福建沿海中华白海豚的分布与种群数量调查
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摘要
中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)是我国海洋鲸豚类中惟一的一种国家一级保护动物,在我国主要分布于东南沿海。福建沿海的河口港湾众多,曾是中华白海豚重要的分布区。据文献记载,福建沿海的沙埕港、三都澳、罗源湾、闽江口、兴化湾、洲洲湾、泉州湾、厦门港和东山湾等地均曾有中华白海豚的分布。目前,福建沿海仅厦门水域的中华白海豚种群研究较多,受到较高的关注,现已建立了国家级自然保护区进行就地保护。除了厦门水域之外,福建沿海其他水域是否还存在中华白海豚的分布、分布的范围、种群数量、栖息地环境状况等情况至今还缺乏科学的了解。于2010年至2013年间,本研究通过渔民问卷、截线抽样法调查及照相识别等方法,对福建沿海中华白海豚的历史和现今分布范围、衰减进程、种群数量及栖息地环境状况等进行了较为系统的研究,主要结果和结论如下：
(1)2010年4月至2011年11月期间,先后走访福建沿海的27个渔港码头或渔村的渔民,共获得有效问卷239份,探讨了福建沿海历史上和当今中华白海豚的分布情况。调查结果表明：历史上(35-45年前),中华白海豚在福建沿海呈连续的分布状态,宁德水域、罗源湾、闽江口、湄洲湾、泉州湾、厦门水域和东山湾等地曾有较大的中华白海豚种群分布；而如今,除厦门水域外,仅在宁德部分水域、泉州湾和东山湾还可能存在中华白海豚的分布,因为这几个地方的渔民在海上捕鱼作业时还能经常见到白海豚。
(2)在2010年8月至2013年1月期间,对宁德、泉州湾、厦门和东山湾分别进行了截线抽样法调查。调查结果表明,福建沿海除了厦门水域外,在宁德水域、泉州湾和东山湾确实还存在中华白海豚的分布。西港、九龙江口、浯屿、同安湾、大嶝岛和小嶝岛水域是厦门水域中华白海豚的重要分布区,且数量具有季节性变化。冬春季,中华白海豚多集中在西港水域及同安湾口附近水域；而夏秋季,则有明显外移的趋势,九龙江口、浯屿、大嶝和小嶝水域的发现频率明显上升。宁德水域共发现5群中华白海豚,主要集中在长腰岛和东安岛附近。而在泉州湾和东山湾仅分别发现了1群和2群中华白海豚,分别位于白屿和大霜岛水域。
(3)采用照相识别技术,通过对中华白海豚的背鳍缺刻、斑点(块)分布方式、划痕、疤痕等识别特征进行个体识别,在厦门共识别出39头具有显著标志特征的白海豚个体,而在宁德、东山湾和泉州分别出6头、2头和1头中华白海豚个体。研究期间内,仅厦门水域累积识别的白海豚个体数呈上升趋势,但上升趋势趋于平缓,表明厦门水域仅有极少部分个体示被识别。基于照相识别的数据,我们用标志重捕法来估算厦门海域的种群数量。结果表明,具有显著识别特征的白海豚个体数量估计为40头(95%CI=38-42)。而厦门水域还发现23头没有显著标志特征的未成年个体。综合分析,厦门海域中华白海豚种群数量在61-65头之间。将宁德、泉州、厦门和东山湾发现的中华白海豚个体进行对比分析,彼此间均没有发现相同个体,尚无证据表明福建沿海这四个地方的白海豚之间存在个体迁移和交流。
(4)宁德水域、泉州湾、厦门水域和东山湾均存在高强度的人类活动,这四个地方的白海豚均面临人类活动的影响,如网箱养殖、涉海工程、航运对对中华白海豚构成了巨大威胁。
最后,结合本次研究的结果和有关资料提出了福建沿海中华白海豚相关的保护和管理对策。
Chinese white dolphin (CWD, Sousa chinensis) is the only First-grade state protected marine cetacean in China, and mainly distributes along the southeast coastal waters. Fujian province is characterized with numerous harbours and estuaries, which is once one of the important distribution areas of the CWD. According to the literatures, this species could be found in Shacheng Port, Sanduao waters, Luoyuan Bay, Minjiang River Estuary, Xinghua Bay, Meizhou Bay, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen Harbour and Dongshan Gulf, etc. While unfortunately, there is no direct studies on distribution, abundance and habitat quality of CWD along Fujian coastal waters except Xiamen in which National Nature Reserve has been established. From2010to2013, we mainly studied the history and current distribution, decline process, population size and habitat quality of CWD along the Fujian coast by using interviews with inshore fishermen, line-transect survey and photo-identification technology, and the main results and conclusions are as follows:
1. From April2010to November2011, a series of questionnaires were conducted to collect information from local fishermen in Fujian province about their encounters with Sousa chinensis in wild in order to explore the historical and current distribution of CWD. Totally,239questionnaires were obtained at27fishing communities or fishing port along Fujian coast. The results indicated that CWD distributed Fujian coastal waters continuously in large population along Ningde waters, Luoyuan Bay, Minjiang River Estuary, Meizhou Bay, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen Harbour and Dongshan Gulf in history (35-45years ago); and now, except Xiamen waters, there were still sporadic sightings of CWD in Ningde waters, Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan Gulf by fishermen.
