《吕氏春秋》“杂家”性质再认识
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摘要
《汉书·艺文志》将《吕氏春秋》著录于子部杂家类,前代学者曾针对杂家“兼儒墨,合名法”的特点对《吕氏春秋》与先秦百家诸子的关系展开研究,归纳起来有三种结论:一,认为吕书是杂家即折衷调和的杂合拼凑;二,吕书是杂家但主导思想倾向于一二家,诸如道家说、儒家说、墨家说等;三,认为吕书是杂家乃兼容并包、自成一家之言。《吕氏春秋》综合各家思想,是比较明显的。但是,到底上述三种结论那个比较科学,就要比较全面地看看《吕氏春秋》对先秦各家思想的取舍,比较一下它们之间的异同。本文立足个案研究,意在以点带面,通过《吕氏春秋》与儒家经典文本的对读比较研究,考察《吕氏春秋》对儒家思想吸纳了什么,吸纳中是否同时借鉴了其他学派的思想加以补充和改造,从而建构起自己的理论体系,对《吕氏春秋》的杂家性质作进一步探讨。
论文主体部分分三章节,第一章《吕氏春秋》对儒家政治思想的吸纳和改造,从德治观念、民本思想、正名思想、重贤思想四个层面来论述;第二章《吕氏春秋》对儒家伦理思想的吸纳和改造,从孝道思想、伦理概念(仁、义、礼、忠、信)、个人修为三个层面来论述;第三章《吕氏春秋》对儒家音乐、教育理论的吸纳和改进,从音乐思想(分音乐缘起、音乐本质、儒家的“礼乐”论与《吕氏春秋》的“和乐”论三个方面来说明)和教育思想两个方面来论述。
《吕氏春秋》对儒家思想的吸纳并不是机械地照搬照抄,其在借鉴儒家相关理论的同时,或利用了其他学派的学说加以补充,或进行理论的创新发展,从而进行了自己的理论建构。它里面的儒家思想史料虽有儒家思想的影子,但不能直接就等同于儒家的思想,他们是《吕氏春秋》整体理论大厦里的一部分,具有鲜明的《吕氏春秋》“儒家论”的个性特色。
"Annals by Lu Buwei" was recorded in "za jia" category of "zi bu "of "YiWenZhi"of "Han Shu" . Considering "za jia" 's characteristics of combination of Confucianism, Mohism, logicism,legalism, scholars through histoty have done various researches on the relationationship between "Annals by Lu Buwei" and the One hundrend schools of the Pre-Qin , summarized up, there are three conclusions: First,some peple think that "Annals by Lu Buwei"is of "za jia" category but without system,only randomly mixed;Second,some peple think that "Annals by Lu Buwei "is of "za jia" category but tends to a dominant idea, such as Taoism, Confucianism, Mohist Etc.Third,some peple think that "Annals by Lu Buwei"is of "za jia" category,that is to say it is not only comprehensive but also has its own system. It is obvious that "Annals by Lu Buwei"is comprehensive, However, which of the above three conclusions is more scientific,we should look at the choices which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to the the one hundrend schools of the Pre-Qin comprehensively, compare the similarities and differences between them. In this paper, basing on case studies intended to point to an area through " Annals by Lu Buwei" and the Confucian classic text of the comparative study of reading, writer checks into what "Annals by Lu Buwei" absorbed from Confucian ideas,whether adding and transforming while building its own theoretical system. Thereby characteristics of "za jia "about "Annals by Lu Buwei" can be further explorated.
The main parts of papers are divided into three chapters, the first part is about the absorbtion and transformation which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to the Confucian political ideology, it includes four dimensions: the concept of virtue, the present ideological, the name to describe,attention to the abilities; ChapterⅡis about absorbtion and transformation which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to the Confucian Ethics and consists three contents: Thinking of filial piety, ethical concept (benevolence, righteousness, propriety, loyalty and letter), personal cultivatation; ChapterⅢis about absorbtion and improvement which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to Confucian's music and education of ideas,Of the two aspects the music part concludes three contents: sub-origin of music, nature of music, the Confucian's "courtesy music" and "Annals by Lu Buwei" 's "harmony music".
