不同运动方式和情境对大学生社会性体格焦虑影响的实验研究
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摘要
随着自我表现理论在社会心理学领域再度成为研究者关注的热点,在运动和锻炼心理学领域中,从自我表现角度考察身体锻炼行为也受到了人们的重视。社会性体格焦虑作为测量在运动和锻炼情境下与体格有关的自我表现关注的指标,近20年来体育和心理学工作者对此领域的研究做出了很大贡献。然而,我国本土化的《社会性体格焦虑问卷》自2003年编制以来,后续的相关研究一直没有跟上。本研究通过有关运动形式和情境对社会性体格焦虑影响的相关文献资料的分析梳理,利用本土化的《社会性体格焦虑问卷》以及相关量表和问卷进行调查,并通过实验研究试图发现不同的运动形式和运动情境对我国大学生社会性体格焦虑以及相关心理和生理因素的作用,并探讨其中的作用机制。整个研究包括以下部分:
第一部分主要对整个研究的目的和问题进行阐述,并从总体上对研究进行了构想和设计。
第二部分为文献综述。首先对社会性体格焦虑的概念和理论基础进行归纳和梳理;其次,对社会性体格焦虑与锻炼动机和行为的关系进行简单介绍,最后对国外不同运动形式、运动频率和运动情境对社会性体格焦虑影响的相关研究进行详细的分析和总结,同时进一步归纳与总结社会性体格焦虑与相关心理变量以及人口统计学指标的关系。通过对已有研究成果的分析,提出需要思考和研究的问题。
第三部分为本研究核心,在经过《社会性体格焦虑问卷》筛选后,将Z≥1的大学生作为研究对象,通过12周实验干预研究不同运动方式和情境对社会性体格焦虑及相关变量的影响。此部分包括四项研究:
研究一对352名高社会性体格焦虑被试进行了相关特征分析。研究表明:(1)体重是影响大学生社会性体格焦虑的重要因素,但不是唯一因素,形态学指标(尤其是围度指标)也不能忽视。尤其是女生,无论体型正常与否,主观的感知与意向影响着大学生社会性体格焦虑的形成。(2)男生比女生更多地参加课余体育锻炼,但是他们都从事小锻炼量的体育活动。女生的锻炼原因多与体型相关,而男生则多与体型无关。(3)男女生均喜欢与朋友一起锻炼,其次是集体锻炼,最不喜欢独自锻炼。性别是影响被试在锻炼环境中社会性体格焦虑变化的重要因素之一。(4)女生在体重控制行为中与男生不同,体育锻炼并不是主要的行为手段,而饮食控制是更为重要的手段之一。
研究二主要考察了不同体能锻炼形式对118名大学生社会性体格焦虑的影响,并了解其中的中介变量。研究表明:(1)力量、有氧耐力以及力量与有氧耐力混合三种体能锻炼方式均能有效的降低大学生社会性体格焦虑。(2)男生进行力量锻炼对社会性体格焦虑的降低优于女生,力量锻炼是男生改善或者降低社会性体格焦虑的最佳锻炼方式;女生进行力量与有氧耐力混合锻炼对社会性体格焦虑的降低优于男生,混合锻炼是女生改善或者降低社会性体格焦虑的最佳锻炼方式。(3)三种锻炼方式均能有效促进大学生身体健康和以及身体自尊和身体自我效能的提高,从而促进心理健康。(4)不同体能锻炼方式对社会性体格焦虑的影响过程中,力量素质指标、身体自尊、身体自我效能以及由身体自尊和身体自我效能组成的心理因素在其中起中介作用。
研究三主要考察不同运动情境对150名大学生社会性体格焦虑的影响,并了解其中的中介变量。研究表明:(1)不同运动情境下的身体锻炼均能有效降低大学生社会性体格焦虑。集体认知情境下的锻炼对于社会性体格焦虑的降低优于个人非认知情境下的锻炼。但是对于女生,各种运动情境间没有显著差异。(2)认知对大学生社会性体格焦虑的影响有一定的性别差异。(3)不同运动情境下的身体锻炼均能有效促进大学生身体健康和以及身体自尊和身体自我效能的提高,从而促进心理健康。(4)认知情境对社会性体格焦虑发生影响的过程中,心理因素以及身体自尊分指标起到中介变量的作用。(5)锻炼情境下的性别因素对大学生社会性体格焦虑有一定影响。
研究四主要考察短时多次运动形式对43名大学生社会性体格焦虑以及部分生理和心理因素的影响。研究表明:(1)单独短时多次的锻炼方式能够有效的降低大学生社会性体格焦虑,同时提高身体自尊和身体自我效能,男女无差异。(2)单独短时多次锻炼形式能够促进生理健康水平,尤其对于力量素质的增长优于一次长时锻炼形式。(3)单独短时多次锻炼方式与单独一次长时锻炼方式对于男女大学生社会性体格焦虑以及身体自尊和身体自我效能的影响并没有显著差异。但是单独短时多次锻炼形式可能更适于男生,而单独一次长时锻炼方式可能更适于女生。(4)单独短时多次锻炼方式对于男生社会性体格焦虑的降低以及身体自我效能的提高优于集体一次长时锻炼方式,但对于女生而言差异并不显著。
第四部分研究通过10周教学实验,考察了健美操、街舞、篮球和乒乓球四个项目对110名女大学生社会性体格焦虑以及部分生理和心理因素的影响。研究结果表明:(1)女大学生在进行项目选择时,具有不同的社会性体格焦虑。选择健美操和乒乓球项目女生的社会性体格焦虑显著高于选择街舞项目女生。(2)健美操、街舞、篮球和乒乓球,均不能有效的降低社会性体格焦虑,其中街舞项目女生还有显著的增加。(3)除乒乓球项目能够提高女生的身体自尊外,健美操、街舞和篮球项目均不能提高女大学生身体自尊和身体自我效能。(4)健美操、街舞、篮球和乒乓球四个项目均能在不同程度上促进女大学生身体健康,但也有项目之间的差异。健美操项目对于体成分的改变有着自身优势。
第五部分对整个研究结果进行了总结,针对研究中存在的一些问题进行了分析,并对今后有关社会性体格焦虑的研究进行了展望。
The theory of Self-presentational Perceptive, in recent years, is a topic that has gained renewed interest in research. This research results in the study of the behavior of physical exercise as highlighted in Sport and Exercise Psychology. Sports experts and psychologists have greatly contributed to the research on Social Physical Anxiety (SPA), the indicator that measures self-presentation concerning physical form in exercises. The domestic study on Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), nevertheless, hasn't been fully utilized since its inception in 2003. After analyzing relevant materials, questionnaires and using the SPAS, this paper attempts to validate this scale as a research methodology. The SPAS will be used to measure physiological and psychological factors of our college students performing various forms of exercises in sports activities. There are four experimental studies, each one is relatively independent, but all are mutually related. This research covers the following parts:
