基于随机介质理论的公路黄土暗穴稳定性评价
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摘要
随着我国西部黄土地区基础建设的发展,发育在黄土浅层的暗穴对公路建设和安全运营构成了严重威胁,有的已造成严重后果,因此研究有效的公路黄土暗穴稳定性评价方法对于黄土地区的公路路基处理和设计具有非常重要的指导作用,本文应用随机介质理论,对公路黄土暗穴的稳定性进行了探讨性的分析和评价。
本文提出了基于随机介质理论评价黄土暗穴稳定性的一种新方法,建立了黄土暗穴的简化几何模型和等效力学模型。应用该方法计算并分析了不同形状、大小及埋深的黄土暗穴引起的地表变形和影响范围;计算了不同参数下黄土暗穴的临界安全厚度;分别以地表变形和顶板结构强度作为评价黄土暗穴稳定性的依据,分析了洞形参数对地表变形和临界安全厚度的影响,对黄土暗穴的稳定性进行了探讨性地研究;定性分析了安全系数、地面荷载与临界安全厚度的关系;将该方法与其它几种方法的计算结果进行了比较,讨论了各种方法的适用性和合理性;设想了基于随机介质理论方法在实际工程中应用的工作步骤。
通过本文研究,得到以下主要结论:
(1) 暗穴引起的地表下沉量的大小和分布不仅与暗穴埋深有关,而且与暗穴断面大小、地层特性有关。
(2) 暗穴引起的地表最大下沉量随着地层主要影响角、暗穴断面尺寸、暗穴半径收敛值等参数的增大而增大,随着暗穴埋深的增大而减小。
(3) 暗穴临界安全厚度随着暗穴断面尺寸、暗穴半径收敛值、安全系数、地面荷载等参数的增大而增大。暗穴临界安全厚度对地层影响角的变化不敏感。
(4) 地表影响范围随暗穴埋深、断面尺寸的增加而增加,随地层影响角的增大而减小。
With the development of infrastructure construction in loess regions of western China, shallow hidden cavities in loess are the high risk to the highway construction and transportation safety. So, working out effective methods of highway hidden cavity stability assessment is of great importance for highway foundation treatment and design. In this paper, the stability of highway hidden cavity in loess area is discussed and assessed based on the stochastic media theorv.A new method for loess hidden cavity assessment is presented on the basis of stochastic media theory. A simplified geometric model and an equivalent dynamic model of loess hidden cavity assessment are developed. With this method, the ground deformation resulted from the hidden loess cavities of different shapes, sizes and depths and their affected range are calculated and analyzed. The critical safety thickness of loess hidden cavity with different parameters is calculated. Using surface deformation and intensity of top layer structure as criterion of loess hidden cavity stability assessment, the effects of cavity shape parameters on surface deformation and critical safety thickness are analyzed, and the stability of loess hidden cavity is studied. The qualitative analysis on the relation of safety coefficient and ground loading with critical safety thickness is made. The results of this research are compared with the calculated results obtained by other different methods. Practicability and rationality of different methods are discussed. Operational procedure of the stochastic media theory and method in practical engineering is conceived.The following conclusions are got in this research: 1. The magnitude and distribution of ground subsidence due to hidden cavity are related not only with depth of hidden cavity but also
with the size of cavity section and characteristics of stratum.2. The magnitude of maximum ground subsidence caused by hidden cavity increases with the augment of principle influence angle of stratum, cavity section size and cavity radial constringency and diminishes with the decrease of hidden cavity depth.3. The critical safety thickness of hidden cavity increases with the augment of hidden cavity section size, radial constringency, safety coefficient and surface loading. The critical safety thickness of hidden cavity is not sensitive to influence angle of stratum.4. The influence range on ground surface increases with the augment of hidden cavity depth and section size and decreases with augment of influence angle of stratum.