The absorbtion to Confucian ideology was not mechanical copy, while "Annals by Lu Buwei" referring to the related Confucian theory,it used other schools of thought to be supplemented, or the theory of innovation and development, which conducted its own theories construction. Despite that Confucian thoughts inside it have the reflection of Confucian thinking, but not directly equivalent to Confucian ideology, they are " Annals by Lu Buwei '"s overall part of a building, and have a distinct personality characteristics.
论文主体部分分三章节,第一章《吕氏春秋》对儒家政治思想的吸纳和改造,从德治观念、民本思想、正名思想、重贤思想四个层面来论述;第二章《吕氏春秋》对儒家伦理思想的吸纳和改造,从孝道思想、伦理概念(仁、义、礼、忠、信)、个人修为三个层面来论述;第三章《吕氏春秋》对儒家音乐、教育理论的吸纳和改进,从音乐思想(分音乐缘起、音乐本质、儒家的“礼乐”论与《吕氏春秋》的“和乐”论三个方面来说明)和教育思想两个方面来论述。
《吕氏春秋》对儒家思想的吸纳并不是机械地照搬照抄,其在借鉴儒家相关理论的同时,或利用了其他学派的学说加以补充,或进行理论的创新发展,从而进行了自己的理论建构。它里面的儒家思想史料虽有儒家思想的影子,但不能直接就等同于儒家的思想,他们是《吕氏春秋》整体理论大厦里的一部分,具有鲜明的《吕氏春秋》“儒家论”的个性特色。
"Annals by Lu Buwei" was recorded in "za jia" category of "zi bu "of "YiWenZhi"of "Han Shu" . Considering "za jia" 's characteristics of combination of Confucianism, Mohism, logicism,legalism, scholars through histoty have done various researches on the relationationship between "Annals by Lu Buwei" and the One hundrend schools of the Pre-Qin , summarized up, there are three conclusions: First,some peple think that "Annals by Lu Buwei"is of "za jia" category but without system,only randomly mixed;Second,some peple think that "Annals by Lu Buwei "is of "za jia" category but tends to a dominant idea, such as Taoism, Confucianism, Mohist Etc.Third,some peple think that "Annals by Lu Buwei"is of "za jia" category,that is to say it is not only comprehensive but also has its own system. It is obvious that "Annals by Lu Buwei"is comprehensive, However, which of the above three conclusions is more scientific,we should look at the choices which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to the the one hundrend schools of the Pre-Qin comprehensively, compare the similarities and differences between them. In this paper, basing on case studies intended to point to an area through " Annals by Lu Buwei" and the Confucian classic text of the comparative study of reading, writer checks into what "Annals by Lu Buwei" absorbed from Confucian ideas,whether adding and transforming while building its own theoretical system. Thereby characteristics of "za jia "about "Annals by Lu Buwei" can be further explorated.
The main parts of papers are divided into three chapters, the first part is about the absorbtion and transformation which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to the Confucian political ideology, it includes four dimensions: the concept of virtue, the present ideological, the name to describe,attention to the abilities; ChapterⅡis about absorbtion and transformation which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to the Confucian Ethics and consists three contents: Thinking of filial piety, ethical concept (benevolence, righteousness, propriety, loyalty and letter), personal cultivatation; ChapterⅢis about absorbtion and improvement which "Annals by Lu Buwei" did to Confucian's music and education of ideas,Of the two aspects the music part concludes three contents: sub-origin of music, nature of music, the Confucian's "courtesy music" and "Annals by Lu Buwei" 's "harmony music".
The absorbtion to Confucian ideology was not mechanical copy, while "Annals by Lu Buwei" referring to the related Confucian theory,it used other schools of thought to be supplemented, or the theory of innovation and development, which conducted its own theories construction. Despite that Confucian thoughts inside it have the reflection of Confucian thinking, but not directly equivalent to Confucian ideology, they are " Annals by Lu Buwei '"s overall part of a building, and have a distinct personality characteristics.
