts the case study on Lu Xun's short story "Medicine" and its English versions to justify the literary stylistic approach to style translation. The background exposition is first made to bring out the thematic significance of the work. Then here comes the data collection and stylistic analysis on lexical, syntactic, and textual level respectively where style distortion is prone to be made. Based on the stylistic analysis, the corresponding parts in the English versions are checked to see whether the original stylistic effects are faithfully reproduced in the translation. Chapter 5 serves as the conclusion of the research, summarizing the major findings and pointing out the limitations for future endeavors.
本文共分五个章节。第一章对国内外的风格翻译研究进行了简要综述,说明本研究的目的、方法和篇章安排。第二章通过列举对比几种常见的风格定义,澄清了本研究中风格的研究范畴。本章从里奇、韩礼德等对风格的相关论述入手,将风格视作与主题意义关联的前景化语言运用,并进一步探讨了该概念与文学文体学的适合性。本章还尝试厘清风格翻译的基本概念和原则,具体讨论了风格再现对文学翻译的意义以及常见研究途径的不足,指出风格翻译的文学文体学途径的紧迫性和必要性。为说明文学文体学运用于风格翻译并非是想当然的选择,本文在第三章从文学文体学的性质、目的、研究对象、主要分析方法等着力于理论框架的建构,指出其运用于风格翻译的合理性和可操作性。本章还特别聚焦小说翻译中的“假象等值”问题。申丹的文体分析模式作为解决这一问题的有效途径被引入并用来指导随后的案例研究。第四章以小说《药》及其英译本为例,首先对原作进行了相关的背景分析以加深对主题意义的理解,其次在词汇、句法、语篇这三个最容易产生风格扭曲的语言层次上对原文和译文的数据进行文体分析和比对以证明在小说风格翻译中采用文学文体学分析方法的必要性和有效性。第五章则总结全文并指出一些不足和尚待改进的地方。
Style translation is an inseparable part of literary translation. It takes as the central concern the interpretation of the aesthetic value of the original style and the most appropriated adaptation of the translated style to that of the original in the sense of retaining the same aesthetic value. Owing to its close relation to the reproduction of the original aesthetic value or "literariness", the manipulation of it is often taken as the main access to the evaluation of the quality of a literary translation. Given the importance of style translation as such, the general study on it remains comparatively backward, which can be accounted for at two aspects: firstly, there exists broad understanding of style and the definition of it remains controversial; secondly, a scientific and objective approach to the interpretation of style which distinguishes from the traditional impressionistic approach and the descriptively-oriented linguistic approach and gives considerable concern to the 'literariness" of style falls short. The remedy for the inadequacies, the author believes, can be readily sought in literary stylistics. Literary stylistics is an intermediary discipline mediating between linguistics and literary criticism, which attaches equal importance to the description in linguistics and the interpretation in literary criticism. It gives style a scientific and objective description as language choices in actual use. With style and stylistic effects as its objects of investigation, literary stylistics lays emphasis on how writers strive to express thematic meaning and heighten aesthetic effects through linguistic choices. Benefiting from both linguistics and literary criticism, in exploring the aesthetic value of literary texts, literary stylistics can effectively help fend off the impressionistic and subjective tendency that literary criticism is susceptible to so as to achieve utmost objectivity in literary criticism. Applying literary stylistics to style translation can benefit translators in that an enhanced stylistic awareness enables them to be more sensitive to the aesthetic function and stylistic value of linguistic forms, thus helping avoid the loss of stylistic effect in translation. In order to prove the necessity and effectiveness of the literary stylistic approach to style translation, and also to avoid a sporadic argumentation, the research conducts a fiction-oriented case study, where literary stylistic approach is seen to be helpful in the solution of stylistic distortion, i.e. "deceptive equivalence" in fictional translation.
