古埃及宗教观念中的阴阳二元论与克里奥帕特拉七世的形象塑造
摘要
越来越多的证据显示：埃及的末代女王克里奥帕特拉七世并不是一个“埃及艳后”,而是一个富有政治智慧的统治者。她为了巩固自己的统治,对自己的形象进行了精心的构建和宣传。古代埃及宗教中的阴阳二元结构是埃及王权意识形态的基础。它确保了王后在王权中的地位,并为她们参与政治创造了条件。克里奥帕特拉,和她之前的女王们一样,亦将自我形象建构的基础建立在这一二元结构上。她通过灵活的手法,将自己塑造成不同的形象,以达到不同的政治目的。
The accumulating evidences show that CleopatraⅦ, the last queen of Egypt, instead of being a "Meretrix Regina", was a talented ruler full of political astuteness. In order to strengthen her authority as a ruler, she launched an elaborate project on constructing and promoting her own image. The feminine-masculine dualism in Egyptian religion, which solidifies the position of the queens in the kingship and grants them the opportunity to poke their noses into political activities, is the fundamental basis of Egyptian royal ideology. Cleopatra, like her predecessors, also made the religious dualism as the basis for building her self-image. By employing flexible methods, she created multiple images of herself with an aim of fulfilling different political purposes.
The accumulating evidences show that CleopatraⅦ, the last queen of Egypt, instead of being a "Meretrix Regina", was a talented ruler full of political astuteness. In order to strengthen her authority as a ruler, she launched an elaborate project on constructing and promoting her own image. The feminine-masculine dualism in Egyptian religion, which solidifies the position of the queens in the kingship and grants them the opportunity to poke their noses into political activities, is the fundamental basis of Egyptian royal ideology. Cleopatra, like her predecessors, also made the religious dualism as the basis for building her self-image. By employing flexible methods, she created multiple images of herself with an aim of fulfilling different political purposes.
引文
[1]Duane Roller, Cleopatra:A Biography, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010, p. 6.
[2]Propertius, Elegies,3.11.39.
[3]Maria Wyke, The Roman Mistress, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002, p.223.
[4]Ronald Syme, Roman Revolution, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1939, p.275.
[5]Joan Fletcher, Cleopatra the Great, London:Hodder & Stoughton,2008, p.11.
[6]Duane Roller, Cleopatra:A Biography, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010, p. 6.
[7]这方面的代表作有迈克尔·格兰特的克里奥帕特拉传记。
[8]Joan Fletcher, Cleopatra the Great, Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, London:Profile Books,2008, Sally-Ann Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,2008.
[9]这里的自我形象建构可理解为女王本人以及她的追随者们对她的形象所进行的建构。在埃及,一切有关女王的形象塑造都反映出她本人的意志。
[10]Branko Ruiter, "The Religious Identification of Ptolemaic Queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis," PhD diss., City University of New York,2007, pp.15-16.
[11]David O' Connor and David P. Silverman, "Introduction" in David O' Connor and David P. Silverman eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship, Leiden:Brill,1996, p. XIX
[12]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis,1986, p.10。
[13]George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, New York: Routledge,2005, p.113.
[14]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.19.
[15]George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, p.109.
[16]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 17.
[17]The Memphite Theology,50a-51a, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1:The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom, Berkley:University of California Press,1973, p.54.
[18]George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, p.100.
[19]The Victory Stela of King Piye, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol Ⅲ:The Late Period, Berkley:California University Press,1980, p.70.
[20]Herodotus, Histories 2.171.
[21]Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1:The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom, p.40.
[22]Graldine Pinch, Handbook of Egyptian Mythology, California:ABC-CLIO,2002, p.170.
[23]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 18.
[24]Edward Walker, "Aspects of the Primaeval Nature of Egyptian Kingship:Pharaoh as Atum," PhD diss., University of Chicago,1991, p.1.
[25]PT 1248 a-d, Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.16.
[26]CT Ⅱ160-160a, Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.16.
[27]R.O. Fulkner, Papyrus Bremner- Rhind, Brusells:Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisbeth,1933, p.60.
[28]Lana Troy, "Engendering Creation in Ancient Egypt" in Athalya Brenner ed. A Feminist Companion to Reading the Bible:Approaches, Methods and Strategies, Sheffeild:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, p.243.
[29]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.29.
[30]以上的讨论可参看Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.29.
[31]故事的全文收录于Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol Ⅱ:The New Kingdom, Berkley:California University Press,1976, pp.197-199.
