MIMO雷达检测和测向性能研究
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摘要
多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达是国际上近几年发展起来的一种新概念雷达体制,有着广泛的应用前景。该雷达系统结合了多信号技术和阵列技术,主要利用空间分集技术对抗目标RCS (radar cross section)闪烁以提高雷达性能。
本文首先对MIMO雷达概念和发展过程作了简单描述,对MIMO雷达系统原理作了详细介绍,在此基础上分析了理想条件下的收发全分集MIMO雷达在高斯噪声和杂波背景下的检测性能,并在单脉冲检测情况下就其检测性能与传统相控阵雷达以及MISO(多输入单输出)、SIMO(单输入多输出)雷达作了比较;由于形成完全独立空间分集在工程上有较大的难度,本文利用接收信号协方差矩阵的特征值分析方法,对非理想条件下的MIMO雷达的单脉冲检测性能展开研究,并在此基础上简单讨论了不同天线阵列配置对MIMO雷达系统性能的影响。
分布式小卫星的工作模式为实现MIMO雷达的天线阵列布局提供了有利的条件。结合分布式小卫星的协同工作和MIMO雷达的多发多收特点,本文提出了一种基于分布式小卫星的MIMO雷达系统概念;并结合Cartwheel和Pendulum卫星编队模型,分析了基于分布式小卫星平台MIMO雷达的检测性能,研究了分布式小卫星平台的运动对雷达检测性能的影响,探讨了基于分布式小卫星的MIMO雷达系统的可行性。
本文利用Capon波束形成技术在MIMO雷达接收端对目标进行方位角估计,并利用Cramer-Rao界对测向性能进行评估。仿真结果表明,MIMO雷达在定位正确性上有显著优势,采用空间分集配置的阵列发射正交信号的MIMO雷达对目标有最好的测向效果。
Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)radar is a new radar technique developed recently.In order to improve the radar’s performance, this radar system capitalizes on the spatial diversity against target RCS scintillations, combined the multi-signal technology and array technology.
After a brief description of MIMO radar concept and its development, the MIMO radar system is introduced in detail in this thesis, firstly. Then it analyzed the target detection model of MIMO radar, and introduced SISO、SIMO、MISO, phase array and MIMO radar’s detection probability based on Neyman–Pearson criterion under ideal conditions. Then it conducted a study on MIMO radar’s detection probability with eigenvalue of receiving signal’s covariance matrix in non-ideal conditions. In addition, it discussed the influence on the performance of MIMO radar under different configuration of antenna array.
The mode of DSS (Distributed Small Satellite) provided suitable configuration for the MIMO radar to realize antenna array distribution. Combined with DSS’s cooperative work and MIMO radar’s MIMO feature, this thesis proposed a conception of DSS-based MIMO radar system. Combining with Cartwheel and Pendulum’s formation model, it analyzed MIMO’s detection performance based on DSS platform, researched the impact of DSS platform’s moving on radar’s detection performance, and discussed the feasibility of DSS-based MIMO radar system.
In addition, this thesis also elaborated on direction finding of MIMO radar based on Capon algorithm. The direction finding performance is evaluated on the Cramer-Rao bound of the meansquare error. It is shown that MIMO radar leads to significant performance advantage in DF accuracy. It has the best direction finding performance while the MIMO radar transmitting orthogonal signal using antenna array with space diversity configuration.