2. From August2010to February2013, we have conducted line-transect survey of CWD in Ningde waters, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen waters and Dongshan Gulf and confirmed that there were resident CWD populations in these waters. The CWD occurred all the year around in Xiamen waters, and Xigang, Jiulongjiang River Estuary, Wuyu Island, and the area between the Tongan Hay to Dadeng Island represented the major distribution area of CWD in Xiamen. Significant seasonal changes in distribution in all Xiamen waters were found as well. In spring and winter, significant numbers of CWD occurred in Xigang and the mouth of I'ongan Hay, while in the other seasons, the sightings in Xigang decreased relatively with sightings in Jiulongjiang River Kstuary, Wuyu Island and the area between the mouth of Tongan Bay to Dadeng Island increasing, suggesting an outward movement pattern of CWD from the inside harbour to outside waters from spring and winter to summer and autumn.
Furthermore, boat surveys also confirmed that there were still small resident CWD populations in Ningde waters, Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan Gulf. Five groups of CWD were sighted in Ningde waters, which mainly distributed near Changyao Island and Dongan Island. While in Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan (iulf we only found one group and two groups of CWD, respectively, which mainly distributed in Haiyu waters and Dashuang Island waters separately.
3. By using photo-identification methods,39individuals with remarkable characteristics,6individuals,1individual and2individuals were identified in Xiamen, Ningde, Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan Gulf, respectively based on pigmentation and speckle patterns, nicks, wound marks and so on. In the study period, only the cumulative number of identified CWD increased in Xiamen, while the growth rate was slightly, which suggested there were limited individuals which had not been identified in this waters. Based on the photo-identification data, capture-recapture method (CRM) was used to estimate the abundance of CWD in Xiamen waters. The CRM methods generated the abundance estimates of40(95%CI=38-42). Plus the23young individuals without obvious identified characteristic, the population abundance was estimated to be61-65individuals in all the Xiamen waters. By contrast the individuals recognized in Ningde, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen and Dongshan Gulf, we have not found the same one with each other, so there was no evidence that the CWD in these waters existed individual migration and communication.
4. Additionally, threat factors were proposed based on the present studies, in which the construction of the port, heavy marine traffic, extensive aquaculture and so on had a significant impact on the CWD. At last, some practical measures were provided for the conservation and management in order to decrease the threats mentioned above.
(1)2010年4月至2011年11月期间,先后走访福建沿海的27个渔港码头或渔村的渔民,共获得有效问卷239份,探讨了福建沿海历史上和当今中华白海豚的分布情况。调查结果表明：历史上(35-45年前),中华白海豚在福建沿海呈连续的分布状态,宁德水域、罗源湾、闽江口、湄洲湾、泉州湾、厦门水域和东山湾等地曾有较大的中华白海豚种群分布；而如今,除厦门水域外,仅在宁德部分水域、泉州湾和东山湾还可能存在中华白海豚的分布,因为这几个地方的渔民在海上捕鱼作业时还能经常见到白海豚。
(2)在2010年8月至2013年1月期间,对宁德、泉州湾、厦门和东山湾分别进行了截线抽样法调查。调查结果表明,福建沿海除了厦门水域外,在宁德水域、泉州湾和东山湾确实还存在中华白海豚的分布。西港、九龙江口、浯屿、同安湾、大嶝岛和小嶝岛水域是厦门水域中华白海豚的重要分布区,且数量具有季节性变化。冬春季,中华白海豚多集中在西港水域及同安湾口附近水域；而夏秋季,则有明显外移的趋势,九龙江口、浯屿、大嶝和小嶝水域的发现频率明显上升。宁德水域共发现5群中华白海豚,主要集中在长腰岛和东安岛附近。而在泉州湾和东山湾仅分别发现了1群和2群中华白海豚,分别位于白屿和大霜岛水域。
(3)采用照相识别技术,通过对中华白海豚的背鳍缺刻、斑点(块)分布方式、划痕、疤痕等识别特征进行个体识别,在厦门共识别出39头具有显著标志特征的白海豚个体,而在宁德、东山湾和泉州分别出6头、2头和1头中华白海豚个体。研究期间内,仅厦门水域累积识别的白海豚个体数呈上升趋势,但上升趋势趋于平缓,表明厦门水域仅有极少部分个体示被识别。基于照相识别的数据,我们用标志重捕法来估算厦门海域的种群数量。结果表明,具有显著识别特征的白海豚个体数量估计为40头(95%CI=38-42)。而厦门水域还发现23头没有显著标志特征的未成年个体。综合分析,厦门海域中华白海豚种群数量在61-65头之间。将宁德、泉州、厦门和东山湾发现的中华白海豚个体进行对比分析,彼此间均没有发现相同个体,尚无证据表明福建沿海这四个地方的白海豚之间存在个体迁移和交流。
(4)宁德水域、泉州湾、厦门水域和东山湾均存在高强度的人类活动,这四个地方的白海豚均面临人类活动的影响,如网箱养殖、涉海工程、航运对对中华白海豚构成了巨大威胁。
最后,结合本次研究的结果和有关资料提出了福建沿海中华白海豚相关的保护和管理对策。