[32]Karnak Relief of Seti Ⅰ, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.3, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1906, p.118, Karnark Relief of Ramses Ⅱ, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.3, p.160, The Athribis Stela, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.3, p.254, Great Inscription of the First Pylon of Medinet Habu, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.4, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1906, Hymns to King Sosestis Ⅲ, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1:The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom, p.198-200.
[33]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.35.
[34]Te Velde, Seth, God of Confusion, Leiden:Brill,1967, p.49-50.
[35]Louvre I.3079.10.译文参见Lana Troy, "Engendering Creation in Ancient Egypt" in Athalya Brenner ed. A Feminist Companion to Reading the Bible: Approaches, Methods and Strategies, p.248.
[36]CT148,W.K.Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt:An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry,3rd Edition, New Heaven:Yale University Press,2003, p.263.
[37]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 132.
[38]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p.132.
[39]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 68.
[40]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 68.
[41]R.O. Fulkner, Papyrus Bremner- Rhind, p.71.
[42]O. Hor.10,1.2-3, Theben Grafitto 3156,1.11, Theben Grafitto 3445,1.13,pHeid. dem.736 verso, x+4,这些文献收编于Holger Kockelmann, Praising the Goddess:A Comparative and Annotated Re-Edition of Six Demotic Hymns and Praises Addressed to Isis, Berlin:Walter de Gruyter,2008.
[43]pHeid.dem.736 verso, x+4.
[44]见文后所附图片。
[45]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.136.
[46]麦纳特是一种带有珠串的乐器。
[47]特洛伊曾对自第一王朝到托勒密王朝所有的王后头衔做了编订。参见Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, pp181-197.
[48]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, pp.181-197.
[49]Christian Ziegler, "the Queens of the New Kingdom" in Christian Ziegler ed. The Pharaohs, New York:Rizzoli International Press,2002, p.250.
[50]The Contendings of Horus and Seth,4.1-4.3.译文见W. K. Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt:An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry,3rd Edition, p.94.
[51]参见Joyce Tyldesley, Daughters of Isis, London:Penguin Books,1994, pp.221-222
[52]这一时期她所拥有的头衔是王后所常有的,如“国王的妻子”、“国王的女儿”、 “国王的姐妹等”。并且当时她为自己建造的陵墓也符合王后的身份。
[53]根据考古发现,在这一时期哈特谢普苏特为自己建了庞大的神殿和符合法老规格的陵墓,故断定她在此时篡权。参见Joyce Tyldesley, Daughters of Isis, p.223.她大约是公元前1479年上台的。参见David. P. Silverman, "The New Kingdom" in Christiane Ziegler ed., The Pharaohs, New York:Rezzoli International Publications, 2002, p.56.
[54]David O' Connor and David P. Silverman, "Introduction" in David O' Connor and David P. Silverman eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship, Leiden:Brill,1996, p. ⅩⅧ.
[55]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.142.
[56]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.142.
[57]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.141.
[58]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.142.
[59]过往的一些有关托勒密王室女性的研究,如G. H. Macurdy, Hellenistic Queens, Chicago:Ares Publishers,1932, R. A. Hazzard, Imagination of a Monarchy:Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2000, Sarah Pomeroy, Women in Hellenistic Egypt:From Alexander to Cleopatra, New York:Schocken Books,1984.对托勒密王朝对古埃及意识形态的继承和发展这一问题缺乏关注。
[60]David O' Connor and David P. Silverman, "Introduction" in David O' Connor and David P. Silverman eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship, p. ⅩⅪ
[61]Pausanius, Description of Greece,1.7.1, Theocritus, Idylls,17.128.
[62]宝桑尼乌斯显然也意识到这一点。见Pausanius, Description of Greece,1.7.1.
[63]Christian Ziegler, "the Queens of the New Kingdom" in Christian Ziegler ed. The Pharaohs, New York:Rizzoli International Press,2002, p.256.
[64]Pausanius, Description of Greece,1.7.1
[65]Plutarch, The Education of Children,14, Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists,14.621
[66]Plutarch, The Education of Children,14,在这里普鲁塔克将索塔德斯作为反面教材教育年轻人。
[67]Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists,14.621
[68]Homer, Iliad,16.432,17.356.
[69]Theocritus, Idylls,17.131-134
[70]The Naucratis Stela of Nectabo Ⅰ,译文见Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol Ⅲ:The Late Period, p.87.
[71]Esna Text 206,1-2,译文见Lana Troy, "Engendering Creation in Ancient Egypt" in Athalya Brenner ed. A Feminist Companion to Reading the Bible:Approaches, Methods and Strategies, p.254.
[72]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, Leiden:Brill,2008, p.71, fig.3.
