居住建筑外围护结构对室内热环境与建筑能耗的影响
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摘要
能源是经济和社会发展的重要基础,能源效率是经济发展和社会管理水平的重要标志。目前,重庆市建筑普遍存在耗能大、效率低、围护结构的保温隔热性能差等问题,并具有夏季空调用电量大、冬季采暖能耗高的特点。如何通过改善建筑外围护结构热工性能,使建筑物具有良好的室内热舒适,以减少对人工冷热源的依赖,降低建筑能耗成为急需要研究的课题。
本文以重庆地区居住建筑为研究对象,根据重庆地区的气候特征,运用动态模拟方法研究了居住建筑外围护结构对室内热环境与建筑能耗的影响。主要从朝向、外墙保温方式、外墙传热系数K值、外窗传热系数K值、外窗遮蔽、太阳吸收系数以及屋面保温措施等几个方面进行研究分析,提出了适合重庆地区的相关节能措施。模拟结果表明:
①重庆地区北向热环境最好,南向多注意夏季隔热,西向、东向考虑冬季保温兼顾夏季隔热。建筑顶层的房间热状况最差,底层房间冬季的室内热状况差。
②采用外保温时,主体墙墙体内平均温度夏季低6.0℃,冬季高5.7℃。采用内保温时,热桥部位温度夏季高主体墙3.1℃,冬天低2.9℃。当室内湿度超过80%,且采用内保温时,热桥部分会出现结露。外墙K值对建筑室内热环境与建筑能耗有显著的影响,外墙K值越小,全年单位耗冷量、全年单位耗热量以及全年单位总耗量越小,采暖与制冷度小时数越少(南向除外)。外墙K值为0.95～1.33时,夏季室内热环境最好。外墙太阳吸收系数减小有利于夏季隔热。
③外窗K值越小,采暖度小时数越少,制冷度小时数越多。外墙K值为3.2～4.7时,建筑整体夏季室内热环境最好。当外窗K值为3.2(W/m2?K)时,继续降低外窗K值,建筑全年单位耗冷量减少很少。夏季要求外窗遮阳系数越小越好,冬季要求外窗遮阳系数越大越好。所以在重庆地区最好使用活动遮阳。在重庆地区窗户综合遮阳系数以0.5～0.6为宜。
④屋面K值为0.96时,顶层房间夏季有良好室内热环境且顶层房间冬季室内温度明显高于室外,当继续降低屋面K值时,顶层房间夏季的室内热环境改善缓慢。屋面K值越小,全年单位耗热量、全年单位耗冷量以及全年单位总耗量越小。屋面K值对全年单位耗热量的影响程度大于全年单位耗冷量。重庆地区屋面K值以0.56～0.96为宜。屋面K值从3.54(W/m2·K)降到0.56(W/m2?K),冬季,内表面温度最小值上升2.1℃;夏季,内表面温度最大值降低4.6℃。
本文研究结果对于夏热冬冷地区的居住建筑节能工作、建筑节能材料与产品的应用、建筑节能设计起到指导作用。在节能设计中,应该充分考虑各个因素的影响,从而找到既经济保温效果又好的节能措施。
Energy is an important basic of developing economy and society, energy efficiency is an important sign of economic development and society management level. At present, the building energy consumption is general large. low efficiency of buildings and bad thermal insulation property of enclosure structure in Chongqing. The buildings in Chongqing have the features like they have large air-conditioning electricity consumption in summer and they consume too much heating energy consumption in winter. How have the buildings in good indoor thermal comfort, reduce the dependence of people to manual cold-heat source and reducing building energy consumption by improving the thermal performance of outer building envelope .It is a subject which need study on immediately.
The paper took civilian construction of Chongqing region as subject investigated.According to the local climatic features, the Influence of external enclosure structure of the residential building to the indoor thermal environment and building energy consumption were studied based on dynamical simulation method. Authors research of the paper mainly from building orientation, heat insulating ways of the wall, heat transfer coefficient of wall, heat transfer coefficient of window, shading coefficient of window, sola absorption coefficient, heat transfer coefficient of roof. And proposed the correlation energy saving measures which suitable for Chongqing. The simulation result showed that:
①the thermal environment of north room is best, the south room should notice heat insulation in summer, the west and east room not only should notice insulation in winter, but also they should consideration to heat insulation in summer in Chongqing. The top floor of the buildings have the worest thermal environment than other floors and the bottom floor have the the worest thermal environment than other floors in winter in Chongqing.
