个旧鸡街农作物食品安全现状及整治技术
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摘要
伴随矿产资源的开采、选矿和冶炼,耕作土壤中重金属污染日趋严重并危及食品安全和人体健康。重金属污染土壤的治理周期长,难度大,探索低吸收植物种类或品种在污染土壤上种植,是一条在污染区发展农业生产的现实途径。
本研究首先通过对云南个旧鸡街农作物食品安全现状进行野外调查,考察其重金属污染状况,筛选对重金属具不同吸收能力的植物种类或品种；之后进行室内盆栽实验,设计Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd复合污染正交实验研究低吸收种类[蚕豆(ViciafabaL.)、豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)]和高吸收种类[莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)、薄荷(Mentha arvensis L.)]对重金属排斥或吸收的生理生化机理,并通过一系列改良措施[调节土壤pH值(8、8.5、9)、添加腐殖酸(2、5、10 g.kg-1)、添加硫化物(2、5、10 g·kg-1)和添加含Ca2+化合物(2、5、10 g·kg"1)处理]降低高吸收种类(莴苣、薄荷)可食部分对重金属的吸收,以达到安全合理利用污染农田的目的。此外,还考察了改良措施对高吸收种类(莴苣、薄荷)生理生化指标[株高、光合色素、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、可溶性糖、根系活力等]的影响以及改良措施对土壤环境质量的影响。结果表明：
1.研究区土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量均值分别为1185.48±490.72、628.87±175.58、453.50±129.11、7.50±5.40 mg·kg-1,均超出《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准；研究区土壤中重金属Pb、Cu、Cd的二乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)提取态与总量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),Zn的DTPA提取态与总量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；研究区土壤肥力情况较好。
2.研究区采集的农作物中Pb含量均超出食品安全限量标准；Zn含量除豌豆、蚕豆、大米(Oryza.sativa L.)和玉米(Zea mays L.)外,其余作物均超标；莴苣、芥菜(Brassica juncea (L.) Czem. et Coss.)、薄荷、白菜(Brassica rapa L. glabra Regel)中Cu含量超标；Cd含量除豌豆、蚕豆、甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)外均超标。比较而言,莴苣、薄荷、芥菜不适合在污染区继续种植,甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum Linn.)、大米(水稻)较为适合继续种植,豌豆、韭菜(A.schoenoprasum L.)、青花菜(B.oleracea L.var. italica Plench)、花椰菜(Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.)、甘蓝、蚕豆、红萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、葱(A. fistulosum L.)、朝天椒(Capsicum annuum L.)、土豆(Solanum tuberosum L.)、玉米基本适合种植,厚皮菜(Beta vulgaris L. var. ciclaKoach)、白菜、青菜基本上不适合继续种植。
3.正交复合污染条件下,重金属在高吸收种类薄荷和低吸收种类蚕豆叶片亚细胞结构中分布情况不同。蚕豆叶片亚细胞结构中除Cd的分布在各配方间有差异,Pb、Zn、Cu均主要集中在细胞壁及未破碎残渣(F1)；Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd在薄荷亚细胞中的分布随正交设计配方浓度的不同而各有差异。对薄荷而言,不同Pb浓度对其叶片中Pb、Cu、Cd含量有极显著影响,但对Zn含量无显著影响；不同Zn、Cu浓度对其叶片中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量均有极显著影响；不同Cd浓度对其叶片中Cd含量有极显著影响,对Pb、Zn含量有显著影响,对Cu含量无显著影响；对蚕豆而言,不同Pb浓度对其叶片Cd含量有极显著影响,对Pb、Zn含量有显著影响,对Cu含量无显著影响；不同Zn浓度对其叶片中Pb、Cu、Cd含量有极显著影响,对Zn含量有显著影响；不同Cu浓度对其叶片中Pb、Zn含量有极显著影响,对Cu、Cd含量无显著影响；不同Cd浓度对其叶片中Zn、Cd含量有极显著影响,对Pb、Cu含量无显著影响。