[73]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, p.71, fig.4.
[74]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, p.72, fig.5.
[75]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, p.69.
[76]F. W. Walbank, "Dynastic Cult" in F. W. Walbank and A. E. Astin eds. The Cambridge Ancient History,2nd Edition, Vol. Ⅷ, Part Ⅰ, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984, p.97.
[77]Eric Gruen, "Greeks and Non-Greeks" in Glen Bough ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006, p.308.
[78]Eric Gruen, "Greeks and Non-Greeks" in Glen Bough ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, pp.308-310.
[79]F. W. Walbank, "Dynastic Cult" in F. W. Walbank and A. E. Astin eds. The Cambridge Ancient History,2nd Edition, Vol. Ⅷ, Part Ⅰ, p.97.
[80]Gunther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, London:Routledge,2001, p. 169-70.
[81]P. Oxy.27.2465.引自 M.M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest:A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2006, p.518.
[82]Branko Ruiter, "The Religious Identification of Ptolemaic Queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis," PhD diss., City University of New York,2007, p.213.
[83]这些称呼常见于敕令开头,如卡诺普斯敕令。卡诺普斯敕令的全文可见Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow eds., The Hellenistic Periods:Historical Sources in Translation, p.265-268.
[84]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.177.
[85]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.161.
[86]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.177
[87]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.179.
[88]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.161, p. 164, p.171.
[89]这些头衔均为阴性,这一点在特洛伊的译文中没有反映出来。见Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.179.
[90]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.39.
[91]John Whitehorne, Cleopatras, London:Routledge,1994, p.182.
[92]John Whitehorne, Cleopatras, p.182.
[93]一些学者亦认为她是托勒密十二世的妻子。参见Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Cairo:The American University in Cairo Press,2004, p 273.
[94]Joan Fletcher, Cleopatra the Great, p.85.
[95]Cicero, Ad Familiares,8.4.
[96]T. C. Skeat, "Notes on Ptolemaic Chronology", JEA 46, p.91.
[97]Plutarch, Crassus 13.1, Cicero, On the Agrarian Law 1.1.
[98]Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 14.35.
[99]Suetonius, The Divine Julius Caesar 54, Caesar, Civil War,3.107
[100]Strabo, Geography 17.1.11
[101]Strabo, Geography 17.1.11
[102]Plutarch, Life of Antony 3.2.
103 Dio Cassius, Roman Histories 39.12.3
[104]相关的一些情况我们可以从西塞罗的辩护词Pro Rabirio中得知。
[105]Herodotus, Histories 2.5
[106]Sally-Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.53.
[107]详见Decree of the Egyptian Priests in Honor of Ptolemy Ⅳ,全文收录于M.M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest:A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, pp.481-484.
[108]Polybius, Histories 5.107.1-3, Stanley Berstein, The Reign of Cleopatra, Westport: Greenwood Press,2004, p.8.
[109]Gunther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, p.223.
[110]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.101.
[111]The Buchis Stela.全文见Jones, Prudence, Cleopatra:A Source Book, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,2006, pp.35-38.
[112]The Buchis Stela.
[113]The Buchis Stela.
[114]Diodorus Siculus Library of History,1.85.
[115]Gunther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, p.223.
[116]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.44.
[117]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.45.
[118]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.245.
[119]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.45. Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.78.
[120]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, pp.78-79.
[121]整个丹德拉神庙的壁画整理研究有肖维耶完成。这里的描述引自Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, pp.95-96.
[122]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.97.
[123]有学者认为安东尼也参与了对这对双胞胎的命名。这种看法并无实际根据。安东尼直到这对双胞胎三岁时才第一次见到他们。参见Duane Roller, The World of Juba Ⅱand Cleopatra Selene, New York:Routledge,2003, p.78.
[124]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.18.
[125]Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris,43.
[1261关于为什么只收编了两首伊西斯赞歌,两位法国学者所给出的解释是伊西斯的赞歌实在是太少见。参见L. V. Zabkar, "Six Hymns to Isis in the Sanctuary of Her Temple at Philae and Their Theological Significance. Part Ⅰ", JEA, Vol.69 (1983), p. 115.
[127]Petra Pakkanen, Interpreting Early Hellenistic Religion:A Study Based on the Mystery Cult of Demeter and the Cult of Isis, Helsinki:Suomen Ateenan-Instituutin Saatio,1996, p.49.
[128]Anne Roullet, The Egyptian and Egyptianizing Monuments of Imperial Rome, Leiden:Brill,1972, p.1.