Chinese white dolphin (CWD, Sousa chinensis) is the only First-grade state protected marine cetacean in China, and mainly distributes along the southeast coastal waters. Fujian province is characterized with numerous harbours and estuaries, which is once one of the important distribution areas of the CWD. According to the literatures, this species could be found in Shacheng Port, Sanduao waters, Luoyuan Bay, Minjiang River Estuary, Xinghua Bay, Meizhou Bay, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen Harbour and Dongshan Gulf, etc. While unfortunately, there is no direct studies on distribution, abundance and habitat quality of CWD along Fujian coastal waters except Xiamen in which National Nature Reserve has been established. From2010to2013, we mainly studied the history and current distribution, decline process, population size and habitat quality of CWD along the Fujian coast by using interviews with inshore fishermen, line-transect survey and photo-identification technology, and the main results and conclusions are as follows:
1. From April2010to November2011, a series of questionnaires were conducted to collect information from local fishermen in Fujian province about their encounters with Sousa chinensis in wild in order to explore the historical and current distribution of CWD. Totally,239questionnaires were obtained at27fishing communities or fishing port along Fujian coast. The results indicated that CWD distributed Fujian coastal waters continuously in large population along Ningde waters, Luoyuan Bay, Minjiang River Estuary, Meizhou Bay, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen Harbour and Dongshan Gulf in history (35-45years ago); and now, except Xiamen waters, there were still sporadic sightings of CWD in Ningde waters, Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan Gulf by fishermen.
2. From August2010to February2013, we have conducted line-transect survey of CWD in Ningde waters, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen waters and Dongshan Gulf and confirmed that there were resident CWD populations in these waters. The CWD occurred all the year around in Xiamen waters, and Xigang, Jiulongjiang River Estuary, Wuyu Island, and the area between the Tongan Hay to Dadeng Island represented the major distribution area of CWD in Xiamen. Significant seasonal changes in distribution in all Xiamen waters were found as well. In spring and winter, significant numbers of CWD occurred in Xigang and the mouth of I'ongan Hay, while in the other seasons, the sightings in Xigang decreased relatively with sightings in Jiulongjiang River Kstuary, Wuyu Island and the area between the mouth of Tongan Bay to Dadeng Island increasing, suggesting an outward movement pattern of CWD from the inside harbour to outside waters from spring and winter to summer and autumn.
Furthermore, boat surveys also confirmed that there were still small resident CWD populations in Ningde waters, Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan Gulf. Five groups of CWD were sighted in Ningde waters, which mainly distributed near Changyao Island and Dongan Island. While in Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan (iulf we only found one group and two groups of CWD, respectively, which mainly distributed in Haiyu waters and Dashuang Island waters separately.
3. By using photo-identification methods,39individuals with remarkable characteristics,6individuals,1individual and2individuals were identified in Xiamen, Ningde, Quanzhou Bay and Dongshan Gulf, respectively based on pigmentation and speckle patterns, nicks, wound marks and so on. In the study period, only the cumulative number of identified CWD increased in Xiamen, while the growth rate was slightly, which suggested there were limited individuals which had not been identified in this waters. Based on the photo-identification data, capture-recapture method (CRM) was used to estimate the abundance of CWD in Xiamen waters. The CRM methods generated the abundance estimates of40(95%CI=38-42). Plus the23young individuals without obvious identified characteristic, the population abundance was estimated to be61-65individuals in all the Xiamen waters. By contrast the individuals recognized in Ningde, Quanzhou Bay, Xiamen and Dongshan Gulf, we have not found the same one with each other, so there was no evidence that the CWD in these waters existed individual migration and communication.
4. Additionally, threat factors were proposed based on the present studies, in which the construction of the port, heavy marine traffic, extensive aquaculture and so on had a significant impact on the CWD. At last, some practical measures were provided for the conservation and management in order to decrease the threats mentioned above.
引文
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