中国北方地区冲积扇地貌发育特征与影响因素分析
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摘要
越来越多的研究表明,冲积扇的演化受构造、气候、基准面、流域地质地貌条件、植被覆盖程度以及人类活动等诸多环境因素的影响,因此,冲积扇研究具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。
我国北方地区气候条件多样,许多规模悬殊的山间和山前盆地边缘都有冲积扇发育。论文以吕梁山、贺兰山、祁连山等三个地区的冲积扇为研究对象,通过实地考察与实验分析相结合的方法,辅以遥感和地理信息系统手段,对各地区冲积扇的形态、结构、物质组成和沉积过程等特征进行研究;对断陷盆地边缘冲积扇发育规律进行了探讨;对不同断陷盆地内的冲积扇进行了对比;对三个地区的冲积扇进行了对比;对冲积扇地区农地的发育规律进行了探讨。
研究表明,不同地区冲积扇的地貌特征和沉积特征有较大差异。吕梁山地区冲积扇的规模相对较小,沉积过程以河流充填沉积为主,其次为片流沉积;贺兰山东麓南段和北段的冲积扇形成了强烈对比:南段的冲积扇以水石流沉积为主,面积和坡度都较大,而北段的冲积扇以河流过程为主,粒度细,面积和坡度都相对较小;祁连山地区冲积扇规模大,沉积过程为河流沉积。从冲积扇发育的时代看,晚更新世冲积扇是各地区冲积扇的主体。
对侯马盆地冲积扇的研究揭示了断陷盆地边缘冲积扇的发育规律。结果表明,冲积扇的形态、结构、沉积过程等与冲积扇所处盆地构造部位密切相关。扇顶切割程度、流域内沉积物充填状况、扇顶基岩出露特征以及沉积过程的类型等可以做为判别断陷盆地中边界断层活动强弱的标志。
太原盆地、临汾盆地和侯马盆地冲积扇的对比表明,构造活动、汾河基准面等因素是三个盆地中冲积扇发育程度差异的重要原因,这些因素也影响冲积扇的沉积过程、流域内沉积物充填和冲积扇扇顶切割状况。三个区域冲积扇的对比表明,三个地区冲积扇的发育程度受气候条件、冲积扇的沉积过程等因素的影响。
对三个地区冲积扇上农地分布的研究表明,细粒组分的分布是影响冲积扇上农地发育的主要因素;冲积扇独特的沉积过程与地貌特点共同决定了冲积扇上细粒组分的分布;黄土过程作为外来过程也是冲积扇上农地发育的重要影响因素之一。
More and more research proves that alluvial fan is affected by many environmental factors such as tectonic activity, climatic conditions, base level change, drainage basin geology, geomorphology and plant covering of drainage basin, human activities; therefore, alluvial fan research bears great significance to theory of geomorphology and practicalities.
Climatic conditions vary greatly in North China, and alluvial fans lying along margins of basins between mountains or at mountain front. Research areas of this dissertation include Lvliang Mountain, Helan Mountain and Qilian Mountain. The shape, structure, mass composition and deposition process of these alluvial fans are researched through field exploration and laboratory experiments. Remote Sensing and GIS technologies are also used. Characteristics of alluvial fans at margins of faulted basin are researched. Alluvial fans in different faulted basins of Lvliang Mountain are compared; Alluvial fans in three different regions are also compared. Agricultural land on alluvial fans is researched at chapter 5 of this dissertation.
Great differences between alluvial fans in different regions are found. Alluvial fans at Lvliang Mountain are characterized by smaller size, channel-fill deposition and sheet-flood deposition. There has sharply contrast between alluvial fans at the north sector and at the south sector of Helan mountain: alluvial fans with larger area and steeper slope at south sector bear debris flow, but alluvial fans at north sector, which have smaller size and gentler slope, were formed mainly by stream flow. Alluvial fans at Qilian Mountain often have larger size, and their deposition process is stream flow. The main bodies of these alluvial fans were formed during Late Pleistocene.
Research of alluvial fans at Houma basin reveals how alluvial fans are affected by faulted basins. It is found that the shape, structure and deposition process of alluvial fans relate well to its position in faulted basin. Fan head incision, channel-fill deposits in drainage basin, emergence of bedrock can be criteria of tectonic activity of boundary fault.
Comparison of alluvial fans in Taiyuan basin, Linfen basin and Houma basin shows that tectonic activity and Fen river base level account for the differences of alluvial fans in these three basins, and they also affect deposition process, channel-fill deposits in drainage basin and fan head incision. Comparison of alluvial fans in three regions shows that climatic conditions and deposition process impact fan size greatly.