4.对于高吸收种类薄荷而言,能使叶片中Zn、Cu和Cd含量均最低的重金属组合是配方2[对照Pb(不添加)、低等浓度Zn(200 mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Cu(100 mg-kg-1)、低等浓度Cd(5 mg·kg-1)],使Pb含量最低的是配方10[中等浓度Pb(800 mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Zn(200 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cu(800 mg·kg-1)、中等浓度Cd(10 mg·kg-1)]。对于低吸收种类蚕豆而言,能使叶片中Cu和Cd含量均最低的是配方6[低等浓度Pb(400mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Zn(200 mg·kg-1)、对照Cu(不添加)、高等浓度Cd(20mg·kg-1)],能使Pb含量最低的是配方4[对照Pb(不添加)、高等浓度Zn(1000 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cu(800 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cd(20 mg·kg-1)]、配方8[低等浓度Pb(400 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Zn(1000 mg·kg-1)、中等浓度Cu(400 mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Cd(5 mg·kg-1)]和配方9[中等浓度Pb(800 mg·kg-1)、对照Zn(不添加)、中等浓度Cu(400 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cd(20 mg·kg-1)],能使Zn含量最低的是配方2。
5.复合污染条件下,对于高吸收种类莴苣和薄荷而言,不同Pb、Cd浓度对其POD、SOD活性影响极显著,不同Zn浓度对其叶绿素含量、POD、SOD活性影响极显著,不同Cu低度对其株高影响极显著。对于低吸收种类豌豆和蚕豆而言,不同Pb浓度对其株高、叶绿素含量、SOD活性影响极显著,不同Zn浓度对其SOD活性影响显著。对于高吸收种类薄荷而言,不同Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd浓度均对其根系活力影响极显著,而对于低吸收种类蚕豆而言,只有不同Cu、Cd浓度对其根系活力影响极显著。
6.对于高吸收种类薄荷和莴苣而言,改良措施下其叶片中Cu主要集中在细胞核、叶绿体为主的成分(F2),Pb、Zn、Cd均主要集中在细胞壁及未破碎残渣部分(F1)改良措施下,薄荷和莴苣在pH调节为9、腐殖酸添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,植物叶片中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量显著低于其他处理水平；含Ca2+化合物添加量为1 0 g·kg-1条件下植物叶片中Pb、Cd含量显著低于其他处理水平,添加量为5 g·kg-1。条件下植物叶片中Zn、Cu含量显著低于其他处理水平；含硫化合物添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下植物叶片中Pb、Zn、Cd含量显著低于其他处理水平。
7.改良措施下,薄荷和莴苣在土壤pH调节为8.5条件下,其叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,在pH调节为8条件下,其根系活力均显著高于对照；在腐殖酸添加量为5、10g.kg-1条件下,其叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,在腐殖酸添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,其SOD活性显著高于其他处理水平,在腐殖酸添加量为10 g·kg-1条件下,其根系活力均显著高于对照；在含Ca2+化合物添加量为10 g·kg-1条件下,其叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于对照,其POD活性、根系活力显著高于其他处理水平,在含Ca2+化合物添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,其可溶性糖含量显著高于对照；在硫化物添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,其CAT、SOD、POD可溶性糖含量、根系活力均显著高于其他处理水平。
8.改良措施后土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd分级形态存在一定差异,Pb、Cd的形态主要为铁锰氧化态,Zn、Cu的形态主要为残渣态。通过改良措施后,种植莴苣和薄荷土壤中DTPA提取态Pb含量在添加腐殖酸和含Ca2+化合物处理条件下显著低于对照处理；DTPA提取态Zn含量在添加含Ca2+化合物10 g·kg-1条件下显著低于对照处理。腐殖酸添加量为2、10 g·kg-1条件下和硫化物添加量为10 g·kg-1条件下,土壤pH明显高于对照；调节pH为9或含Ca2+化合物添加量为2 g·kg-1条件下,两种作物种植土壤中全氮含量明显高于对照。
With the mineral resource mining, selecting and smelting, heavy metal pollution in cultivated soil is getting serious and endangers food security and human health. It is a realistic way to explore plant species or varieties with low metal uptake which can be planted at metal-contaminated sites, because of long period and high difficulties in control of metal-contaminated soil.