[129]The Kyme Aretalogy, P. Oxy.11.1380.两篇文献均收录Ross Kraemer, Women's Religion in the Greco-Roman World:A Source Book, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2004, pp.454-456.
[130]O. Hor.10,1.7, Theben Graffito 3145,1.13.
[131]O.Hor.10,1.10.
[132]O. Hor.10,1.16.
[133]pHeid.dem.736 verso, x+7.
[134]参看Plutarch, Antonius 26-27
[135]Vergil, Aineid 8.698.
[136]Maria Swetnam-Burland, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination", PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002, p.31.
[137]Anne Roullet, The Egyptian and Egyptianizing Monuments of Imperial Rome, p. 2.
[138]Sarolta Takacs, Vestal Virgins, Sybels, and Matrons:Women in Roman Religion, Austin:University of Taxes Press,2008, p.77.
[139]Maria Swetnam-Burland, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination", PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002, p.39.
[140]Maria Swetnam-Burland, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination", PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002, pp.43-45.
[141]Diana Kleiner, Cleopatra and Rome [M], Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2005, p.173.当然,埃及主题的艺术品并不总是反映出罗马人对埃及的热爱,在一些其他场合,它们亦体现出罗马人对于异邦的优越感。
[142]Eric Gruen, "Cleopatra in Rome, Facts and Fantasies" in D. Braund and C. Gill eds., Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome, Exeter:University of Exeter Press,2003, pp.258-74.
[143]Dio Cassius, Roman History 43.27
[144]Cicero, Ad Atticum 14.8.1,14.20.2,15.1.5,15.4.4,15.15.2
[145]Appian, Cival War,2.102.
[146]Susan Walker and Peter Higgs, Cleopatra of Egypt:From History to Myth, London:British Museum Press,2001, pp.216-217.
[147]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.144.
[148]Sally-Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.143, Susan Walker and Peter Higgs, Cleopatra of Egypt:From History to Myth,2001, pp.208-209.
[149]Walker, Susan and Peter Higgs, Cleopatra of Egypt:From History to Myth, p. 217.
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[57].Skeat, T. C., "Notes on Ptolemaic Chronology" [J], JEA 46, pp.91-94.
[58].Swetnam-Burland, Maria, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination" [D], PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002.
[59].Syme, Ronald, Roman Revolution [M], Oxford:Oxford University Press,1939.
[60].Takacs, Sarolta, Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, and Matrons:Women in Roman Religion [M], Austin:University of Taxes Press,2008.
[61].Troy, Lana, "Engendering Creation in Ancient Egypt" [A] in Athalya Brenner ed. A Feminist Companion to Reading the Bible:Approaches, Methods and Strategies [C], Sheffeild:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, pp.238-269.
[62]. Troy, Lana, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History [M], Uppsala:Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis,1986.
[63].Tyldesley, Joyce, Cleopatra, Last Queen of Egypt [M], London:Profile Books, 2008.
[64].Tyldesley, Joyce, Daughters of Isis [M], London:Penguin Books,1995.
[65].Velde, Te, Seth, God of Confusion [M], Leiden:Brill,1967.
[66]. Walker, Edward, "Aspects of the Primaeval Nature of Egyptian Kingship: Pharaoh as Atum," [D] PhD diss., University of Chicago,1991.
[67]. Walker, Susan and Peter Higgs, Cleopatra of Egypt:From History to Myth [M], London:British Museum Press,2001.
[68]. Walbank, F. W. and A. E. Astin eds. The Cambridge Ancient History,2nd Edition, Vol. VIII, Part I, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984.
[69].Whitehorne, John, Cleopatras [M], London:Routledge,1994.
[70]. Wyke, Maria, The Roman Mistress [M], Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002.
[71].Zabkar, L. V., "Six Hymns to Isis in the Sanctuary of Her Temple at Philae and Their Theological Significance. Part I" [J], JEA, Vol.69 (1983).
[2]Propertius, Elegies,3.11.39.
[3]Maria Wyke, The Roman Mistress, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002, p.223.
[4]Ronald Syme, Roman Revolution, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1939, p.275.
[5]Joan Fletcher, Cleopatra the Great, London:Hodder & Stoughton,2008, p.11.
[6]Duane Roller, Cleopatra:A Biography, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010, p. 6.
[7]这方面的代表作有迈克尔·格兰特的克里奥帕特拉传记。
[8]Joan Fletcher, Cleopatra the Great, Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, London:Profile Books,2008, Sally-Ann Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,2008.
