烟草残体腐解物化感作用的研究
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摘要
烟草是茄科忌连作作物,烟草生产中的连作障碍问题已成为制约我国烟草发展的瓶颈。众多研究表明,化感物质所产生的化感作用是引起作物连作障碍的重要因素,而植株的残体腐解物是化感物质的重要来源。
本研究通过生物检测、水培和盆栽试验,以莴苣种子和烟草品种K326为材料,对烟草品种K326残体腐解物是否存在化感物质及其作用规律如何等问题进行了初步的探讨。主要研究结果如下：
1、生物检测结果表明,各烟草残体早期腐解物中存在化感物质,并在较宽pH范围内存在化感活性。腐解物中的酸溶性组分是产生化感抑制作用的主体,中性和碱溶性组分化感抑制作用微弱,低浓度的腐解物中性和碱溶性组分具有一定的化感促进作用。各残体腐解物及其不同组分均对莴苣种子产生了一定的化感作用,主要表现为随浓度的增加化感抑制作用逐渐增强,并存在低促高抑的双重浓度效应。
2、水培试验结果显示,烟草残体腐解液抑制了烟苗干物质积累,抑制作用随浓度的增加逐渐增强；对烟苗中叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性的影响不明显,但增强了烟苗中POD活性和MAD含量等抗氧化系统指标,且这种过氧化损伤随着处理时间的延长逐渐增强,表明烟草残体腐解液对烟苗生长产生了自毒作用。
3、盆栽烟草结果表明,烟草根系腐解物中含有丰富的养分,能显著增加土壤肥力。烟草根系腐解物对盆栽烟草早期生长有明显的抑制作用,最高处理浓度时,抑制作用最大,但该抑制作用随着烟草生长时间的延长逐渐减弱,甚至表现出一定的促进作用,其中低浓度和中间浓度处理促进作用最大。烟草根系腐解物处理增加了烟草中MAD含量和保护酶POD活性,与烟草生长相关酶的活力则表现为先升高后降低。另外,烟草根系早期腐解物中可能存在致病因子,增加了烟草的感病几率。
综上所述,揭示了早期烟草残体腐解后能在土壤中释放大量的对烟草生长和发育不利的化感物质,这些化感物质能对烟草的物质积累和抗氧化系统产生严重影响,并增加了烟草感病几率,这必然会引起烟草产量和品质的降低。因此,烟草残体腐解后产生的化感物质可能是引起烟草连作障碍的原因,实际生产中应妥善处理烟草残体废弃物,防止其腐解在田间。
Tobacco is the solanaceae crops avoiding continuous cropping. Continuous cropping obstacles in the production of tobacco have become the bottleneck of tobacco development in China. Many studies had showed that allelopathy caused by allelochemicals was the main reason for continuous cropping obstacle and allelochemicals mainly come from decomposition of the plants.
With lettuce seeds and tobacco K326 as materials and by the methods of biological detection, hydroponic experiments and pot experiments, the existence of allelochemicals from decomposition of tobacco and its role of regulation had been detected Preliminarily. The main findings are as follows:
1. Results from biological detection had showed that allelochemicals existed in the early decomposing of all tobacco residues and had activity of allelopathy under a wide rang of pH. The acid-soluble component in decomposition had effect of inhibition caused by allelopathy and neutral and alkali soluble component had weak inhibition. Low concentration of neutral and alkali soluble components in decomposition had a certain promoting role of allelopathy. The decomposition from different tobacco residues and its different components produced a certain effect of allelopathy on lettuce seeds and the effect of inhibition of allelopathy increased with the increase of the concentration. Low concentration for promotion but high for suppression had been found.
2. Results from hydroponic experiments had showed that tobacco residue decomposition had an effect of inhibition on dry matters accumulation and with increase of the concentration of decomposition, the effect of inhibition increased but its role on the seedling chlorophyll content, root activity, nitrate reductase activity was not obvious. Tobacco residues decomposition could increase activity of POD in tobacco seedlings and content of MAD and the level of peroxidation injury increased with increase of time of treatment, indicating tobacco residues decomposition had autotoxicity on the growth of tobacco seedlings.
3. Results from pot experiments had showed that decomposition from tobacco roots rich in nutrients, could significantly increase the soil fertility and had inhibition role on growth of pot tobacco in early stage with a strongest inhibition as highest concentration used, but its effect of inhibition became weak gradually as tobacco grew and even represented promotion, greatest at low concentrations and intermediate concentrations. Treatment by decomposition from tobacco roots increased content of MAD and protected activity of POD and the activity of growth-related enzymes was at first increased and then decreased. In addition, the early decomposition from tobacco roots may contain pathogenic factors that may increase the risk of tobacco susceptibility.
In conclusion, allelochemicals that had negative influence on growth and development of tobacco could be released into soil in the early stage of tobacco decomposing and showed a serious impact on matter accumulation and antioxidant system of the tobacco and may increase the risk of tobacco susceptibility, leading to decreasing in yield and quality. Therefore, allelochemicals from decomposition of tobacco may contribute to continuous cropping obstacle and in production of tobacco, tobacco residues should be handled properly and prevent its decomposition in the field.