In this research, firstly, a filed survey was conducted to investigate the present situation of crop food safety in Jijie, Gejiu City, Yunnan province. Heavy metal pollution in soil was assessed and plant species or varieties with different metal uptake abilities were selected. Secondly, mechanisms of metal exclusion and uptake in species with low absorption [the broad bean (Vicia faba L.), the pea(Pisum sativum L.)] and high absorption [the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), the peppermint (Mentha arvensis L.)] were researched by using orthogonal design under pot trial conditions. Thirdly, a series of remediation measures [adjusting soil pH value (8,8.5,9), increasing humic acid (2,5,10 g·kg-1), increasing sulfide (2,5,10 g·kg-1) and increasing Ca2+-contained compound (2,5,10·g kg-1)] were adopted to reduce metal uptake in the high absorption species (lettuce, peppermint) and to achieve the goal of food safe. In addition, the effects of remediation measures to physiological and biochemical parameters of high absorption species (lettuce and peppermint), such as plant height, photosynthetic pigments, catalase (CAT), peroxide enzyme (POD), superoxide mutase (SOD), soluble sugar, root system vigor etc., were evaluated. The soil qualities after adopting remediation measures were also researched. The results indicated as follows.
1. Average concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu) and cadmium(Cd) at study site were 1185.48±490.72,628.87±175.58,453.50±129.11 and 7.50±5.40 mg·kg-1, surpassing " Environment Quality Standard for Soils" (GB 15618-1995) (GradeⅡ). There was a significantly positive correlation between diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and total concentrations of soil Pb, Cu, Cd (p< 0.01) and Zn (p< 0.05), respectively. The soil fertility situation at study site was good.
2. Concentrations of Pb in all crops sampled at the study site surpassed the limit standard for food safety. Concentrations of Zn in other crops surpassed this standard except the pea, broad bean, rice(Oryza.sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). Concentrations of Cu in Lettuce, leaf mustard(Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss.), peppermint, and cabbage (Brassica rapa L. glabra Regel) also surpassed this standard. Concentrations of Cd in other crops surpassed this standard except the pea, broad bean and sea cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.). Comparatively speaking, the lettuce, peppermint and leaf mustard were not suited for planting at the metal-contaminated site. Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) and rice (paddy rice) were more suitable to plant, and pea, fragrant-flowered garlic (A. schoenoprasum L.), blue cauliflower (B. oleracea L.var italica Plench), cauliflower(Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.), sea cabbage, broad bean, carrot (Raphanus sativus L.), onion(A. fistulosum L.), pod pepper(Capsicum annuum L.), potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) and corn were reluctantly suited for planting. The chard(Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla Koach), cabbage and green vegetables were hardly suitable to plant.
3. Under orthogonal design conditions, differences of metal subcellular distribution were observed in peppermint (high absorption species) and broad bean (low absorption species). Lead (Pb), Zn and Cu in broad bean were mainly concentrated in the cell wall and unbroken residual (F1) except for Cd. However, differences were appeared in subcellular distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd in peppermint along with the different group of orthogonal design. As for peppermint, leaf concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd were significantly affected by soil Pb, but Zn concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected. Leaf concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were significantly affected by soil Zn and Cu. Leaf concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were significantly affected by soil Cd, but Cu concentrations of leaf were not significantly affected. As for broad bean, leaf concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were significantly affected by soil Pb, but Cu concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected.Leaf concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn were significantly affected by soil Zn. Leaf concentrations of Pb and Zn were significantly affected by soil Cu, but Cu and Cd concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected. Leaf concentrations of Zn and Cd were significantly affected by soil Cd, but Pb and Cu concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected.