本文首先对MIMO雷达概念和发展过程作了简单描述,对MIMO雷达系统原理作了详细介绍,在此基础上分析了理想条件下的收发全分集MIMO雷达在高斯噪声和杂波背景下的检测性能,并在单脉冲检测情况下就其检测性能与传统相控阵雷达以及MISO(多输入单输出)、SIMO(单输入多输出)雷达作了比较;由于形成完全独立空间分集在工程上有较大的难度,本文利用接收信号协方差矩阵的特征值分析方法,对非理想条件下的MIMO雷达的单脉冲检测性能展开研究,并在此基础上简单讨论了不同天线阵列配置对MIMO雷达系统性能的影响。
分布式小卫星的工作模式为实现MIMO雷达的天线阵列布局提供了有利的条件。结合分布式小卫星的协同工作和MIMO雷达的多发多收特点,本文提出了一种基于分布式小卫星的MIMO雷达系统概念;并结合Cartwheel和Pendulum卫星编队模型,分析了基于分布式小卫星平台MIMO雷达的检测性能,研究了分布式小卫星平台的运动对雷达检测性能的影响,探讨了基于分布式小卫星的MIMO雷达系统的可行性。
本文利用Capon波束形成技术在MIMO雷达接收端对目标进行方位角估计,并利用Cramer-Rao界对测向性能进行评估。仿真结果表明,MIMO雷达在定位正确性上有显著优势,采用空间分集配置的阵列发射正交信号的MIMO雷达对目标有最好的测向效果。
Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)radar is a new radar technique developed recently.In order to improve the radar’s performance, this radar system capitalizes on the spatial diversity against target RCS scintillations, combined the multi-signal technology and array technology.
After a brief description of MIMO radar concept and its development, the MIMO radar system is introduced in detail in this thesis, firstly. Then it analyzed the target detection model of MIMO radar, and introduced SISO、SIMO、MISO, phase array and MIMO radar’s detection probability based on Neyman–Pearson criterion under ideal conditions. Then it conducted a study on MIMO radar’s detection probability with eigenvalue of receiving signal’s covariance matrix in non-ideal conditions. In addition, it discussed the influence on the performance of MIMO radar under different configuration of antenna array.
The mode of DSS (Distributed Small Satellite) provided suitable configuration for the MIMO radar to realize antenna array distribution. Combined with DSS’s cooperative work and MIMO radar’s MIMO feature, this thesis proposed a conception of DSS-based MIMO radar system. Combining with Cartwheel and Pendulum’s formation model, it analyzed MIMO’s detection performance based on DSS platform, researched the impact of DSS platform’s moving on radar’s detection performance, and discussed the feasibility of DSS-based MIMO radar system.
In addition, this thesis also elaborated on direction finding of MIMO radar based on Capon algorithm. The direction finding performance is evaluated on the Cramer-Rao bound of the meansquare error. It is shown that MIMO radar leads to significant performance advantage in DF accuracy. It has the best direction finding performance while the MIMO radar transmitting orthogonal signal using antenna array with space diversity configuration.
引文
[1] Fishler E., Haimovich A., Blum, R., et al. MIMO Radar: An Idea Whose Time Has Come[C] .IEEE Int Conf.Radar. Philadelphia,PA. 2004, :71-78 .
[2] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication[M]. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005.
[3] A. Haimovich, R. Blum, L. Cimini, , MIMO Radar with Widely Separated antennas[J], IEEE Signal Proc. Magazine, January 2008,116-129.
[4] F. Robey, S. Coutts, D. Weikle, J. McHarg, and K. Cuomo, MIMO radar theory and experimental results[C], in Proc. 38th Asilomar Conf Signals, Syst. Comput., 2004, vol. 1, pp. 300-304.
[5] N.H.Lehmann, E.Fishler, A.M.Haimovich, et al. Evaluation of Transmit Diversity in MIMO-Radar Direction Finding[J], IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol.55, pp. 2215-2225, May 2007.
[6] Fishler E., Haimovich A., Blum, R., et al. Spatial Diversity in Radars-Models and Detection Performance[J] .IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing, 2006, 54 (3) :823-838 .
[7] Fishler, E., Haimovich, A., Blum, R.,et al. Performance of MIMO radar systems: Advantages of angular diversity[C]. In Proceedings of Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Nov. 2004, 305—309.
[8] K. W. Forsythe, D. W. Bliss, Waveform correlation and optimization issues for MIMO radar[C]. Conference Record ofthe Thirty-Ninth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, Calif, pp.1306-1310, Oct. 2005.
[9] Khan, H.A. Malik, W.Q. Edwards, D.J. etc. Ultra Wideband Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radar [C]. Proceedings of IEEE Radar Conf, May 2005,900-904.