②The average temperature of main wall low 6.0℃in summer and high 5.7℃in winter when it used outside heat insulating way than it used inside heat insulating way. The temperature of thermal bridges high 3.1℃in summer and low 2.9℃in winter than main wall when it used inside heat insulating way. The thermal bridges may dew when the indoor humidity exceed 80% and it used inside heat insulating way. The K value of wall hardly influent indoor thermal environment and building energy consumption of buildings. The smaller the K value of wall is, the smaller the annual unit cold consumption, the annual unit heat consumption and the annual unit total consumption is. The smaller the K value of wall is, the smaller the number of degree-hours of heating and cooling is. The building have best indoor thermal environment in summer when the K value of wall is from 0.95 to 1.33. The sola absorption coefficient is benefit to heat insulation in summer.
③The smaller the K value of window is, the smaller the number of degree-hours of heating and the more the number of degree-hours of cooling is. The building have best indoor thermal environment in summer when the K value of window is from 3.2 to 4.7. the annual unit cold consumption reduce seldom when the K value of window is 3.2 and continued to decrease the K value of window. The smaller the sola absorption coefficient is, the better it is in summer. The bigger the sola absorption coefficient is, the better it is in winter .so, it is better to use activity sunshade. The better comprehensive sunshade coefficient is from 0.5 to 0.6 in Chongqing.
④Top-floor rooms have best indoor thermal environment in summer and indoor temperature is evident higher than outdoor temperature in winter when the K value of roof is 0.96. indoor thermal environment of top-floor room improves slowly when continued to decrease the K value of roof. The smaller the K value of roof is, the smaller the annual unit cold consumption, the annual unit heat consumption and the annual unit total consumption is. the K value of roof has greater influence on unit cold consumption than that of heating. The better K value of roof is from 0.56 to 0.96.The minimum of inner surface temperature increases 2.1℃in winter and The maximum of inner surface temperature decreases4.6℃.
The consequences of this paper play a guiding role to the energy saving work of residential buildings, the application of energy-saving building materials and building energy efficiency design. We should consider all of the influencing factors when we do the building energy efficiency design and find the best energy saving measures.
本文以重庆地区居住建筑为研究对象,根据重庆地区的气候特征,运用动态模拟方法研究了居住建筑外围护结构对室内热环境与建筑能耗的影响。主要从朝向、外墙保温方式、外墙传热系数K值、外窗传热系数K值、外窗遮蔽、太阳吸收系数以及屋面保温措施等几个方面进行研究分析,提出了适合重庆地区的相关节能措施。模拟结果表明:
①重庆地区北向热环境最好,南向多注意夏季隔热,西向、东向考虑冬季保温兼顾夏季隔热。建筑顶层的房间热状况最差,底层房间冬季的室内热状况差。
②采用外保温时,主体墙墙体内平均温度夏季低6.0℃,冬季高5.7℃。采用内保温时,热桥部位温度夏季高主体墙3.1℃,冬天低2.9℃。当室内湿度超过80%,且采用内保温时,热桥部分会出现结露。外墙K值对建筑室内热环境与建筑能耗有显著的影响,外墙K值越小,全年单位耗冷量、全年单位耗热量以及全年单位总耗量越小,采暖与制冷度小时数越少(南向除外)。外墙K值为0.95～1.33时,夏季室内热环境最好。外墙太阳吸收系数减小有利于夏季隔热。
③外窗K值越小,采暖度小时数越少,制冷度小时数越多。外墙K值为3.2～4.7时,建筑整体夏季室内热环境最好。当外窗K值为3.2(W/m2?K)时,继续降低外窗K值,建筑全年单位耗冷量减少很少。夏季要求外窗遮阳系数越小越好,冬季要求外窗遮阳系数越大越好。所以在重庆地区最好使用活动遮阳。在重庆地区窗户综合遮阳系数以0.5～0.6为宜。
④屋面K值为0.96时,顶层房间夏季有良好室内热环境且顶层房间冬季室内温度明显高于室外,当继续降低屋面K值时,顶层房间夏季的室内热环境改善缓慢。屋面K值越小,全年单位耗热量、全年单位耗冷量以及全年单位总耗量越小。屋面K值对全年单位耗热量的影响程度大于全年单位耗冷量。重庆地区屋面K值以0.56～0.96为宜。屋面K值从3.54(W/m2·K)降到0.56(W/m2?K),冬季,内表面温度最小值上升2.1℃;夏季,内表面温度最大值降低4.6℃。
本文研究结果对于夏热冬冷地区的居住建筑节能工作、建筑节能材料与产品的应用、建筑节能设计起到指导作用。在节能设计中,应该充分考虑各个因素的影响,从而找到既经济保温效果又好的节能措施。
Energy is an important basic of developing economy and society, energy efficiency is an important sign of economic development and society management level. At present, the building energy consumption is general large. low efficiency of buildings and bad thermal insulation property of enclosure structure in Chongqing. The buildings in Chongqing have the features like they have large air-conditioning electricity consumption in summer and they consume too much heating energy consumption in winter. How have the buildings in good indoor thermal comfort, reduce the dependence of people to manual cold-heat source and reducing building energy consumption by improving the thermal performance of outer building envelope .It is a subject which need study on immediately.