Research of agricultural land on alluvial fans shows that fine deposits mainly determine the agricultural land; and fine deposits are determined by particular deposition process and geomorphology of alluvial fans together; as an allochthonic deposit, loess plays an important role in the development of agricultural land on alluvial fans.
我国北方地区气候条件多样,许多规模悬殊的山间和山前盆地边缘都有冲积扇发育。论文以吕梁山、贺兰山、祁连山等三个地区的冲积扇为研究对象,通过实地考察与实验分析相结合的方法,辅以遥感和地理信息系统手段,对各地区冲积扇的形态、结构、物质组成和沉积过程等特征进行研究;对断陷盆地边缘冲积扇发育规律进行了探讨;对不同断陷盆地内的冲积扇进行了对比;对三个地区的冲积扇进行了对比;对冲积扇地区农地的发育规律进行了探讨。
研究表明,不同地区冲积扇的地貌特征和沉积特征有较大差异。吕梁山地区冲积扇的规模相对较小,沉积过程以河流充填沉积为主,其次为片流沉积;贺兰山东麓南段和北段的冲积扇形成了强烈对比:南段的冲积扇以水石流沉积为主,面积和坡度都较大,而北段的冲积扇以河流过程为主,粒度细,面积和坡度都相对较小;祁连山地区冲积扇规模大,沉积过程为河流沉积。从冲积扇发育的时代看,晚更新世冲积扇是各地区冲积扇的主体。
对侯马盆地冲积扇的研究揭示了断陷盆地边缘冲积扇的发育规律。结果表明,冲积扇的形态、结构、沉积过程等与冲积扇所处盆地构造部位密切相关。扇顶切割程度、流域内沉积物充填状况、扇顶基岩出露特征以及沉积过程的类型等可以做为判别断陷盆地中边界断层活动强弱的标志。
太原盆地、临汾盆地和侯马盆地冲积扇的对比表明,构造活动、汾河基准面等因素是三个盆地中冲积扇发育程度差异的重要原因,这些因素也影响冲积扇的沉积过程、流域内沉积物充填和冲积扇扇顶切割状况。三个区域冲积扇的对比表明,三个地区冲积扇的发育程度受气候条件、冲积扇的沉积过程等因素的影响。
对三个地区冲积扇上农地分布的研究表明,细粒组分的分布是影响冲积扇上农地发育的主要因素;冲积扇独特的沉积过程与地貌特点共同决定了冲积扇上细粒组分的分布;黄土过程作为外来过程也是冲积扇上农地发育的重要影响因素之一。
More and more research proves that alluvial fan is affected by many environmental factors such as tectonic activity, climatic conditions, base level change, drainage basin geology, geomorphology and plant covering of drainage basin, human activities; therefore, alluvial fan research bears great significance to theory of geomorphology and practicalities.
Climatic conditions vary greatly in North China, and alluvial fans lying along margins of basins between mountains or at mountain front. Research areas of this dissertation include Lvliang Mountain, Helan Mountain and Qilian Mountain. The shape, structure, mass composition and deposition process of these alluvial fans are researched through field exploration and laboratory experiments. Remote Sensing and GIS technologies are also used. Characteristics of alluvial fans at margins of faulted basin are researched. Alluvial fans in different faulted basins of Lvliang Mountain are compared; Alluvial fans in three different regions are also compared. Agricultural land on alluvial fans is researched at chapter 5 of this dissertation.
Great differences between alluvial fans in different regions are found. Alluvial fans at Lvliang Mountain are characterized by smaller size, channel-fill deposition and sheet-flood deposition. There has sharply contrast between alluvial fans at the north sector and at the south sector of Helan mountain: alluvial fans with larger area and steeper slope at south sector bear debris flow, but alluvial fans at north sector, which have smaller size and gentler slope, were formed mainly by stream flow. Alluvial fans at Qilian Mountain often have larger size, and their deposition process is stream flow. The main bodies of these alluvial fans were formed during Late Pleistocene.
Research of alluvial fans at Houma basin reveals how alluvial fans are affected by faulted basins. It is found that the shape, structure and deposition process of alluvial fans relate well to its position in faulted basin. Fan head incision, channel-fill deposits in drainage basin, emergence of bedrock can be criteria of tectonic activity of boundary fault.
Comparison of alluvial fans in Taiyuan basin, Linfen basin and Houma basin shows that tectonic activity and Fen river base level account for the differences of alluvial fans in these three basins, and they also affect deposition process, channel-fill deposits in drainage basin and fan head incision. Comparison of alluvial fans in three regions shows that climatic conditions and deposition process impact fan size greatly.
Research of agricultural land on alluvial fans shows that fine deposits mainly determine the agricultural land; and fine deposits are determined by particular deposition process and geomorphology of alluvial fans together; as an allochthonic deposit, loess plays an important role in the development of agricultural land on alluvial fans.
引文
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