[9]这里的自我形象建构可理解为女王本人以及她的追随者们对她的形象所进行的建构。在埃及,一切有关女王的形象塑造都反映出她本人的意志。
[10]Branko Ruiter, "The Religious Identification of Ptolemaic Queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis," PhD diss., City University of New York,2007, pp.15-16.
[11]David O' Connor and David P. Silverman, "Introduction" in David O' Connor and David P. Silverman eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship, Leiden:Brill,1996, p. XIX
[12]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis,1986, p.10。
[13]George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, New York: Routledge,2005, p.113.
[14]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.19.
[15]George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, p.109.
[16]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 17.
[17]The Memphite Theology,50a-51a, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1:The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom, Berkley:University of California Press,1973, p.54.
[18]George Hart, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, p.100.
[19]The Victory Stela of King Piye, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol Ⅲ:The Late Period, Berkley:California University Press,1980, p.70.
[20]Herodotus, Histories 2.171.
[21]Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1:The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom, p.40.
[22]Graldine Pinch, Handbook of Egyptian Mythology, California:ABC-CLIO,2002, p.170.
[23]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 18.
[24]Edward Walker, "Aspects of the Primaeval Nature of Egyptian Kingship:Pharaoh as Atum," PhD diss., University of Chicago,1991, p.1.
[25]PT 1248 a-d, Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.16.
[26]CT Ⅱ160-160a, Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.16.
[27]R.O. Fulkner, Papyrus Bremner- Rhind, Brusells:Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisbeth,1933, p.60.
[28]Lana Troy, "Engendering Creation in Ancient Egypt" in Athalya Brenner ed. A Feminist Companion to Reading the Bible:Approaches, Methods and Strategies, Sheffeild:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, p.243.
[29]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.29.
[30]以上的讨论可参看Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.29.
[31]故事的全文收录于Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol Ⅱ:The New Kingdom, Berkley:California University Press,1976, pp.197-199.
[32]Karnak Relief of Seti Ⅰ, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.3, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1906, p.118, Karnark Relief of Ramses Ⅱ, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.3, p.160, The Athribis Stela, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.3, p.254, Great Inscription of the First Pylon of Medinet Habu, Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol.4, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1906, Hymns to King Sosestis Ⅲ, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1:The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom, p.198-200.
[33]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.35.
[34]Te Velde, Seth, God of Confusion, Leiden:Brill,1967, p.49-50.
[35]Louvre I.3079.10.译文参见Lana Troy, "Engendering Creation in Ancient Egypt" in Athalya Brenner ed. A Feminist Companion to Reading the Bible: Approaches, Methods and Strategies, p.248.
[36]CT148,W.K.Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt:An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry,3rd Edition, New Heaven:Yale University Press,2003, p.263.
[37]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 132.
[38]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p.132.
[39]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 68.
[40]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History,1986, p. 68.
[41]R.O. Fulkner, Papyrus Bremner- Rhind, p.71.
[42]O. Hor.10,1.2-3, Theben Grafitto 3156,1.11, Theben Grafitto 3445,1.13,pHeid. dem.736 verso, x+4,这些文献收编于Holger Kockelmann, Praising the Goddess:A Comparative and Annotated Re-Edition of Six Demotic Hymns and Praises Addressed to Isis, Berlin:Walter de Gruyter,2008.
[43]pHeid.dem.736 verso, x+4.
[44]见文后所附图片。
[45]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.136.
[46]麦纳特是一种带有珠串的乐器。
[47]特洛伊曾对自第一王朝到托勒密王朝所有的王后头衔做了编订。参见Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, pp181-197.
[48]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, pp.181-197.
[49]Christian Ziegler, "the Queens of the New Kingdom" in Christian Ziegler ed. The Pharaohs, New York:Rizzoli International Press,2002, p.250.
[50]The Contendings of Horus and Seth,4.1-4.3.译文见W. K. Simpson, The Literature of Ancient Egypt:An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry,3rd Edition, p.94.
[51]参见Joyce Tyldesley, Daughters of Isis, London:Penguin Books,1994, pp.221-222
[52]这一时期她所拥有的头衔是王后所常有的,如“国王的妻子”、“国王的女儿”、 “国王的姐妹等”。并且当时她为自己建造的陵墓也符合王后的身份。
[53]根据考古发现,在这一时期哈特谢普苏特为自己建了庞大的神殿和符合法老规格的陵墓,故断定她在此时篡权。参见Joyce Tyldesley, Daughters of Isis, p.223.她大约是公元前1479年上台的。参见David. P. Silverman, "The New Kingdom" in Christiane Ziegler ed., The Pharaohs, New York:Rezzoli International Publications, 2002, p.56.