Part one: proposes to explain the purpose and importance of the research and establishes the overall frame.
Part two: intends to summarize the literature. The concept of Social Physical Anxiety (SPA) and the basic theories are presented respectively, followed by a brief discussion of the relationship between SPA and the motive and behavior of exercises. Then the paper makes a detailed analysis of the relevant research on SPA affected by different types of activities, sporting situations, frequency, and along with how SPA is related to the cognitive and psychological variables concerned.
Part three: provides the heart of the research. Using the SPAS, the subjects selected are our college students appropriate to the index Z(?)1. This 12-week experiment studies how various forms and situations of exercises affect SPA and related variables. Four methods are carried out:
Method 1: The analysis is conducted among 352 selected subjects that tested high on the SPAS. The results are as follows: (1) Weight is the essential factor to affect their SPA. But secondly, general body shape, especially, waist measurement, is a very important factor. The subjects' subjective perception whether their body shapes are up to standard or not, has a great effect on the formation of SPA, especially, on female subjects. (2) Male subjects take part in more extracurricular exercises than females do. Generally female subjects' participation in exercises and sporting activities is closely related to personal concern of body shape, whereas male subjects do so for personal enjoyment. (3) Male and female subjects prefer to do exercises in pairs rather than in a group situation, however, the least preferred are solo sporting activities. Gender differences are one of the crucial factors that influence the change of SPA in exercise activities. (4) Female subjects differ from males as they believe that dieting controls weight rather than exercising in order to achieve a positive body shape.
Method 2: This study examines how strength and stamina differences affect male and female subjects' SPA. The subjects consist of 118 male and female college students and determine what factors have the greatest influence and which gender is influenced most. The results are: (1) The subjects engaged in three forms of exercises: weight training, aerobic activity and a combination of both. In general, the SPA of the subjects showed a decrease in anxiety. (2) Male subjects engaged in weight training show a greater decrease than females. Weight training proves to be the most effective way to decrease SPA for male subjects. However, female subjects engaged in the combination of weight training and aerobic activity showed a greater reduction of SPA than male subjects. The combination of both types of exercises is the most effective way to reduce SPA for female subjects. (3) The above three kinds of exercises can effectively facilitate improved physical condition, physical self-esteem, self-confidence and psychological health. (4) The strength and stamina differences are also affected by the above factors.