[10] Xizeng Dai, Yingning Peng, Jun Tang, Detection Performance of MIMO radar[J], Transaction of Tsing Hua University, 2007,47(1):88-91
[11] Petillot, Y., Chaoran Du, Thompson, J.S., Predicted Detection Performance of MIMO Radar [J]. Signal Processing Letters, IEEE. 2008, Volume 15:83 - 86
[12] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications[M],4th ed. Boston, MA: Mc-Graw-Hill, 2001.
[13] Skolnik, M.I.: Radar hand book[M], McGraw-Hill, 1990.
[14]赵树杰赵建勋.信号检测与估计理论——高等院校信息与通信工程系列教材[M],北京-清华大学出版社,2005.11,512
[15] Yang, Yang; Blum, Rick S. MIMO Radar waveform Design[J]. Statistical Signal Processing, 2007. SSP '07. IEEE/SP 14th Workshop on 26-29 Aug. 2007 Page(s):468 - 472
[16] I. Bekkerman, J. Tabrikian, Target Detection and Localization Using MIMO Radars and Sonars [J]. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, 2006, 54(10): 3873-3883.
[17]何子述,韩春林,刘波. MIMO雷达概念及其技术特点分析[J].电子学报, 2005, 33(12A): 143-147
[18] Rabideau, D. J. and P. Parker, Ubiquitous MIMO multifunction digital array radar[C]. Proc. 37th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Vol. 1, 1057-1064, 2003.
[19] D. W. Bliss and K. W. Forsythe, Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar and imaging: degrees of freedom and resolution[C], in Conference Record of the Thirty-Seventh Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, IEEE, pp. 54-59, 2003.
[20] K. W. Forsythe, D. W. Bliss, and G. S. Fawcett, Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar: performance issues[C], in Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, IEEE Pacific Grove, Calif., pp. 310-315, 2004.
[21] Bo Liu, et al, Polyphase Orthogonal Code Design for MIMO Radar Systems[C]. 2006 CIE international conference on radar.
[22] David K. Barton.雷达系统分析与建模——国防电子信息技术丛书[M],北京-电子工业出版社2007.6,397
[23]张明友汪学刚.雷达系统(第二版)——21世纪高等学校电子信息类教材[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2006,454.
[24] J.Ward. Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Airborne Radar[M], Lincoln Laboratory,13 December 1994,203
[25]张贤达.现代信号处理(第二版)[M],清华大学出版社,2002.10,528。
[26]张明友吕明编.信号检测与估计——21世纪高等学校电子信息类教材[M],北京:电子工业出版社2005.2,309
[27]王宏,MATLAB6.5及其在信号处理中的应用[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2004.10,348。
[28]郝祖全.弹载星载应用雷达有效载荷[M],北京-航空工业出版社2005.3,361
[29]林来兴.微小卫星编队飞行组成虚拟卫星研究[J].863航天技术通信,2000(5):1~29
[30]周荫清,徐华平,陈杰。分布式小卫星合成孔径雷达研究进展[J],电子学报,2003.12。33(12A):1939-1943
[31] Graeme B.Shaw, D.W.Miller, D.E.Hastings. Generalized Characteristics of Communication, Sensing, and Navigation Satellite System[J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,Vol.37,No.6, November-December 2000
[32] Graeme B.Shaw. The Generalized Information Network Analysis Methodology for Distributed Satellite Systems[D], PhD Thesis of MIT,1999
[33] R.L.Ticker, J.D.Azzolini. 2000 Survey of Distributed Spacecraft Technologies and Architectures for NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise in the 2010-2015 Timeframe [R]. NASA/TM-2000-209964,2000
[34] Mark E.Perry, Peter Alea et al. Earth Observing-1 Spacecraft Bus[C].15th AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference,2001,SSC01-Ⅴ-6
[35] Jeffrey G.Reichbach, Raymond J.Sedwick, Manuel Martinez-Sanchez. Micropropulsion System Selection for Precision Formation Flying Satellites[D], Master Thesis of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 2001
[36] Luu KM, Martin M,et al. University nanosatellite distributed satellite capabilitiesto support TechSat-21[A]. AIAA/USUSmall Satellite Conference Logan UT[C]. USA: SC99-III-3, 1999.