本文提出了基于随机介质理论评价黄土暗穴稳定性的一种新方法,建立了黄土暗穴的简化几何模型和等效力学模型。应用该方法计算并分析了不同形状、大小及埋深的黄土暗穴引起的地表变形和影响范围;计算了不同参数下黄土暗穴的临界安全厚度;分别以地表变形和顶板结构强度作为评价黄土暗穴稳定性的依据,分析了洞形参数对地表变形和临界安全厚度的影响,对黄土暗穴的稳定性进行了探讨性地研究;定性分析了安全系数、地面荷载与临界安全厚度的关系;将该方法与其它几种方法的计算结果进行了比较,讨论了各种方法的适用性和合理性;设想了基于随机介质理论方法在实际工程中应用的工作步骤。
通过本文研究,得到以下主要结论:
(1) 暗穴引起的地表下沉量的大小和分布不仅与暗穴埋深有关,而且与暗穴断面大小、地层特性有关。
(2) 暗穴引起的地表最大下沉量随着地层主要影响角、暗穴断面尺寸、暗穴半径收敛值等参数的增大而增大,随着暗穴埋深的增大而减小。
(3) 暗穴临界安全厚度随着暗穴断面尺寸、暗穴半径收敛值、安全系数、地面荷载等参数的增大而增大。暗穴临界安全厚度对地层影响角的变化不敏感。
(4) 地表影响范围随暗穴埋深、断面尺寸的增加而增加,随地层影响角的增大而减小。
With the development of infrastructure construction in loess regions of western China, shallow hidden cavities in loess are the high risk to the highway construction and transportation safety. So, working out effective methods of highway hidden cavity stability assessment is of great importance for highway foundation treatment and design. In this paper, the stability of highway hidden cavity in loess area is discussed and assessed based on the stochastic media theorv.A new method for loess hidden cavity assessment is presented on the basis of stochastic media theory. A simplified geometric model and an equivalent dynamic model of loess hidden cavity assessment are developed. With this method, the ground deformation resulted from the hidden loess cavities of different shapes, sizes and depths and their affected range are calculated and analyzed. The critical safety thickness of loess hidden cavity with different parameters is calculated. Using surface deformation and intensity of top layer structure as criterion of loess hidden cavity stability assessment, the effects of cavity shape parameters on surface deformation and critical safety thickness are analyzed, and the stability of loess hidden cavity is studied. The qualitative analysis on the relation of safety coefficient and ground loading with critical safety thickness is made. The results of this research are compared with the calculated results obtained by other different methods. Practicability and rationality of different methods are discussed. Operational procedure of the stochastic media theory and method in practical engineering is conceived.The following conclusions are got in this research: 1. The magnitude and distribution of ground subsidence due to hidden cavity are related not only with depth of hidden cavity but also
with the size of cavity section and characteristics of stratum.2. The magnitude of maximum ground subsidence caused by hidden cavity increases with the augment of principle influence angle of stratum, cavity section size and cavity radial constringency and diminishes with the decrease of hidden cavity depth.3. The critical safety thickness of hidden cavity increases with the augment of hidden cavity section size, radial constringency, safety coefficient and surface loading. The critical safety thickness of hidden cavity is not sensitive to influence angle of stratum.4. The influence range on ground surface increases with the augment of hidden cavity depth and section size and decreases with augment of influence angle of stratum.
引文
[1] 王永焱等,中国黄土研究的新进展,陕西人民出版社,1985
[2] 冯连昌等,中国湿陷性黄土,中国铁道出版社,1982
[3] 罗来兴,划分晋西陕北陇东黄土区域沟间地与沟谷的地貌类型,地理学报,1956,22(3)
[4] 朱显谟,黄土洞穴侵蚀,黄河建设,1958
[5] 陈传康,陇东南部黄土类型及其发育规律,地理学报,1956,22(3)
[6] 陈永宗等,黄士高原现代侵蚀与治理,科学出版社,1988
[7] 王斌科,引起洞穴侵蚀的主要因素的探索,水土保持学报,1989,3(3)
[8] 王景明等,黄土构造节理及其应用,中国水利水电出版社,1996
[9] 胡厚田,侯西线黄土路基陷穴的研究,路基工程,1996(2),22～27
[10] 周建普,李献民,岩溶地基稳定性分析评价方法,矿业工程,2003,23(1):4～7
[11] 牟春梅,岩溶区地基岩体溶洞顶板稳定性评价,2002(4):33～35
[12] 杜甫志,覆盖型岩溶区地面塌陷的两种力学分析模型及其应用,桂林冶金地质学院学报,1989,9(2):177～186
[13] 周伟义,李军生等,潭邵高速公路岩溶及采空区路基稳定性评价及治理对策,公路,2003(1):5～8
[14] 黄润秋,陈尚桥等,重庆市浅埋地下洞室安全顶板厚度研究,工程地质学报,1998(2):120～127
[15] 杨双锁,靳钟铭等,采场顶板稳定性定量分析及分类研究,山西矿业学院学报,1997,15(1):27～31
[16] 周新民,黄土地区公路洞穴致灾力学机理研究,长安大学硕士论文,2003
