正茬、连作大豆根系分泌物化感作用的初步研究
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摘要
近年来,黑龙江省大豆连作现象非常严重。连作使大豆抗逆性降低,产量大幅度下降。大豆连作现象普遍,连作障碍严重。根系分泌物在连作障碍中起到了直接或间接的作用。越来越多的试验证明,作物的连作障碍与根分泌物中的化感物质密切相关。化感作用是其中重要的原因之一。本试验以大豆品种为材料,用正茬土和连作土栽培大豆,收集根系分泌物,对大豆根系分泌物成分进行鉴定,比较正茬、连作大豆根系分泌物成分差异。并以大豆、玉米、小麦为供试作物,通过对供试作物种子萌发指数,幼苗形态指标(茎长、茎鲜重、初生根长、根鲜重等)和生理指标(根系活力、丙二醛含量、超氧化物岐化酶总活性)的测定,以正茬、连作大豆根系分泌物对供试作物苗期的化感作用进行比较,这将对合理的茬口选择和优化种植结构提供参考依据,为缓解连作障碍提供有价值参考。具体研究结果如下:
1.两种大豆根系分泌物都检测出醇、酸、烃、酯、酚、苯、酰胺、萘、醛、酮类物质以及其他烃类衍生物。连作大豆根系分泌物提取物中,(E)-2-丁烯酸、甲基-丁二酸、7,9-二甲基-十六烷、N,N-二甲基-癸酰胺、2-乙基-1-十二醇、二十烷、十一醛相对含量较高,而且这些物质在正茬大豆分泌中没有被检测到。
2.正茬大豆根系分泌物对大豆、玉米种子萌发和发芽速度都有抑制作用,随着浓度增大抑制作用增强,对大豆种子萌发和发芽速度抑制能达到显著水平。对小麦种子萌发、发芽速度表现出促进作用。
3.正茬、连作大豆根系分泌物对供试植物大豆幼苗生长、根活性、SOD总活性表现显著抑制作用。随着浓度增大,抑制作用增强。正茬2x浓度对茎长、茎鲜重、初生根长和根鲜重的化感抑制率分别为45.2%、30%、50%、18.6%。连作2x浓度对茎长、茎鲜重、初生根长和根鲜重的化感抑制率分别为54.7%、32.5%、56.4%、23.2%。在相同浓度处理下,连作大豆根系分泌物对大豆的化感作用要高于正茬。
4.正茬大豆根系分泌物对供试玉米植株形态和生理指标都表现为促进化感作用,随着浓度的增大化感促进作用增强,连作大豆根系分泌物对供试植物玉米的形态和生理指标表现也为促进作用,化感促进强度要高于正茬。
5.随着正茬大豆根系分泌物浓度增大,对供试植物小麦种子萌发、发芽速度、根活力、SOD总活性表现为促进作用增强,同时小麦的MDA含量降低,而小麦植株高度及其鲜重、初生根长及根鲜重表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制作用。随着连作大豆根系分泌物浓度增大,对供试植物小麦根活力、SOD总活性表现显著增强。对茎长、茎鲜重、初生根长、根鲜重表现抑制作用。
In recent years, the phenomenon of continuous soybean became very serious in Heilongjiang province. As to continuous cropping, both adverse-resistance and production decrease dramatically. The continuous soybean was pervasive and with significant obstacles. The root secretion in continuous cropping obstacles played the role directly or indirectly. More and more experiments prove that the continuous cropping obstacles had something with allelopathy of the root secretion. Allelopathyeffect was one of the important reasons. This experiment used soybean for materials, normal soil and continuous cropping soil for planting soybean in pots, and collected root secretion, identifid the root exudates of soybean, contrasted the differences between soybean rotation and continuous soybean, using soybean, corn, and wheat for the selecterd crops. By testing seed germination index, seedling morphological index (stem length, stem fresh weight, primary root length, root fresh weight of dedifferentiation etc) and physiological indexes (root vigor), compared allelopathy of the main cropping to seedling stage with the one of continuous cropping. Specific research results were as follows:
1 From two kinds of soybean root secretion, we detected, acid and glycol esters, phenol, hydrocarbon, benzene, amides, naphthalene, aldehydes and ketones material and other hydrocarbons derivatives. In the extractive of root extract of continuous soybean, high concentration were (E)-2- butenoic acid,7-9- dimethyl-hexadecane, methyl- succinic acid, 2- ethyl -1- lauryl alcohol, eicosane, undecanal, which were not detected in soybean secretion of main crops. The allelopathy in these substances of continuous soybean needed to be further studied.
2 Root secretion of soybean rotation had inhibition to seed germination, with increasing concentration and inhibition, which had significant effect of soybean seed germination and inhibition of germination rate,For seed germination and germination rate of wheat and corn, it showed promotion..
3 The root secretion of main soybean and continuous crops showed inhibition to root activity of soybean seedlings, SOD activity. With the concentration became bigger, the inhibition strengthened. The inhibition rates of main crops with 2x concentration on the stem length, stem weight, primary root length and root weight were respectively 45.2%, 30%, 50%, and 18.6%, while continuous cropping with 2x concentration for above are 57.4 %,32.5 %, 56.4%、23.2%. Under the same concentration, the root exduates of continuous soybean had higher allelopathy against soybean than soybean rotation.
4 Root secretion of main crops soybean promoted the allelopathy in plant morphology and physiological indexes for materials selected. With the concentration became bigger, the allelopathy strengthened. Continuous crops promoted allelopathy for above factors more dramatically.