[54]David O' Connor and David P. Silverman, "Introduction" in David O' Connor and David P. Silverman eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship, Leiden:Brill,1996, p. ⅩⅧ.
[55]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.142.
[56]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.142.
[57]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.141.
[58]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.142.
[59]过往的一些有关托勒密王室女性的研究,如G. H. Macurdy, Hellenistic Queens, Chicago:Ares Publishers,1932, R. A. Hazzard, Imagination of a Monarchy:Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2000, Sarah Pomeroy, Women in Hellenistic Egypt:From Alexander to Cleopatra, New York:Schocken Books,1984.对托勒密王朝对古埃及意识形态的继承和发展这一问题缺乏关注。
[60]David O' Connor and David P. Silverman, "Introduction" in David O' Connor and David P. Silverman eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship, p. ⅩⅪ
[61]Pausanius, Description of Greece,1.7.1, Theocritus, Idylls,17.128.
[62]宝桑尼乌斯显然也意识到这一点。见Pausanius, Description of Greece,1.7.1.
[63]Christian Ziegler, "the Queens of the New Kingdom" in Christian Ziegler ed. The Pharaohs, New York:Rizzoli International Press,2002, p.256.
[64]Pausanius, Description of Greece,1.7.1
[65]Plutarch, The Education of Children,14, Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists,14.621
[66]Plutarch, The Education of Children,14,在这里普鲁塔克将索塔德斯作为反面教材教育年轻人。
[67]Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists,14.621
[68]Homer, Iliad,16.432,17.356.
[69]Theocritus, Idylls,17.131-134
[70]The Naucratis Stela of Nectabo Ⅰ,译文见Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol Ⅲ:The Late Period, p.87.
[71]Esna Text 206,1-2,译文见Lana Troy, "Engendering Creation in Ancient Egypt" in Athalya Brenner ed. A Feminist Companion to Reading the Bible:Approaches, Methods and Strategies, p.254.
[72]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, Leiden:Brill,2008, p.71, fig.3.
[73]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, p.71, fig.4.
[74]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, p.72, fig.5.
[75]Kathlyn Cooney, "Androgynous Bronze Figurines in Storage at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art" in Sue D'Auria, Servant of Mut:Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, p.69.
[76]F. W. Walbank, "Dynastic Cult" in F. W. Walbank and A. E. Astin eds. The Cambridge Ancient History,2nd Edition, Vol. Ⅷ, Part Ⅰ, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984, p.97.
[77]Eric Gruen, "Greeks and Non-Greeks" in Glen Bough ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006, p.308.
[78]Eric Gruen, "Greeks and Non-Greeks" in Glen Bough ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, pp.308-310.
[79]F. W. Walbank, "Dynastic Cult" in F. W. Walbank and A. E. Astin eds. The Cambridge Ancient History,2nd Edition, Vol. Ⅷ, Part Ⅰ, p.97.
[80]Gunther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, London:Routledge,2001, p. 169-70.
[81]P. Oxy.27.2465.引自 M.M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest:A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2006, p.518.
[82]Branko Ruiter, "The Religious Identification of Ptolemaic Queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis," PhD diss., City University of New York,2007, p.213.
[83]这些称呼常见于敕令开头,如卡诺普斯敕令。卡诺普斯敕令的全文可见Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow eds., The Hellenistic Periods:Historical Sources in Translation, p.265-268.
[84]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.177.
[85]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.161.
[86]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.177
[87]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.179.
[88]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.161, p. 164, p.171.
[89]这些头衔均为阴性,这一点在特洛伊的译文中没有反映出来。见Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.179.
[90]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.39.
[91]John Whitehorne, Cleopatras, London:Routledge,1994, p.182.
[92]John Whitehorne, Cleopatras, p.182.
[93]一些学者亦认为她是托勒密十二世的妻子。参见Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Cairo:The American University in Cairo Press,2004, p 273.
[94]Joan Fletcher, Cleopatra the Great, p.85.
[95]Cicero, Ad Familiares,8.4.
[96]T. C. Skeat, "Notes on Ptolemaic Chronology", JEA 46, p.91.
[97]Plutarch, Crassus 13.1, Cicero, On the Agrarian Law 1.1.
[98]Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 14.35.
[99]Suetonius, The Divine Julius Caesar 54, Caesar, Civil War,3.107
[100]Strabo, Geography 17.1.11
[101]Strabo, Geography 17.1.11
[102]Plutarch, Life of Antony 3.2.
103 Dio Cassius, Roman Histories 39.12.3
[104]相关的一些情况我们可以从西塞罗的辩护词Pro Rabirio中得知。
[105]Herodotus, Histories 2.5
[106]Sally-Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.53.