[17] 任侠,黄土窑洞弹塑性有限元分析,兰州铁道学院学报,1993,8(1):86～90
[18] 赵永国,公路路基下伏人工洞穴的成因、危害与处理技术,公路,2002(8):59～62
[19] 陈立伟,地震作用下黄土暗穴的稳定性分析,长安大学硕士论文,2004
[20] Fuller M. L., Some unusual erosion featurn in the loess of China, Geogl. Rev. 12,1922,570～584
[21] Rubey W. W., Gullies in the great plains formedby sinking of ground, Am. J. Sci., 12,1928,417
[22] Thorp J., Geography of soils in China, Natural Geological Surbey of China, 1936
[23] Flether J. E., Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 13,1948,545～547
[24] Dowries P. G., J. Soil & Water Cons., 17,1962,230～231
[25] Litwiniszyn J, Fundamental principles of the mechanics of stochastic medium, Proc. Of 3rd Conf. Theo. Appl. Mech., Bongalore, India, 1957
[26] Attewell P. B., Yeates J. and Selby A. R., Soil movements induced by tunneling and the effects on pipelines and structures, Blackie and Son, London, 1986
[27] O'Reilly M. P. et al, Long settlements over tunneling, an 11 year study at Grimsby, Tunnelling'91, 1991
[28] T. Kimura, R. J. Mair, Centrifugal testing of model tunnels in soft clay, Proc. Of 10th Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics & Foundition Engineering, Stockholm, Balkeme, 1981
[29] Fujita K., Prediction of surface settlements caused by shield tunning, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanicas, Mexico City, 1982.239～246
[30] Rowe R. K., Lo K. Y., Kack G. J., A method of estimating surface settlement above shallow tunnels constructed in soft ground, Can. Geotech. J., 20,1983.11～22
[31] A. Verruigt, J. R. Booker, Surface settlements due to deformation of a tunneling in an elastic half plane, Geotechnigue, 46(4), 1996.753～756
[32] Liu Baochen, Ground surface movements due to underground excavation in the P. R. China, in Hudson ed., Comprehensive Rock Engineering, chap. 29, Volume 4, New York: Pergamon Press, 1993,781～817
[33] 刘宝琛,廖国华,煤矿地表移动的基本规律,北京:中国工业山版社,1965
[34] 阳军生,深基坑和隧道施工引起的地表移动和变形研究.湖南大学博土后出站报告,1999
[35] 阳军生,地铁建设地表移动及变形研究,中南工业大学博士学位论文,1996
[36] 张家生,地表移动理论及数值分析方法的研究.中南工业大学博士学何论文,1992
[37] 刘宝琛,张家生,近地表开挖引起的地表沉降的随机介质方法,岩石力学与工程学报,1995,14(4):289～296
[38] 刘宝琛,林德璋,浅部隧道开挖引起的地表移动及变形,地下工程,1983(7):1～7
[39] Yang Junsheng, Liu Baochen, Back analysis method for determination of ground subsidence parameters due to subway costruction, In Yuan J X ed., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Conf. Computer Methods and Adances in Geomechanics, A, A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1997.801～804
[40] Yang Junsheng, Liu Baochen, The prediction of ground surface settlements due to tunneling in urban areas, in: PROGRESS IN SAFETY SCINCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol.Ⅱ, Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2000.354～361
[41] Liu Baochen, Yang Junsheng, Zhang Jiasheng, Ground movement and deformation due to dewatering and openpit axcavation, In Guo & Golosinski eds., Proceeding of the 96 Int. Symposium on Mining Science and Technology, Rotterdam: A. Abalkema. 1996
[42] Liu Baochen, Yang Junsheng, Ground surface movements and deformation due to dewatering, Proceedings of Int. Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Environmental Geotechnology, Chongqing University Press, 1997
[43] 张国祥,弹塑性随机介质法及其在隧道施工引起的地层位移及应力分析中的应用,岩石力学与工程学报,22(4),2003,596～600
[44] 阳军生,刘宝琛,城市隧道施工引起的地表移动及变形,北京:中国铁道出版社,2002,104
[45] 徐芝纶.弹性力学(第二版)上册.高等教育出版社.1978.397
[46] 陕西省建筑科学研究所,“某工程黄土洞地层压力的实测”专题研究报告,第80-02号,1980.4
[2] 冯连昌等,中国湿陷性黄土,中国铁道出版社,1982
[3] 罗来兴,划分晋西陕北陇东黄土区域沟间地与沟谷的地貌类型,地理学报,1956,22(3)
[4] 朱显谟,黄土洞穴侵蚀,黄河建设,1958
[5] 陈传康,陇东南部黄土类型及其发育规律,地理学报,1956,22(3)
[6] 陈永宗等,黄士高原现代侵蚀与治理,科学出版社,1988
[7] 王斌科,引起洞穴侵蚀的主要因素的探索,水土保持学报,1989,3(3)
[8] 王景明等,黄土构造节理及其应用,中国水利水电出版社,1996
[9] 胡厚田,侯西线黄土路基陷穴的研究,路基工程,1996(2),22～27
[10] 周建普,李献民,岩溶地基稳定性分析评价方法,矿业工程,2003,23(1):4～7