5 With the concentration of root secretion of main cropping soybean increased, the effect for selected plant---wheat’s seed germination, germination rate, root vigor and SOD activity became bigger, and MDA content of wheat decreased. But wheat length and fresh weight, primary root length and root fresh weight all indicated that promotion of high concentration and inhibition of low concentration. With the concentration of continuous soybean increased, it showed inhibition both for root vigor, SOD activity and stem length, stem weight, root length, root weight .
1.两种大豆根系分泌物都检测出醇、酸、烃、酯、酚、苯、酰胺、萘、醛、酮类物质以及其他烃类衍生物。连作大豆根系分泌物提取物中,(E)-2-丁烯酸、甲基-丁二酸、7,9-二甲基-十六烷、N,N-二甲基-癸酰胺、2-乙基-1-十二醇、二十烷、十一醛相对含量较高,而且这些物质在正茬大豆分泌中没有被检测到。
2.正茬大豆根系分泌物对大豆、玉米种子萌发和发芽速度都有抑制作用,随着浓度增大抑制作用增强,对大豆种子萌发和发芽速度抑制能达到显著水平。对小麦种子萌发、发芽速度表现出促进作用。
3.正茬、连作大豆根系分泌物对供试植物大豆幼苗生长、根活性、SOD总活性表现显著抑制作用。随着浓度增大,抑制作用增强。正茬2x浓度对茎长、茎鲜重、初生根长和根鲜重的化感抑制率分别为45.2%、30%、50%、18.6%。连作2x浓度对茎长、茎鲜重、初生根长和根鲜重的化感抑制率分别为54.7%、32.5%、56.4%、23.2%。在相同浓度处理下,连作大豆根系分泌物对大豆的化感作用要高于正茬。
4.正茬大豆根系分泌物对供试玉米植株形态和生理指标都表现为促进化感作用,随着浓度的增大化感促进作用增强,连作大豆根系分泌物对供试植物玉米的形态和生理指标表现也为促进作用,化感促进强度要高于正茬。
5.随着正茬大豆根系分泌物浓度增大,对供试植物小麦种子萌发、发芽速度、根活力、SOD总活性表现为促进作用增强,同时小麦的MDA含量降低,而小麦植株高度及其鲜重、初生根长及根鲜重表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制作用。随着连作大豆根系分泌物浓度增大,对供试植物小麦根活力、SOD总活性表现显著增强。对茎长、茎鲜重、初生根长、根鲜重表现抑制作用。
In recent years, the phenomenon of continuous soybean became very serious in Heilongjiang province. As to continuous cropping, both adverse-resistance and production decrease dramatically. The continuous soybean was pervasive and with significant obstacles. The root secretion in continuous cropping obstacles played the role directly or indirectly. More and more experiments prove that the continuous cropping obstacles had something with allelopathy of the root secretion. Allelopathyeffect was one of the important reasons. This experiment used soybean for materials, normal soil and continuous cropping soil for planting soybean in pots, and collected root secretion, identifid the root exudates of soybean, contrasted the differences between soybean rotation and continuous soybean, using soybean, corn, and wheat for the selecterd crops. By testing seed germination index, seedling morphological index (stem length, stem fresh weight, primary root length, root fresh weight of dedifferentiation etc) and physiological indexes (root vigor), compared allelopathy of the main cropping to seedling stage with the one of continuous cropping. Specific research results were as follows:
1 From two kinds of soybean root secretion, we detected, acid and glycol esters, phenol, hydrocarbon, benzene, amides, naphthalene, aldehydes and ketones material and other hydrocarbons derivatives. In the extractive of root extract of continuous soybean, high concentration were (E)-2- butenoic acid,7-9- dimethyl-hexadecane, methyl- succinic acid, 2- ethyl -1- lauryl alcohol, eicosane, undecanal, which were not detected in soybean secretion of main crops. The allelopathy in these substances of continuous soybean needed to be further studied.
2 Root secretion of soybean rotation had inhibition to seed germination, with increasing concentration and inhibition, which had significant effect of soybean seed germination and inhibition of germination rate,For seed germination and germination rate of wheat and corn, it showed promotion..
3 The root secretion of main soybean and continuous crops showed inhibition to root activity of soybean seedlings, SOD activity. With the concentration became bigger, the inhibition strengthened. The inhibition rates of main crops with 2x concentration on the stem length, stem weight, primary root length and root weight were respectively 45.2%, 30%, 50%, and 18.6%, while continuous cropping with 2x concentration for above are 57.4 %,32.5 %, 56.4%、23.2%. Under the same concentration, the root exduates of continuous soybean had higher allelopathy against soybean than soybean rotation.
4 Root secretion of main crops soybean promoted the allelopathy in plant morphology and physiological indexes for materials selected. With the concentration became bigger, the allelopathy strengthened. Continuous crops promoted allelopathy for above factors more dramatically.
5 With the concentration of root secretion of main cropping soybean increased, the effect for selected plant---wheat’s seed germination, germination rate, root vigor and SOD activity became bigger, and MDA content of wheat decreased. But wheat length and fresh weight, primary root length and root fresh weight all indicated that promotion of high concentration and inhibition of low concentration. With the concentration of continuous soybean increased, it showed inhibition both for root vigor, SOD activity and stem length, stem weight, root length, root weight .
引文
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