引文
[1](清)汪中:《述学》,《丛书集成初编》本,第111页,中华书局,1983
[1]杨宽:《战国史》,第386页,上海人民出版社,1983
[2]《十三经注疏》,清阮元校刻本,第2457页,中华书局,1980
[1]《十三经注疏》,阮元校刻本,第1352页,中华书局,1980
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第1255-1256页,上海学林出版社,1984
[2]老子:《老子》,《丛书集成初编》王弼《老子》注本,第十章,中华书局,1985
[3]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第54页,中华书局,1983
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第1271-1272页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]荀子:《荀子》,王先谦《荀子集解》本,《强国》篇,中华书局,1988
[2]司马迁:《史记》,第2228页,中华书局,1959
[3]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《宪问》篇,中华书局,1983
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[5]孟子:《孟子》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《尽心下》篇,中华书局,1983
[6]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第714页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]商鞅:《商君书》,蒋礼鸿《商君书锥指》本,《弱民》篇,中华书局,1986
[2]荀子:《荀子》,(清)王先谦《荀子集解》本,《正名》篇,中华书局,1988
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第1030页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第577页,上海学林出版社,1984
[2]刘向:《战国策》,缪文远《战国策新校注》本,《苏秦始将连横》篇,巴蜀书社1987
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第817页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]墨子:《墨子》,(清)孙诒让《墨子间诂》本,《贵义》篇,中华书局,1986
[2]墨子:《墨子》,(清)孙诒让《墨子间诂》本,《经上》篇,中华书局,1986
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第273页,上海学林出版社,1984
[2]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第733页,上海学林出版社,1984
[3]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第780页,上海学林出版社,1984
[4]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第980页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]孟子:《孟子》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第278页,中华书局,1983
[2]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第48页,中华书局,1983
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第159页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《卫灵公》篇,中华书局,1983
[2]孔子:《论语》,(来)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《述而》篇,中华书局,1983
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第196页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第197页,上海学林出版社,1984
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[1]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第89页,中华书局,1983
[1]任重,《吕氏春秋的历史超越精神》,《山东大学学报》1999年第2期。
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[1]杨宽:《战国史》,第386页,上海人民出版社,1983
[2]《十三经注疏》,清阮元校刻本,第2457页,中华书局,1980
[1]《十三经注疏》,阮元校刻本,第1352页,中华书局,1980
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第1255-1256页,上海学林出版社,1984
[2]老子:《老子》,《丛书集成初编》王弼《老子》注本,第十章,中华书局,1985
[3]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第54页,中华书局,1983
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第1271-1272页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]荀子:《荀子》,王先谦《荀子集解》本,《强国》篇,中华书局,1988
[2]司马迁:《史记》,第2228页,中华书局,1959
[3]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《宪问》篇,中华书局,1983
[4]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《雍也》篇,中华书局,1983
[5]孟子:《孟子》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《尽心下》篇,中华书局,1983
[6]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第714页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]商鞅:《商君书》,蒋礼鸿《商君书锥指》本,《弱民》篇,中华书局,1986
[2]荀子:《荀子》,(清)王先谦《荀子集解》本,《正名》篇,中华书局,1988
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第1030页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第577页,上海学林出版社,1984
[2]刘向:《战国策》,缪文远《战国策新校注》本,《苏秦始将连横》篇,巴蜀书社1987
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第817页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]墨子:《墨子》,(清)孙诒让《墨子间诂》本,《贵义》篇,中华书局,1986
[2]墨子:《墨子》,(清)孙诒让《墨子间诂》本,《经上》篇,中华书局,1986
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第273页,上海学林出版社,1984
[2]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第733页,上海学林出版社,1984
[3]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第780页,上海学林出版社,1984
[4]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第980页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]孟子:《孟子》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第278页,中华书局,1983
[2]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第48页,中华书局,1983
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第159页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《卫灵公》篇,中华书局,1983
[2]孔子:《论语》,(来)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,《述而》篇,中华书局,1983
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第196页,上海学林出版社,1984
[1]吕不韦等:《吕氏春秋》,陈其猷《吕氏春秋校释》本,第197页,上海学林出版社,1984
[2]《十三经注疏》,清阮元校刻本,第1522页,中华书局,1980
[1]孔子:《论语》,(宋)朱熹《四书章句集注》本,第89页,中华书局,1983
[1]任重,《吕氏春秋的历史超越精神》,《山东大学学报》1999年第2期。
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