本研究通过生物检测、水培和盆栽试验,以莴苣种子和烟草品种K326为材料,对烟草品种K326残体腐解物是否存在化感物质及其作用规律如何等问题进行了初步的探讨。主要研究结果如下：
1、生物检测结果表明,各烟草残体早期腐解物中存在化感物质,并在较宽pH范围内存在化感活性。腐解物中的酸溶性组分是产生化感抑制作用的主体,中性和碱溶性组分化感抑制作用微弱,低浓度的腐解物中性和碱溶性组分具有一定的化感促进作用。各残体腐解物及其不同组分均对莴苣种子产生了一定的化感作用,主要表现为随浓度的增加化感抑制作用逐渐增强,并存在低促高抑的双重浓度效应。
2、水培试验结果显示,烟草残体腐解液抑制了烟苗干物质积累,抑制作用随浓度的增加逐渐增强；对烟苗中叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性的影响不明显,但增强了烟苗中POD活性和MAD含量等抗氧化系统指标,且这种过氧化损伤随着处理时间的延长逐渐增强,表明烟草残体腐解液对烟苗生长产生了自毒作用。
3、盆栽烟草结果表明,烟草根系腐解物中含有丰富的养分,能显著增加土壤肥力。烟草根系腐解物对盆栽烟草早期生长有明显的抑制作用,最高处理浓度时,抑制作用最大,但该抑制作用随着烟草生长时间的延长逐渐减弱,甚至表现出一定的促进作用,其中低浓度和中间浓度处理促进作用最大。烟草根系腐解物处理增加了烟草中MAD含量和保护酶POD活性,与烟草生长相关酶的活力则表现为先升高后降低。另外,烟草根系早期腐解物中可能存在致病因子,增加了烟草的感病几率。
综上所述,揭示了早期烟草残体腐解后能在土壤中释放大量的对烟草生长和发育不利的化感物质,这些化感物质能对烟草的物质积累和抗氧化系统产生严重影响,并增加了烟草感病几率,这必然会引起烟草产量和品质的降低。因此,烟草残体腐解后产生的化感物质可能是引起烟草连作障碍的原因,实际生产中应妥善处理烟草残体废弃物,防止其腐解在田间。
Tobacco is the solanaceae crops avoiding continuous cropping. Continuous cropping obstacles in the production of tobacco have become the bottleneck of tobacco development in China. Many studies had showed that allelopathy caused by allelochemicals was the main reason for continuous cropping obstacle and allelochemicals mainly come from decomposition of the plants.
With lettuce seeds and tobacco K326 as materials and by the methods of biological detection, hydroponic experiments and pot experiments, the existence of allelochemicals from decomposition of tobacco and its role of regulation had been detected Preliminarily. The main findings are as follows:
1. Results from biological detection had showed that allelochemicals existed in the early decomposing of all tobacco residues and had activity of allelopathy under a wide rang of pH. The acid-soluble component in decomposition had effect of inhibition caused by allelopathy and neutral and alkali soluble component had weak inhibition. Low concentration of neutral and alkali soluble components in decomposition had a certain promoting role of allelopathy. The decomposition from different tobacco residues and its different components produced a certain effect of allelopathy on lettuce seeds and the effect of inhibition of allelopathy increased with the increase of the concentration. Low concentration for promotion but high for suppression had been found.
2. Results from hydroponic experiments had showed that tobacco residue decomposition had an effect of inhibition on dry matters accumulation and with increase of the concentration of decomposition, the effect of inhibition increased but its role on the seedling chlorophyll content, root activity, nitrate reductase activity was not obvious. Tobacco residues decomposition could increase activity of POD in tobacco seedlings and content of MAD and the level of peroxidation injury increased with increase of time of treatment, indicating tobacco residues decomposition had autotoxicity on the growth of tobacco seedlings.
3. Results from pot experiments had showed that decomposition from tobacco roots rich in nutrients, could significantly increase the soil fertility and had inhibition role on growth of pot tobacco in early stage with a strongest inhibition as highest concentration used, but its effect of inhibition became weak gradually as tobacco grew and even represented promotion, greatest at low concentrations and intermediate concentrations. Treatment by decomposition from tobacco roots increased content of MAD and protected activity of POD and the activity of growth-related enzymes was at first increased and then decreased. In addition, the early decomposition from tobacco roots may contain pathogenic factors that may increase the risk of tobacco susceptibility.
In conclusion, allelochemicals that had negative influence on growth and development of tobacco could be released into soil in the early stage of tobacco decomposing and showed a serious impact on matter accumulation and antioxidant system of the tobacco and may increase the risk of tobacco susceptibility, leading to decreasing in yield and quality. Therefore, allelochemicals from decomposition of tobacco may contribute to continuous cropping obstacle and in production of tobacco, tobacco residues should be handled properly and prevent its decomposition in the field.
引文
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