4. As for peppermint (high absorption species), the heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Zn, Cu and Cd was group 2 [control Pb (not added), low concentrations of Zn (200 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Cu (100 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Cd (5 mg·kg-1)]. The heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Pb was group 10 [middle concentration of Pb (800 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Zn (200 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cu (800 mg·kg-1), middle concentration of Cd (10 mg·kg-1)]. As for broad bean (low absorption variety), the heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Cu and Cd was group 6 [low concentration of Pb (400 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Zn (200 mg·kg-1), control Cu (not added), high concentration of Cd (20 mg·kg-1)]. The heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Pb was group 4 [control Pb (not added), high concentration of Zn (1000 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cu (800 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cd (20 mg·kg-1)], group 8 [low concentration of Pb (400 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Zn (1000 mg·kg-1), middle concentration of Cu (400 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Cd (5 mg·kg-1)] and group 9 [middle concentration of Pb (800 mg·kg-1), control Zn (not added), middle concentration of Cu (400 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cd (20 mg·kg-1)]. Group 2 could lead to a minimum of Zn in leaves of this plant.
5. Under metal compounded pollution conditions, as for lettuce and peppermint (high absorption species), POD and SOD activities in their leaves were significantly affected by soil Pb and Cd. Chlorophyll content, POD and SOD activities in leaves were significantly affected by soil Zn, and plant heights by soil Cu. As for pea and broad bean (low absorption species), plant heights, chlorophyll content and SOD activities were significantly affected by soil Pb, and SOD activities by soil Zn. Root activities were significantly affected by Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in peppermint, as well as Cu and Cd in broad bean, respectively.
6. As for peppermint and lettuce (high absorption species), leaf Cu was mainly concentrated in the parts containing cell nucleus and the chloroplast (F2) under remediation conditions. However, leaf Pb, Zn and Cu were mainly concentrated in the cell wall and unbroken residual (F1). Compared with other treatments, concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were significantly decreased in leaves of peppermint and lettuce under pH 9 or 5 g·kg-1 humic acid treatments. Concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn, Cu were significantly decreased in leaves of these two plants by adding 10 and 5 g·kg-1 Ca2+, respectively. Concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd were significantly decreased in leaves of these two plants by adding 5 g·kg-1 sulfide.
7. Under remediation conditions, chlorophyll contents in leaves of peppermint and lettuce were significantly higher than those of controls when soil pH was adjusted to 8.5. Root activities were also higher than control when soil pH was adjusted to 8. Chlorophyll contents in leaves of the two plants significantly increase by adding 5 or 10 g·kg-1 humic acid. SOD activities were also significantly higher than other treatments by adding 5 g kg-1 humic acid. Root activities were higher than the controls when 10 g kg-1 humic acid was added. Contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids were significantly higher than the controls under 10 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatments, and POD and root activities were significantly higher than other treatments. Soluble sugar contents were significantly higher than the controls under 5 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. CAT, SOD and POD activities, soluble sugar contents and root activities were significantly higher than other treatments.
8. Difference was observed in Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd speciation of soils after adopting remediation measures. Ferro-maganese oxidation and residuals were the major speciation of Pb, Cd, and Zn, Cu, respectively. Concentrations of DTPA-extractable Pb were significantly lower than the controls by adding humic acid and Ca2+. Concentrations of DTPA-extractable Zn were significantly lower than the controls by adding 10 g·kg-1 Ca2+. Soil pH was significant higher than the controls by adding 2, humic acid or 10 g·kg-1 sulfide. Concentrations of soil total nitrogen were also significantly higher than the controls by adjusting pH to 9 or adding 2 g·kg-1 Ca2+.