Method 3: This study used 150 male and female subjects divided equally into 4 groups. The subjects were tested in group and individual performances. The situation of three groups differs from the situation of the fourth group. Situation one involves subjects that were not cognizant of the purpose of the study. Situation two involves the fourth group that was the cognizant of the purpose of the study. The results are: (1) All kinds of exercises in both situations can reduce SPA effectively. Situation two in group performance is superior to situation one in the reduction of SPA. Situation two in individual performance is superior to situation one in decreasing SPA. However, situation one and situation two showed no significant reduction of SPA in female subjects. (2) It is important to consider gender differences in how cognition affects SPA. (3) In both situations, exercise activities can effectively enhance physical health, physical ability, self-esteem, and psychological health. (4) In situation two, both self-esteem and physical ability function as mediators in lowering SPA. If only one mediator is present, self-esteem is the primary mediator. (5) Gender differences in exercise activities have a certain effect on SPA.
Method 4: This study focuses on how both short-bouts of exercise and one continuous bout of exercise influences SPA among 43 male and female college students. The results are: (1) The subjects were tested on individual performance. Multiple short-bouts of exercise can effectively reduce SPA while improving the psychological self-esteem and physical ability. (2) Multiple short-bouts of exercise have more positive results than one continuous bout of exercise regarding the improvement of strength. (3) Both genders show equal results adopting either style of exercise: multiple short-bouts of exercise or one continuous bout of exercise. Neither style affects the physical self-esteem, physical self-efficacy and SPA. It may require further study in a larger test group to determine if there is a significant difference in male and female subjects. (4) However, in group performances, multiple short-bouts of exercise is superior to group one continuous bout of exercise in the reduction of male SPA and improvement of male physical ability, whereas the difference is not significant for female students.
Part four: explains a 10-week teaching experiment to diagnose the SPA and physiological and psychological factors of 110 female college students. Subjects chose to participate in the following activities: aerobics, hip-pop, basketball and table tennis. The results are: (1) The SPA differs depending on the choice of activities. Those who chose aerobics and table tennis had higher SPA than those who chose hip-pop. (2) None of the activities significantly reduced the SPA in any of the subjects tested. In fact, hip-pop sharply increased the SPA of the subjects that chose that activity. (3) Activities like table tennis can enhance the subjects' self-esteem while the other three activities did not do so. (4) To some extent the four activities can facilitate the health of the subjects. But each activity shows a different degree of success. Aerobics can change the physical structure.
Part five: In conclusion, the result of the research is inclusive in the short term and a long term study on SPA is required.
第一部分主要对整个研究的目的和问题进行阐述,并从总体上对研究进行了构想和设计。