[107]详见Decree of the Egyptian Priests in Honor of Ptolemy Ⅳ,全文收录于M.M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest:A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, pp.481-484.
[108]Polybius, Histories 5.107.1-3, Stanley Berstein, The Reign of Cleopatra, Westport: Greenwood Press,2004, p.8.
[109]Gunther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, p.223.
[110]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.101.
[111]The Buchis Stela.全文见Jones, Prudence, Cleopatra:A Source Book, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,2006, pp.35-38.
[112]The Buchis Stela.
[113]The Buchis Stela.
[114]Diodorus Siculus Library of History,1.85.
[115]Gunther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, p.223.
[116]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.44.
[117]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.45.
[118]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.245.
[119]Joyce Tydesley, Cleopatra:the Last Queen of Egypt, p.45. Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.78.
[120]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, pp.78-79.
[121]整个丹德拉神庙的壁画整理研究有肖维耶完成。这里的描述引自Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, pp.95-96.
[122]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.97.
[123]有学者认为安东尼也参与了对这对双胞胎的命名。这种看法并无实际根据。安东尼直到这对双胞胎三岁时才第一次见到他们。参见Duane Roller, The World of Juba Ⅱand Cleopatra Selene, New York:Routledge,2003, p.78.
[124]Lana Troy, Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History, p.18.
[125]Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris,43.
[1261关于为什么只收编了两首伊西斯赞歌,两位法国学者所给出的解释是伊西斯的赞歌实在是太少见。参见L. V. Zabkar, "Six Hymns to Isis in the Sanctuary of Her Temple at Philae and Their Theological Significance. Part Ⅰ", JEA, Vol.69 (1983), p. 115.
[127]Petra Pakkanen, Interpreting Early Hellenistic Religion:A Study Based on the Mystery Cult of Demeter and the Cult of Isis, Helsinki:Suomen Ateenan-Instituutin Saatio,1996, p.49.
[128]Anne Roullet, The Egyptian and Egyptianizing Monuments of Imperial Rome, Leiden:Brill,1972, p.1.
[129]The Kyme Aretalogy, P. Oxy.11.1380.两篇文献均收录Ross Kraemer, Women's Religion in the Greco-Roman World:A Source Book, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2004, pp.454-456.
[130]O. Hor.10,1.7, Theben Graffito 3145,1.13.
[131]O.Hor.10,1.10.
[132]O. Hor.10,1.16.
[133]pHeid.dem.736 verso, x+7.
[134]参看Plutarch, Antonius 26-27
[135]Vergil, Aineid 8.698.
[136]Maria Swetnam-Burland, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination", PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002, p.31.
[137]Anne Roullet, The Egyptian and Egyptianizing Monuments of Imperial Rome, p. 2.
[138]Sarolta Takacs, Vestal Virgins, Sybels, and Matrons:Women in Roman Religion, Austin:University of Taxes Press,2008, p.77.
[139]Maria Swetnam-Burland, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination", PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002, p.39.
[140]Maria Swetnam-Burland, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination", PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002, pp.43-45.
[141]Diana Kleiner, Cleopatra and Rome [M], Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2005, p.173.当然,埃及主题的艺术品并不总是反映出罗马人对埃及的热爱,在一些其他场合,它们亦体现出罗马人对于异邦的优越感。
[142]Eric Gruen, "Cleopatra in Rome, Facts and Fantasies" in D. Braund and C. Gill eds., Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome, Exeter:University of Exeter Press,2003, pp.258-74.
[143]Dio Cassius, Roman History 43.27
[144]Cicero, Ad Atticum 14.8.1,14.20.2,15.1.5,15.4.4,15.15.2
[145]Appian, Cival War,2.102.
[146]Susan Walker and Peter Higgs, Cleopatra of Egypt:From History to Myth, London:British Museum Press,2001, pp.216-217.
[147]Sally- Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.144.
[148]Sally-Anne Ashton, Cleopatra and Egypt, p.143, Susan Walker and Peter Higgs, Cleopatra of Egypt:From History to Myth,2001, pp.208-209.
[149]Walker, Susan and Peter Higgs, Cleopatra of Egypt:From History to Myth, p. 217.
[1]. Appian, Roman History.
[2]. Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists.
[3]. Caesar, Civil War.
[4]. Cicero, Ad Familiares.
[5]. Cicero, On the Agrarian Law.
[6]. Cicero, Ad Atticum.
[7]. Cicero, Pro Rabrio.
[8]. Dio Cassius, Roman History.