本研究首先通过对云南个旧鸡街农作物食品安全现状进行野外调查,考察其重金属污染状况,筛选对重金属具不同吸收能力的植物种类或品种；之后进行室内盆栽实验,设计Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd复合污染正交实验研究低吸收种类[蚕豆(ViciafabaL.)、豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)]和高吸收种类[莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)、薄荷(Mentha arvensis L.)]对重金属排斥或吸收的生理生化机理,并通过一系列改良措施[调节土壤pH值(8、8.5、9)、添加腐殖酸(2、5、10 g.kg-1)、添加硫化物(2、5、10 g·kg-1)和添加含Ca2+化合物(2、5、10 g·kg"1)处理]降低高吸收种类(莴苣、薄荷)可食部分对重金属的吸收,以达到安全合理利用污染农田的目的。此外,还考察了改良措施对高吸收种类(莴苣、薄荷)生理生化指标[株高、光合色素、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、可溶性糖、根系活力等]的影响以及改良措施对土壤环境质量的影响。结果表明：
1.研究区土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量均值分别为1185.48±490.72、628.87±175.58、453.50±129.11、7.50±5.40 mg·kg-1,均超出《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准；研究区土壤中重金属Pb、Cu、Cd的二乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)提取态与总量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),Zn的DTPA提取态与总量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)；研究区土壤肥力情况较好。
2.研究区采集的农作物中Pb含量均超出食品安全限量标准；Zn含量除豌豆、蚕豆、大米(Oryza.sativa L.)和玉米(Zea mays L.)外,其余作物均超标；莴苣、芥菜(Brassica juncea (L.) Czem. et Coss.)、薄荷、白菜(Brassica rapa L. glabra Regel)中Cu含量超标；Cd含量除豌豆、蚕豆、甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)外均超标。比较而言,莴苣、薄荷、芥菜不适合在污染区继续种植,甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum Linn.)、大米(水稻)较为适合继续种植,豌豆、韭菜(A.schoenoprasum L.)、青花菜(B.oleracea L.var. italica Plench)、花椰菜(Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.)、甘蓝、蚕豆、红萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)、葱(A. fistulosum L.)、朝天椒(Capsicum annuum L.)、土豆(Solanum tuberosum L.)、玉米基本适合种植,厚皮菜(Beta vulgaris L. var. ciclaKoach)、白菜、青菜基本上不适合继续种植。
3.正交复合污染条件下,重金属在高吸收种类薄荷和低吸收种类蚕豆叶片亚细胞结构中分布情况不同。蚕豆叶片亚细胞结构中除Cd的分布在各配方间有差异,Pb、Zn、Cu均主要集中在细胞壁及未破碎残渣(F1)；Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd在薄荷亚细胞中的分布随正交设计配方浓度的不同而各有差异。对薄荷而言,不同Pb浓度对其叶片中Pb、Cu、Cd含量有极显著影响,但对Zn含量无显著影响；不同Zn、Cu浓度对其叶片中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量均有极显著影响；不同Cd浓度对其叶片中Cd含量有极显著影响,对Pb、Zn含量有显著影响,对Cu含量无显著影响；对蚕豆而言,不同Pb浓度对其叶片Cd含量有极显著影响,对Pb、Zn含量有显著影响,对Cu含量无显著影响；不同Zn浓度对其叶片中Pb、Cu、Cd含量有极显著影响,对Zn含量有显著影响；不同Cu浓度对其叶片中Pb、Zn含量有极显著影响,对Cu、Cd含量无显著影响；不同Cd浓度对其叶片中Zn、Cd含量有极显著影响,对Pb、Cu含量无显著影响。