[37] Das A, Cobb R. TechSat 21-Space missions using collaborating constellations of satellites[A]. 12th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites[C]. USA:SSC98-VI-1,1998.
[38] Massonnet D.Capabilities and Limitation of the Interferometric Cartwheel[J], IEEE Trans.on Geo.and Remote Sensing,2001,39(3):506~520
[39] Martinerie F, Ramongassie S, Deligny B.Interferometric cartwheel payload: development status and current issues[A]. IGARSS[C].Sydney, NSW: IEEE,2001.390-392.
[40] Romeiser R, Schwabisch M, et al. Study on concepts for radar interferometry from satellites for ocean (and land) applications[R]. USA:KoRIOLiS Report,2002.
[41] Alberto Moreira, Gerhard Krieger, et al. TanDEM-X:A TerraSAR-X Add-On Satellite for Single-Pass SAR Interferometry[C].IEEE 0-7803-8743-0/04,2004
[42] P. Stoica, E. G. Larsson, and A. B. Gershman, The stochastic CRB for array processing: Textbook derivation [J], IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 148-150, May 2001.
[2] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication[M]. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005.
[3] A. Haimovich, R. Blum, L. Cimini, , MIMO Radar with Widely Separated antennas[J], IEEE Signal Proc. Magazine, January 2008,116-129.
[4] F. Robey, S. Coutts, D. Weikle, J. McHarg, and K. Cuomo, MIMO radar theory and experimental results[C], in Proc. 38th Asilomar Conf Signals, Syst. Comput., 2004, vol. 1, pp. 300-304.
[5] N.H.Lehmann, E.Fishler, A.M.Haimovich, et al. Evaluation of Transmit Diversity in MIMO-Radar Direction Finding[J], IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol.55, pp. 2215-2225, May 2007.
[6] Fishler E., Haimovich A., Blum, R., et al. Spatial Diversity in Radars-Models and Detection Performance[J] .IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing, 2006, 54 (3) :823-838 .
[7] Fishler, E., Haimovich, A., Blum, R.,et al. Performance of MIMO radar systems: Advantages of angular diversity[C]. In Proceedings of Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Nov. 2004, 305—309.
[8] K. W. Forsythe, D. W. Bliss, Waveform correlation and optimization issues for MIMO radar[C]. Conference Record ofthe Thirty-Ninth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, Calif, pp.1306-1310, Oct. 2005.
[9] Khan, H.A. Malik, W.Q. Edwards, D.J. etc. Ultra Wideband Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radar [C]. Proceedings of IEEE Radar Conf, May 2005,900-904.
[10] Xizeng Dai, Yingning Peng, Jun Tang, Detection Performance of MIMO radar[J], Transaction of Tsing Hua University, 2007,47(1):88-91
[11] Petillot, Y., Chaoran Du, Thompson, J.S., Predicted Detection Performance of MIMO Radar [J]. Signal Processing Letters, IEEE. 2008, Volume 15:83 - 86
[12] J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications[M],4th ed. Boston, MA: Mc-Graw-Hill, 2001.
[13] Skolnik, M.I.: Radar hand book[M], McGraw-Hill, 1990.
[14]赵树杰赵建勋.信号检测与估计理论——高等院校信息与通信工程系列教材[M],北京-清华大学出版社,2005.11,512
[15] Yang, Yang; Blum, Rick S. MIMO Radar waveform Design[J]. Statistical Signal Processing, 2007. SSP '07. IEEE/SP 14th Workshop on 26-29 Aug. 2007 Page(s):468 - 472
[16] I. Bekkerman, J. Tabrikian, Target Detection and Localization Using MIMO Radars and Sonars [J]. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, 2006, 54(10): 3873-3883.
[17]何子述,韩春林,刘波. MIMO雷达概念及其技术特点分析[J].电子学报, 2005, 33(12A): 143-147
[18] Rabideau, D. J. and P. Parker, Ubiquitous MIMO multifunction digital array radar[C]. Proc. 37th IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Vol. 1, 1057-1064, 2003.