The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter 1 provides a rough survey on style translation from both oriental and occidental perspectives, presents the aims and methodology of study, and describes the layout of the study. Chapter 2 explores various conceptions of style with the aim to explicate their respective study domains and distinguish the object of investigation in the present study. Taking as starting point the relevant arguments of Leech and Halliday's theoretical model about style, the study regards style as theme-relevant foregrounded language uses, with its congruence with literary stylistics being further explored. This chapter also devotes to the basic concept of style translation and the translation principle applied. Together discussed here includes the significance of style reproduction to literary translation and the insufficiency of general approaches to style study in translation, by doing which the author hopes to bring out the urgency and necessity of the present literary stylistic approach. The approach, however, is not here taken for granted. Chapter 3 focuses on the establishment of the theoretic framework for the legitimacy and feasibility of literary stylistic approach to style translation by exploring comprehensively the nature, goal, and typical analytical model, etc. of literary stylistics. Special attention is paid to "deceptive equivalence", a kind of style distortion prone to be made in fictional translation. To tackle the problem, Shen Dan's stylistic approach is introduced particularly here and serves as the ready methodology for the coming case study. Chapter 4 conducts the case study on Lu Xun's short story "Medicine" and its English versions to justify the literary stylistic approach to style translation. The background exposition is first made to bring out the thematic significance of the work. Then here comes the data collection and stylistic analysis on lexical, syntactic, and textual level respectively where style distortion is prone to be made. Based on the stylistic analysis, the corresponding parts in the English versions are checked to see whether the original stylistic effects are faithfully reproduced in the translation. Chapter 5 serves as the conclusion of the research, summarizing the major findings and pointing out the limitations for future endeavors.
引文
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Bassnett, Susan. 1980. Translation Studies, New York: Methuen and Co.
Bassnett, Susan. 2001. "The Translation Turn in Cultural Studies" in Susan Bassnett &Andre Lefevere (2001) Construting Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Cook, Guy. 1999. Discourse and Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Ding, Wangdao. 1994. A Handbook of Writing. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Feng, Cuihua. 1995. English Rhetorical Options: a Handbook of English Rhetorical Devices. Beijing: Language Teaching and Research Press.
Gentzler, E. (ed.) 2004. Contemporary Translation Theories (Rev. 2~(nd)). Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Gutt, Ernst-August. 2004. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1971. "Linguistic Function and Literary Style: an Inquiry into the Language of William Golding's 'The Inheritors'"' in S. Chatman Literary Style: A Symposium. London and New York: Oxford University Press.
—1973. Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Ruqaiya Hasan. 2001. Cohesion in English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hatim, Basil. 2001. Communication across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrast Text Linguistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Hatim, Basil. & Iran Mason. 2001. Discourse and the Translator. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Hu, Zhuanglin. (ed.) 2001. Linguistics: A Course Book. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Huang, Ren. 1999. English Rhetoric: an Introduction. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Leech, Geoffrey N. 2001. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Leech, Geoffrey N. & Michael H. Short. 2001. Style in Fiction: a Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Lodge, D. 1972. "The Novelist's Medium and the Novelist's Art" in H. S. Babb, ed.Essays in stylistic analysis. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Lyell, William A. 1976. Lu Hsun s Vision of Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
—1990. Diary of a Madman and Other Stories. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Nida, Eugene A. 1993. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
—2004. Toward a Science of Translating. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida, E. A. & C. R. Taber. 2004. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Shen, Dan. 1995. Literary Stylistics and Fictional Translation. Beijing: Beijing University Press.
Short, M. H. 1984. "Who Is Stylistics?" in Foreign Languages (5), pp. 14-21.
Shuttleworth, Mark. & Moira Cowie. 2004. Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
Snell-Hornby, Mary. 2001. Translation Studies: an Integrated Approach. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Thornborrow, Joanna. & Shan Wareing. 2000. Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Toury, Gideon. 2001. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Wales, Katie. 1989. A Dictionary of Stylistics. London & New York: Longman.
Widdowson, H. G. 1975. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. London: Longman
Wilss, Wolfram. 2001. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Wright,Laura & Jonathan Hope.2000.Stylistics:a Practical Coursebook.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
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