4.对于高吸收种类薄荷而言,能使叶片中Zn、Cu和Cd含量均最低的重金属组合是配方2[对照Pb(不添加)、低等浓度Zn(200 mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Cu(100 mg-kg-1)、低等浓度Cd(5 mg·kg-1)],使Pb含量最低的是配方10[中等浓度Pb(800 mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Zn(200 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cu(800 mg·kg-1)、中等浓度Cd(10 mg·kg-1)]。对于低吸收种类蚕豆而言,能使叶片中Cu和Cd含量均最低的是配方6[低等浓度Pb(400mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Zn(200 mg·kg-1)、对照Cu(不添加)、高等浓度Cd(20mg·kg-1)],能使Pb含量最低的是配方4[对照Pb(不添加)、高等浓度Zn(1000 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cu(800 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cd(20 mg·kg-1)]、配方8[低等浓度Pb(400 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Zn(1000 mg·kg-1)、中等浓度Cu(400 mg·kg-1)、低等浓度Cd(5 mg·kg-1)]和配方9[中等浓度Pb(800 mg·kg-1)、对照Zn(不添加)、中等浓度Cu(400 mg·kg-1)、高等浓度Cd(20 mg·kg-1)],能使Zn含量最低的是配方2。
5.复合污染条件下,对于高吸收种类莴苣和薄荷而言,不同Pb、Cd浓度对其POD、SOD活性影响极显著,不同Zn浓度对其叶绿素含量、POD、SOD活性影响极显著,不同Cu低度对其株高影响极显著。对于低吸收种类豌豆和蚕豆而言,不同Pb浓度对其株高、叶绿素含量、SOD活性影响极显著,不同Zn浓度对其SOD活性影响显著。对于高吸收种类薄荷而言,不同Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd浓度均对其根系活力影响极显著,而对于低吸收种类蚕豆而言,只有不同Cu、Cd浓度对其根系活力影响极显著。
6.对于高吸收种类薄荷和莴苣而言,改良措施下其叶片中Cu主要集中在细胞核、叶绿体为主的成分(F2),Pb、Zn、Cd均主要集中在细胞壁及未破碎残渣部分(F1)改良措施下,薄荷和莴苣在pH调节为9、腐殖酸添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,植物叶片中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量显著低于其他处理水平；含Ca2+化合物添加量为1 0 g·kg-1条件下植物叶片中Pb、Cd含量显著低于其他处理水平,添加量为5 g·kg-1。条件下植物叶片中Zn、Cu含量显著低于其他处理水平；含硫化合物添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下植物叶片中Pb、Zn、Cd含量显著低于其他处理水平。
7.改良措施下,薄荷和莴苣在土壤pH调节为8.5条件下,其叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,在pH调节为8条件下,其根系活力均显著高于对照；在腐殖酸添加量为5、10g.kg-1条件下,其叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,在腐殖酸添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,其SOD活性显著高于其他处理水平,在腐殖酸添加量为10 g·kg-1条件下,其根系活力均显著高于对照；在含Ca2+化合物添加量为10 g·kg-1条件下,其叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于对照,其POD活性、根系活力显著高于其他处理水平,在含Ca2+化合物添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,其可溶性糖含量显著高于对照；在硫化物添加量为5 g·kg-1条件下,其CAT、SOD、POD可溶性糖含量、根系活力均显著高于其他处理水平。
8.改良措施后土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd分级形态存在一定差异,Pb、Cd的形态主要为铁锰氧化态,Zn、Cu的形态主要为残渣态。通过改良措施后,种植莴苣和薄荷土壤中DTPA提取态Pb含量在添加腐殖酸和含Ca2+化合物处理条件下显著低于对照处理；DTPA提取态Zn含量在添加含Ca2+化合物10 g·kg-1条件下显著低于对照处理。腐殖酸添加量为2、10 g·kg-1条件下和硫化物添加量为10 g·kg-1条件下,土壤pH明显高于对照；调节pH为9或含Ca2+化合物添加量为2 g·kg-1条件下,两种作物种植土壤中全氮含量明显高于对照。
With the mineral resource mining, selecting and smelting, heavy metal pollution in cultivated soil is getting serious and endangers food security and human health. It is a realistic way to explore plant species or varieties with low metal uptake which can be planted at metal-contaminated sites, because of long period and high difficulties in control of metal-contaminated soil.