The paper took civilian construction of Chongqing region as subject investigated.According to the local climatic features, the Influence of external enclosure structure of the residential building to the indoor thermal environment and building energy consumption were studied based on dynamical simulation method. Authors research of the paper mainly from building orientation, heat insulating ways of the wall, heat transfer coefficient of wall, heat transfer coefficient of window, shading coefficient of window, sola absorption coefficient, heat transfer coefficient of roof. And proposed the correlation energy saving measures which suitable for Chongqing. The simulation result showed that:
①the thermal environment of north room is best, the south room should notice heat insulation in summer, the west and east room not only should notice insulation in winter, but also they should consideration to heat insulation in summer in Chongqing. The top floor of the buildings have the worest thermal environment than other floors and the bottom floor have the the worest thermal environment than other floors in winter in Chongqing.
②The average temperature of main wall low 6.0℃in summer and high 5.7℃in winter when it used outside heat insulating way than it used inside heat insulating way. The temperature of thermal bridges high 3.1℃in summer and low 2.9℃in winter than main wall when it used inside heat insulating way. The thermal bridges may dew when the indoor humidity exceed 80% and it used inside heat insulating way. The K value of wall hardly influent indoor thermal environment and building energy consumption of buildings. The smaller the K value of wall is, the smaller the annual unit cold consumption, the annual unit heat consumption and the annual unit total consumption is. The smaller the K value of wall is, the smaller the number of degree-hours of heating and cooling is. The building have best indoor thermal environment in summer when the K value of wall is from 0.95 to 1.33. The sola absorption coefficient is benefit to heat insulation in summer.
③The smaller the K value of window is, the smaller the number of degree-hours of heating and the more the number of degree-hours of cooling is. The building have best indoor thermal environment in summer when the K value of window is from 3.2 to 4.7. the annual unit cold consumption reduce seldom when the K value of window is 3.2 and continued to decrease the K value of window. The smaller the sola absorption coefficient is, the better it is in summer. The bigger the sola absorption coefficient is, the better it is in winter .so, it is better to use activity sunshade. The better comprehensive sunshade coefficient is from 0.5 to 0.6 in Chongqing.
④Top-floor rooms have best indoor thermal environment in summer and indoor temperature is evident higher than outdoor temperature in winter when the K value of roof is 0.96. indoor thermal environment of top-floor room improves slowly when continued to decrease the K value of roof. The smaller the K value of roof is, the smaller the annual unit cold consumption, the annual unit heat consumption and the annual unit total consumption is. the K value of roof has greater influence on unit cold consumption than that of heating. The better K value of roof is from 0.56 to 0.96.The minimum of inner surface temperature increases 2.1℃in winter and The maximum of inner surface temperature decreases4.6℃.
The consequences of this paper play a guiding role to the energy saving work of residential buildings, the application of energy-saving building materials and building energy efficiency design. We should consider all of the influencing factors when we do the building energy efficiency design and find the best energy saving measures.
引文
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