第二部分为文献综述。首先对社会性体格焦虑的概念和理论基础进行归纳和梳理;其次,对社会性体格焦虑与锻炼动机和行为的关系进行简单介绍,最后对国外不同运动形式、运动频率和运动情境对社会性体格焦虑影响的相关研究进行详细的分析和总结,同时进一步归纳与总结社会性体格焦虑与相关心理变量以及人口统计学指标的关系。通过对已有研究成果的分析,提出需要思考和研究的问题。
第三部分为本研究核心,在经过《社会性体格焦虑问卷》筛选后,将Z≥1的大学生作为研究对象,通过12周实验干预研究不同运动方式和情境对社会性体格焦虑及相关变量的影响。此部分包括四项研究:
研究一对352名高社会性体格焦虑被试进行了相关特征分析。研究表明:(1)体重是影响大学生社会性体格焦虑的重要因素,但不是唯一因素,形态学指标(尤其是围度指标)也不能忽视。尤其是女生,无论体型正常与否,主观的感知与意向影响着大学生社会性体格焦虑的形成。(2)男生比女生更多地参加课余体育锻炼,但是他们都从事小锻炼量的体育活动。女生的锻炼原因多与体型相关,而男生则多与体型无关。(3)男女生均喜欢与朋友一起锻炼,其次是集体锻炼,最不喜欢独自锻炼。性别是影响被试在锻炼环境中社会性体格焦虑变化的重要因素之一。(4)女生在体重控制行为中与男生不同,体育锻炼并不是主要的行为手段,而饮食控制是更为重要的手段之一。
研究二主要考察了不同体能锻炼形式对118名大学生社会性体格焦虑的影响,并了解其中的中介变量。研究表明:(1)力量、有氧耐力以及力量与有氧耐力混合三种体能锻炼方式均能有效的降低大学生社会性体格焦虑。(2)男生进行力量锻炼对社会性体格焦虑的降低优于女生,力量锻炼是男生改善或者降低社会性体格焦虑的最佳锻炼方式;女生进行力量与有氧耐力混合锻炼对社会性体格焦虑的降低优于男生,混合锻炼是女生改善或者降低社会性体格焦虑的最佳锻炼方式。(3)三种锻炼方式均能有效促进大学生身体健康和以及身体自尊和身体自我效能的提高,从而促进心理健康。(4)不同体能锻炼方式对社会性体格焦虑的影响过程中,力量素质指标、身体自尊、身体自我效能以及由身体自尊和身体自我效能组成的心理因素在其中起中介作用。
研究三主要考察不同运动情境对150名大学生社会性体格焦虑的影响,并了解其中的中介变量。研究表明:(1)不同运动情境下的身体锻炼均能有效降低大学生社会性体格焦虑。集体认知情境下的锻炼对于社会性体格焦虑的降低优于个人非认知情境下的锻炼。但是对于女生,各种运动情境间没有显著差异。(2)认知对大学生社会性体格焦虑的影响有一定的性别差异。(3)不同运动情境下的身体锻炼均能有效促进大学生身体健康和以及身体自尊和身体自我效能的提高,从而促进心理健康。(4)认知情境对社会性体格焦虑发生影响的过程中,心理因素以及身体自尊分指标起到中介变量的作用。(5)锻炼情境下的性别因素对大学生社会性体格焦虑有一定影响。
研究四主要考察短时多次运动形式对43名大学生社会性体格焦虑以及部分生理和心理因素的影响。研究表明:(1)单独短时多次的锻炼方式能够有效的降低大学生社会性体格焦虑,同时提高身体自尊和身体自我效能,男女无差异。(2)单独短时多次锻炼形式能够促进生理健康水平,尤其对于力量素质的增长优于一次长时锻炼形式。(3)单独短时多次锻炼方式与单独一次长时锻炼方式对于男女大学生社会性体格焦虑以及身体自尊和身体自我效能的影响并没有显著差异。但是单独短时多次锻炼形式可能更适于男生,而单独一次长时锻炼方式可能更适于女生。(4)单独短时多次锻炼方式对于男生社会性体格焦虑的降低以及身体自我效能的提高优于集体一次长时锻炼方式,但对于女生而言差异并不显著。
第四部分研究通过10周教学实验,考察了健美操、街舞、篮球和乒乓球四个项目对110名女大学生社会性体格焦虑以及部分生理和心理因素的影响。研究结果表明:(1)女大学生在进行项目选择时,具有不同的社会性体格焦虑。选择健美操和乒乓球项目女生的社会性体格焦虑显著高于选择街舞项目女生。(2)健美操、街舞、篮球和乒乓球,均不能有效的降低社会性体格焦虑,其中街舞项目女生还有显著的增加。(3)除乒乓球项目能够提高女生的身体自尊外,健美操、街舞和篮球项目均不能提高女大学生身体自尊和身体自我效能。(4)健美操、街舞、篮球和乒乓球四个项目均能在不同程度上促进女大学生身体健康,但也有项目之间的差异。健美操项目对于体成分的改变有着自身优势。
第五部分对整个研究结果进行了总结,针对研究中存在的一些问题进行了分析,并对今后有关社会性体格焦虑的研究进行了展望。
The theory of Self-presentational Perceptive, in recent years, is a topic that has gained renewed interest in research. This research results in the study of the behavior of physical exercise as highlighted in Sport and Exercise Psychology. Sports experts and psychologists have greatly contributed to the research on Social Physical Anxiety (SPA), the indicator that measures self-presentation concerning physical form in exercises. The domestic study on Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), nevertheless, hasn't been fully utilized since its inception in 2003. After analyzing relevant materials, questionnaires and using the SPAS, this paper attempts to validate this scale as a research methodology. The SPAS will be used to measure physiological and psychological factors of our college students performing various forms of exercises in sports activities. There are four experimental studies, each one is relatively independent, but all are mutually related. This research covers the following parts:
Part one: proposes to explain the purpose and importance of the research and establishes the overall frame.
Part two: intends to summarize the literature. The concept of Social Physical Anxiety (SPA) and the basic theories are presented respectively, followed by a brief discussion of the relationship between SPA and the motive and behavior of exercises. Then the paper makes a detailed analysis of the relevant research on SPA affected by different types of activities, sporting situations, frequency, and along with how SPA is related to the cognitive and psychological variables concerned.