In this research, firstly, a filed survey was conducted to investigate the present situation of crop food safety in Jijie, Gejiu City, Yunnan province. Heavy metal pollution in soil was assessed and plant species or varieties with different metal uptake abilities were selected. Secondly, mechanisms of metal exclusion and uptake in species with low absorption [the broad bean (Vicia faba L.), the pea(Pisum sativum L.)] and high absorption [the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), the peppermint (Mentha arvensis L.)] were researched by using orthogonal design under pot trial conditions. Thirdly, a series of remediation measures [adjusting soil pH value (8,8.5,9), increasing humic acid (2,5,10 g·kg-1), increasing sulfide (2,5,10 g·kg-1) and increasing Ca2+-contained compound (2,5,10·g kg-1)] were adopted to reduce metal uptake in the high absorption species (lettuce, peppermint) and to achieve the goal of food safe. In addition, the effects of remediation measures to physiological and biochemical parameters of high absorption species (lettuce and peppermint), such as plant height, photosynthetic pigments, catalase (CAT), peroxide enzyme (POD), superoxide mutase (SOD), soluble sugar, root system vigor etc., were evaluated. The soil qualities after adopting remediation measures were also researched. The results indicated as follows.
1. Average concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu) and cadmium(Cd) at study site were 1185.48±490.72,628.87±175.58,453.50±129.11 and 7.50±5.40 mg·kg-1, surpassing " Environment Quality Standard for Soils" (GB 15618-1995) (GradeⅡ). There was a significantly positive correlation between diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and total concentrations of soil Pb, Cu, Cd (p< 0.01) and Zn (p< 0.05), respectively. The soil fertility situation at study site was good.
2. Concentrations of Pb in all crops sampled at the study site surpassed the limit standard for food safety. Concentrations of Zn in other crops surpassed this standard except the pea, broad bean, rice(Oryza.sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). Concentrations of Cu in Lettuce, leaf mustard(Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss.), peppermint, and cabbage (Brassica rapa L. glabra Regel) also surpassed this standard. Concentrations of Cd in other crops surpassed this standard except the pea, broad bean and sea cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.). Comparatively speaking, the lettuce, peppermint and leaf mustard were not suited for planting at the metal-contaminated site. Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) and rice (paddy rice) were more suitable to plant, and pea, fragrant-flowered garlic (A. schoenoprasum L.), blue cauliflower (B. oleracea L.var italica Plench), cauliflower(Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.), sea cabbage, broad bean, carrot (Raphanus sativus L.), onion(A. fistulosum L.), pod pepper(Capsicum annuum L.), potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) and corn were reluctantly suited for planting. The chard(Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla Koach), cabbage and green vegetables were hardly suitable to plant.
3. Under orthogonal design conditions, differences of metal subcellular distribution were observed in peppermint (high absorption species) and broad bean (low absorption species). Lead (Pb), Zn and Cu in broad bean were mainly concentrated in the cell wall and unbroken residual (F1) except for Cd. However, differences were appeared in subcellular distribution of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd in peppermint along with the different group of orthogonal design. As for peppermint, leaf concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cd were significantly affected by soil Pb, but Zn concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected. Leaf concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were significantly affected by soil Zn and Cu. Leaf concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were significantly affected by soil Cd, but Cu concentrations of leaf were not significantly affected. As for broad bean, leaf concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were significantly affected by soil Pb, but Cu concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected.Leaf concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn were significantly affected by soil Zn. Leaf concentrations of Pb and Zn were significantly affected by soil Cu, but Cu and Cd concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected. Leaf concentrations of Zn and Cd were significantly affected by soil Cd, but Pb and Cu concentrations in leaf were not significantly affected.