[9]. Diodorus Siculus, Library of History.
[10]. Herodotus, Histories.
[11].Homer, Iliad.
[12]. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities.
[13].Pausanius, Description of Greece.
[14].Polybius, Histories.
[15]. Plutarch, The Education of Children.
[16]. Plutarch, Life of Antony.
[17]. Plutarch, Life of Caesar.
[18].Plutarch, Life of Crassus.
[19].Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris.
[20].Propertius, Elegies.
[21]. Strabo, Geography.
[22]. Suetonius, The Divine Julius Caesar.
[23]. Theocritus, Idylls.
[24]. Vergil, Aeneid.
[25].Ashton, Sally-Ann, Cleopatra and Egypt [M], Oxford:Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
[26]. Austin, M. M., The Hellenistic World From Alexander to the Roman Conquest:A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation [G], Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[27].Bagnall, Roger and Peter Derow eds., The Hellenistic Period:Historical Sources in Translation [G], Oxford:Blackwell Publishing,2004.
[28].Berstein, Stanley, The Reign of Cleopatra [M], Westport:Greenwood Press, 2004.
[29].Braund, D. and C. Gill eds., Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome [C], Exeter:University of Exeter Press,2003.
[30].Breasted, Henry, Ancient Records of Egypt:Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest Ⅰ-Ⅴ [G], Chicago:Chicago University Press,1906.
[31].Bugh, Glenn ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World [M], Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[32].Dodson, Aidan and Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt[M], Cairo:The American University in Cairo Press,2004.
[33].Faulkner, R.O., Papyrus Bremner-Rhind [G], Brusells:Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisbeth,1933.
[34].Fletcher, Joan, Cleopatra the Great [M], London:Hodder & Stoughton,2008.
[35].Grant, Michael, Cleopatra [M], London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1972.
[36].Hazzard, R. A., Imagination of a Monarchy:Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda [M], Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2000.
[37].Heart, George, A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses [M], New York: Routledge,2005.
[38].Hornung, Erik, Conceptions of God:the One and the Many [M], Translated by John Baines, London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1982.
[39].Holbl, Gumther, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire [M], New York:Routledge, 2001.
[40]. Jones, Prudence, Cleopatra:A Source Book [G], Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,2006.
[41].Kleiner, Diana, Cleopatra and Rome [M], Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,2005.
[42].Kockelmann, Holger, Praising the Goddess [G], Berlin:Walter de Gruyter,2008.
[43].Kraemer, Ross, Women's Religion in the Greco-Roman World:A Source Book [G], Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004.
[44].Lichtheim, Miriam, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1:The Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom [G], Berkley:University of California Press,1973.
[45].Lichtheim, Miriam, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. Ⅱ:The New Kingdom, Berkley:California University Press,1976
[46].Lichtheim, Miriam, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. Ⅲ:The Late Period, Berkley:California University Press,1980.
[47].Macurdy, G. H., Hellenistic Queens [M], Chicago:Ares Publishers,1932.
[48]. O' Connor, David and David P. Silverman eds., Ancient Egyptian Kingship [C], Leiden:Brill,1996.
[49].Pakkanen, Petra, Interpreting Early Hellenistic Religion:A Study Based on the Mystery Cult ofDemeter and the Cult of Isis [M], Helsinki:Suomen Ateenan-Instituutin Saatio,1996.
[50].Pinch, Graldine, Handbook of Egyptian Mythology [M], California:ABC-CLIO, 2002.
[51].Pomeroy, Sarah, Women in Hellenistic Egypt:From Alexander to Cleopatra [M], New York:Schocken Books,1984.
[52].Roullet, Anne, The Egyptian and Egyptianizing Monuments of Imperial Rome [M], Leiden:Brill,1972.
[53].Roller, Duane, Cleopatra:A Biography [M], Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2010.
[54].Roller, Duane, The World of Juba Ⅱ and Kleopatra Selene [M], New York: Routledge,2003.
[55].Ruiter, Branko, "The Religious Identification of Ptolemaic Queens with Aphrodite, Demeter, Hathor and Isis," [D] PhD diss., City University of New York,2007.
[56]. Simpson, W. K. ed., The Literature of Ancient Egypt [G], New Heaven:Yale University Press,2003.
[57].Skeat, T. C., "Notes on Ptolemaic Chronology" [J], JEA 46, pp.91-94.
[58].Swetnam-Burland, Maria, "Egypt in the Roman Imagination" [D], PhD diss., University of Michigan,2002.
[59].Syme, Ronald, Roman Revolution [M], Oxford:Oxford University Press,1939.
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