[11] 牟春梅,岩溶区地基岩体溶洞顶板稳定性评价,2002(4):33～35
[12] 杜甫志,覆盖型岩溶区地面塌陷的两种力学分析模型及其应用,桂林冶金地质学院学报,1989,9(2):177～186
[13] 周伟义,李军生等,潭邵高速公路岩溶及采空区路基稳定性评价及治理对策,公路,2003(1):5～8
[14] 黄润秋,陈尚桥等,重庆市浅埋地下洞室安全顶板厚度研究,工程地质学报,1998(2):120～127
[15] 杨双锁,靳钟铭等,采场顶板稳定性定量分析及分类研究,山西矿业学院学报,1997,15(1):27～31
[16] 周新民,黄土地区公路洞穴致灾力学机理研究,长安大学硕士论文,2003
[17] 任侠,黄土窑洞弹塑性有限元分析,兰州铁道学院学报,1993,8(1):86～90
[18] 赵永国,公路路基下伏人工洞穴的成因、危害与处理技术,公路,2002(8):59～62
[19] 陈立伟,地震作用下黄土暗穴的稳定性分析,长安大学硕士论文,2004
[20] Fuller M. L., Some unusual erosion featurn in the loess of China, Geogl. Rev. 12,1922,570～584
[21] Rubey W. W., Gullies in the great plains formedby sinking of ground, Am. J. Sci., 12,1928,417
[22] Thorp J., Geography of soils in China, Natural Geological Surbey of China, 1936
[23] Flether J. E., Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 13,1948,545～547
[24] Dowries P. G., J. Soil & Water Cons., 17,1962,230～231
[25] Litwiniszyn J, Fundamental principles of the mechanics of stochastic medium, Proc. Of 3rd Conf. Theo. Appl. Mech., Bongalore, India, 1957
[26] Attewell P. B., Yeates J. and Selby A. R., Soil movements induced by tunneling and the effects on pipelines and structures, Blackie and Son, London, 1986
[27] O'Reilly M. P. et al, Long settlements over tunneling, an 11 year study at Grimsby, Tunnelling'91, 1991
[28] T. Kimura, R. J. Mair, Centrifugal testing of model tunnels in soft clay, Proc. Of 10th Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics & Foundition Engineering, Stockholm, Balkeme, 1981
[29] Fujita K., Prediction of surface settlements caused by shield tunning, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanicas, Mexico City, 1982.239～246
[30] Rowe R. K., Lo K. Y., Kack G. J., A method of estimating surface settlement above shallow tunnels constructed in soft ground, Can. Geotech. J., 20,1983.11～22
[31] A. Verruigt, J. R. Booker, Surface settlements due to deformation of a tunneling in an elastic half plane, Geotechnigue, 46(4), 1996.753～756
[32] Liu Baochen, Ground surface movements due to underground excavation in the P. R. China, in Hudson ed., Comprehensive Rock Engineering, chap. 29, Volume 4, New York: Pergamon Press, 1993,781～817
[33] 刘宝琛,廖国华,煤矿地表移动的基本规律,北京:中国工业山版社,1965
[34] 阳军生,深基坑和隧道施工引起的地表移动和变形研究.湖南大学博土后出站报告,1999
[35] 阳军生,地铁建设地表移动及变形研究,中南工业大学博士学位论文,1996
[36] 张家生,地表移动理论及数值分析方法的研究.中南工业大学博士学何论文,1992
[37] 刘宝琛,张家生,近地表开挖引起的地表沉降的随机介质方法,岩石力学与工程学报,1995,14(4):289～296
[38] 刘宝琛,林德璋,浅部隧道开挖引起的地表移动及变形,地下工程,1983(7):1～7
[39] Yang Junsheng, Liu Baochen, Back analysis method for determination of ground subsidence parameters due to subway costruction, In Yuan J X ed., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Conf. Computer Methods and Adances in Geomechanics, A, A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1997.801～804
[40] Yang Junsheng, Liu Baochen, The prediction of ground surface settlements due to tunneling in urban areas, in: PROGRESS IN SAFETY SCINCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol.Ⅱ, Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2000.354～361
[41] Liu Baochen, Yang Junsheng, Zhang Jiasheng, Ground movement and deformation due to dewatering and openpit axcavation, In Guo & Golosinski eds., Proceeding of the 96 Int. Symposium on Mining Science and Technology, Rotterdam: A. Abalkema. 1996
[42] Liu Baochen, Yang Junsheng, Ground surface movements and deformation due to dewatering, Proceedings of Int. Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Environmental Geotechnology, Chongqing University Press, 1997
[43] 张国祥,弹塑性随机介质法及其在隧道施工引起的地层位移及应力分析中的应用,岩石力学与工程学报,22(4),2003,596～600
[44] 阳军生,刘宝琛,城市隧道施工引起的地表移动及变形,北京:中国铁道出版社,2002,104
[45] 徐芝纶.弹性力学(第二版)上册.高等教育出版社.1978.397
[46] 陕西省建筑科学研究所,“某工程黄土洞地层压力的实测”专题研究报告,第80-02号,1980.4
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