4. As for peppermint (high absorption species), the heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Zn, Cu and Cd was group 2 [control Pb (not added), low concentrations of Zn (200 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Cu (100 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Cd (5 mg·kg-1)]. The heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Pb was group 10 [middle concentration of Pb (800 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Zn (200 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cu (800 mg·kg-1), middle concentration of Cd (10 mg·kg-1)]. As for broad bean (low absorption variety), the heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Cu and Cd was group 6 [low concentration of Pb (400 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Zn (200 mg·kg-1), control Cu (not added), high concentration of Cd (20 mg·kg-1)]. The heavy metal constitutes resulting in a minimum concentration of Pb was group 4 [control Pb (not added), high concentration of Zn (1000 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cu (800 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cd (20 mg·kg-1)], group 8 [low concentration of Pb (400 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Zn (1000 mg·kg-1), middle concentration of Cu (400 mg·kg-1), low concentration of Cd (5 mg·kg-1)] and group 9 [middle concentration of Pb (800 mg·kg-1), control Zn (not added), middle concentration of Cu (400 mg·kg-1), high concentration of Cd (20 mg·kg-1)]. Group 2 could lead to a minimum of Zn in leaves of this plant.
5. Under metal compounded pollution conditions, as for lettuce and peppermint (high absorption species), POD and SOD activities in their leaves were significantly affected by soil Pb and Cd. Chlorophyll content, POD and SOD activities in leaves were significantly affected by soil Zn, and plant heights by soil Cu. As for pea and broad bean (low absorption species), plant heights, chlorophyll content and SOD activities were significantly affected by soil Pb, and SOD activities by soil Zn. Root activities were significantly affected by Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in peppermint, as well as Cu and Cd in broad bean, respectively.
6. As for peppermint and lettuce (high absorption species), leaf Cu was mainly concentrated in the parts containing cell nucleus and the chloroplast (F2) under remediation conditions. However, leaf Pb, Zn and Cu were mainly concentrated in the cell wall and unbroken residual (F1). Compared with other treatments, concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were significantly decreased in leaves of peppermint and lettuce under pH 9 or 5 g·kg-1 humic acid treatments. Concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn, Cu were significantly decreased in leaves of these two plants by adding 10 and 5 g·kg-1 Ca2+, respectively. Concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd were significantly decreased in leaves of these two plants by adding 5 g·kg-1 sulfide.
7. Under remediation conditions, chlorophyll contents in leaves of peppermint and lettuce were significantly higher than those of controls when soil pH was adjusted to 8.5. Root activities were also higher than control when soil pH was adjusted to 8. Chlorophyll contents in leaves of the two plants significantly increase by adding 5 or 10 g·kg-1 humic acid. SOD activities were also significantly higher than other treatments by adding 5 g kg-1 humic acid. Root activities were higher than the controls when 10 g kg-1 humic acid was added. Contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids were significantly higher than the controls under 10 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatments, and POD and root activities were significantly higher than other treatments. Soluble sugar contents were significantly higher than the controls under 5 g·kg-1 Ca2+ treatment. CAT, SOD and POD activities, soluble sugar contents and root activities were significantly higher than other treatments.
8. Difference was observed in Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd speciation of soils after adopting remediation measures. Ferro-maganese oxidation and residuals were the major speciation of Pb, Cd, and Zn, Cu, respectively. Concentrations of DTPA-extractable Pb were significantly lower than the controls by adding humic acid and Ca2+. Concentrations of DTPA-extractable Zn were significantly lower than the controls by adding 10 g·kg-1 Ca2+. Soil pH was significant higher than the controls by adding 2, humic acid or 10 g·kg-1 sulfide. Concentrations of soil total nitrogen were also significantly higher than the controls by adjusting pH to 9 or adding 2 g·kg-1 Ca2+.
引文
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