[19] D. W. Bliss and K. W. Forsythe, Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar and imaging: degrees of freedom and resolution[C], in Conference Record of the Thirty-Seventh Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, IEEE, pp. 54-59, 2003.
[20] K. W. Forsythe, D. W. Bliss, and G. S. Fawcett, Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar: performance issues[C], in Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, IEEE Pacific Grove, Calif., pp. 310-315, 2004.
[21] Bo Liu, et al, Polyphase Orthogonal Code Design for MIMO Radar Systems[C]. 2006 CIE international conference on radar.
[22] David K. Barton.雷达系统分析与建模——国防电子信息技术丛书[M],北京-电子工业出版社2007.6,397
[23]张明友汪学刚.雷达系统(第二版)——21世纪高等学校电子信息类教材[M],北京:电子工业出版社,2006,454.
[24] J.Ward. Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Airborne Radar[M], Lincoln Laboratory,13 December 1994,203
[25]张贤达.现代信号处理(第二版)[M],清华大学出版社,2002.10,528。
[26]张明友吕明编.信号检测与估计——21世纪高等学校电子信息类教材[M],北京:电子工业出版社2005.2,309
[27]王宏,MATLAB6.5及其在信号处理中的应用[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2004.10,348。
[28]郝祖全.弹载星载应用雷达有效载荷[M],北京-航空工业出版社2005.3,361
[29]林来兴.微小卫星编队飞行组成虚拟卫星研究[J].863航天技术通信,2000(5):1~29
[30]周荫清,徐华平,陈杰。分布式小卫星合成孔径雷达研究进展[J],电子学报,2003.12。33(12A):1939-1943
[31] Graeme B.Shaw, D.W.Miller, D.E.Hastings. Generalized Characteristics of Communication, Sensing, and Navigation Satellite System[J]. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,Vol.37,No.6, November-December 2000
[32] Graeme B.Shaw. The Generalized Information Network Analysis Methodology for Distributed Satellite Systems[D], PhD Thesis of MIT,1999
[33] R.L.Ticker, J.D.Azzolini. 2000 Survey of Distributed Spacecraft Technologies and Architectures for NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise in the 2010-2015 Timeframe [R]. NASA/TM-2000-209964,2000
[34] Mark E.Perry, Peter Alea et al. Earth Observing-1 Spacecraft Bus[C].15th AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference,2001,SSC01-Ⅴ-6
[35] Jeffrey G.Reichbach, Raymond J.Sedwick, Manuel Martinez-Sanchez. Micropropulsion System Selection for Precision Formation Flying Satellites[D], Master Thesis of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 2001
[36] Luu KM, Martin M,et al. University nanosatellite distributed satellite capabilitiesto support TechSat-21[A]. AIAA/USUSmall Satellite Conference Logan UT[C]. USA: SC99-III-3, 1999.
[37] Das A, Cobb R. TechSat 21-Space missions using collaborating constellations of satellites[A]. 12th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites[C]. USA:SSC98-VI-1,1998.
[38] Massonnet D.Capabilities and Limitation of the Interferometric Cartwheel[J], IEEE Trans.on Geo.and Remote Sensing,2001,39(3):506~520
[39] Martinerie F, Ramongassie S, Deligny B.Interferometric cartwheel payload: development status and current issues[A]. IGARSS[C].Sydney, NSW: IEEE,2001.390-392.
[40] Romeiser R, Schwabisch M, et al. Study on concepts for radar interferometry from satellites for ocean (and land) applications[R]. USA:KoRIOLiS Report,2002.
[41] Alberto Moreira, Gerhard Krieger, et al. TanDEM-X:A TerraSAR-X Add-On Satellite for Single-Pass SAR Interferometry[C].IEEE 0-7803-8743-0/04,2004
[42] P. Stoica, E. G. Larsson, and A. B. Gershman, The stochastic CRB for array processing: Textbook derivation [J], IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 148-150, May 2001.
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