Part three: provides the heart of the research. Using the SPAS, the subjects selected are our college students appropriate to the index Z(?)1. This 12-week experiment studies how various forms and situations of exercises affect SPA and related variables. Four methods are carried out:
Method 1: The analysis is conducted among 352 selected subjects that tested high on the SPAS. The results are as follows: (1) Weight is the essential factor to affect their SPA. But secondly, general body shape, especially, waist measurement, is a very important factor. The subjects' subjective perception whether their body shapes are up to standard or not, has a great effect on the formation of SPA, especially, on female subjects. (2) Male subjects take part in more extracurricular exercises than females do. Generally female subjects' participation in exercises and sporting activities is closely related to personal concern of body shape, whereas male subjects do so for personal enjoyment. (3) Male and female subjects prefer to do exercises in pairs rather than in a group situation, however, the least preferred are solo sporting activities. Gender differences are one of the crucial factors that influence the change of SPA in exercise activities. (4) Female subjects differ from males as they believe that dieting controls weight rather than exercising in order to achieve a positive body shape.
Method 2: This study examines how strength and stamina differences affect male and female subjects' SPA. The subjects consist of 118 male and female college students and determine what factors have the greatest influence and which gender is influenced most. The results are: (1) The subjects engaged in three forms of exercises: weight training, aerobic activity and a combination of both. In general, the SPA of the subjects showed a decrease in anxiety. (2) Male subjects engaged in weight training show a greater decrease than females. Weight training proves to be the most effective way to decrease SPA for male subjects. However, female subjects engaged in the combination of weight training and aerobic activity showed a greater reduction of SPA than male subjects. The combination of both types of exercises is the most effective way to reduce SPA for female subjects. (3) The above three kinds of exercises can effectively facilitate improved physical condition, physical self-esteem, self-confidence and psychological health. (4) The strength and stamina differences are also affected by the above factors.
Method 3: This study used 150 male and female subjects divided equally into 4 groups. The subjects were tested in group and individual performances. The situation of three groups differs from the situation of the fourth group. Situation one involves subjects that were not cognizant of the purpose of the study. Situation two involves the fourth group that was the cognizant of the purpose of the study. The results are: (1) All kinds of exercises in both situations can reduce SPA effectively. Situation two in group performance is superior to situation one in the reduction of SPA. Situation two in individual performance is superior to situation one in decreasing SPA. However, situation one and situation two showed no significant reduction of SPA in female subjects. (2) It is important to consider gender differences in how cognition affects SPA. (3) In both situations, exercise activities can effectively enhance physical health, physical ability, self-esteem, and psychological health. (4) In situation two, both self-esteem and physical ability function as mediators in lowering SPA. If only one mediator is present, self-esteem is the primary mediator. (5) Gender differences in exercise activities have a certain effect on SPA.
Method 4: This study focuses on how both short-bouts of exercise and one continuous bout of exercise influences SPA among 43 male and female college students. The results are: (1) The subjects were tested on individual performance. Multiple short-bouts of exercise can effectively reduce SPA while improving the psychological self-esteem and physical ability. (2) Multiple short-bouts of exercise have more positive results than one continuous bout of exercise regarding the improvement of strength. (3) Both genders show equal results adopting either style of exercise: multiple short-bouts of exercise or one continuous bout of exercise. Neither style affects the physical self-esteem, physical self-efficacy and SPA. It may require further study in a larger test group to determine if there is a significant difference in male and female subjects. (4) However, in group performances, multiple short-bouts of exercise is superior to group one continuous bout of exercise in the reduction of male SPA and improvement of male physical ability, whereas the difference is not significant for female students.
Part four: explains a 10-week teaching experiment to diagnose the SPA and physiological and psychological factors of 110 female college students. Subjects chose to participate in the following activities: aerobics, hip-pop, basketball and table tennis. The results are: (1) The SPA differs depending on the choice of activities. Those who chose aerobics and table tennis had higher SPA than those who chose hip-pop. (2) None of the activities significantly reduced the SPA in any of the subjects tested. In fact, hip-pop sharply increased the SPA of the subjects that chose that activity. (3) Activities like table tennis can enhance the subjects' self-esteem while the other three activities did not do so. (4) To some extent the four activities can facilitate the health of the subjects. But each activity shows a different degree of success. Aerobics can change the physical structure.
Part five: In conclusion, the result of the research is inclusive in the short term and a long term study on SPA is required.
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