女大学生外表管理行为及其与外表完美主义、自尊的关系研究
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摘要
目前对外表管理的界定多采用Kaiser的定义,即“包含了与个体外表有关的所有注意、决策与行为”。女大学生的外表管理行为与心理健康密切相关。本文通过编制女大学生外表管理行为量表,初步建立了中国女大学生外表管理行为的基本结构,提出了基于中国文化背景下的外表管理行为的定义,并探讨其与外表完美主义、自尊的关系,以深入了解女大学生的外表心理。
本文包括两个部分,第一部分是对女大学生外表管理行为问卷的编制,使用探索性因素和验证性因素分析确定基本结构,并对不同人口统计学变量的特点进行分析比较。第二部分探讨女大学生外表管理行为与外表完美主义、自尊的关系,验证自尊水平对于外表完美主义与外表管理行为起中介作用的假设。
研究得出以下结论：编制的量表包含言行举止、妆容、服饰发型三个维度,该量表的信效度都达到了测量学的要求。女大学生外表管理行为在城乡、专业、年级等变量有不同特点。自尊在外表完美主义与外表管理行为之间起部分中介作用。自尊除了直接影响女大学生外表管理行为外,还通过提高外表完美主义中希望完美子维度的水平间接影响外表管理行为。值得一提的是,与国外外表管理行为的研究只包括面部和／或身体的修饰改善不同,中国女大学生把内在修养与言行举止纳入外表管理且普遍重视,或许与我国文化重视以内养外,形神统一有关。
According to Kaiser, appearance management "encompasses all attention, decisions, and acts relatedto personal appearance". Appearance-management behavior of female college students closely related with mental health. By developing the appearance-management behavior scale of college female students, this article establishments the the basic structure of appearance-management behavior of Chinese female college students, and proposes the definition of appearance management behavior based on the context of Chinese culture, and explores the relationship with the appearance of perfectionism and self-esteem to understand the psychological appearance of college female students.
Thesis includes two studies:Study 1 mainly explored the psychometric characteristics of appearance-management behavior scale. Study 2 mainly explored the relationships about appearance-management behavior, perfectionism and self-esteem, and self-esteem should be attached as a mediating variable affecting the relations between perfectionism and appearance-management behavior.
Based on the analysis and discussion, the conclusions are followed:Exploratory principle factor analysis of the items indicated that the scale had three factors. Psychometric properties analysis shows that the scale achieves from good to exellent levels of internal consistency,test-retest reliability and content,construct and criteria-related validity. Self-esteem should be attached as a mediating variable affecting the relations between perfectionism and appearance-management behavior. Also, the appearance-management behavior of Chinese female college students includes the demeanor of the inner self-cultivation and management and the general appearance of attention, perhaps with less emphasis on raising our culture, the God-shaped harmonization.
本文包括两个部分,第一部分是对女大学生外表管理行为问卷的编制,使用探索性因素和验证性因素分析确定基本结构,并对不同人口统计学变量的特点进行分析比较。第二部分探讨女大学生外表管理行为与外表完美主义、自尊的关系,验证自尊水平对于外表完美主义与外表管理行为起中介作用的假设。
研究得出以下结论：编制的量表包含言行举止、妆容、服饰发型三个维度,该量表的信效度都达到了测量学的要求。女大学生外表管理行为在城乡、专业、年级等变量有不同特点。自尊在外表完美主义与外表管理行为之间起部分中介作用。自尊除了直接影响女大学生外表管理行为外,还通过提高外表完美主义中希望完美子维度的水平间接影响外表管理行为。值得一提的是,与国外外表管理行为的研究只包括面部和／或身体的修饰改善不同,中国女大学生把内在修养与言行举止纳入外表管理且普遍重视,或许与我国文化重视以内养外,形神统一有关。
According to Kaiser, appearance management "encompasses all attention, decisions, and acts relatedto personal appearance". Appearance-management behavior of female college students closely related with mental health. By developing the appearance-management behavior scale of college female students, this article establishments the the basic structure of appearance-management behavior of Chinese female college students, and proposes the definition of appearance management behavior based on the context of Chinese culture, and explores the relationship with the appearance of perfectionism and self-esteem to understand the psychological appearance of college female students.
Thesis includes two studies:Study 1 mainly explored the psychometric characteristics of appearance-management behavior scale. Study 2 mainly explored the relationships about appearance-management behavior, perfectionism and self-esteem, and self-esteem should be attached as a mediating variable affecting the relations between perfectionism and appearance-management behavior.
Based on the analysis and discussion, the conclusions are followed:Exploratory principle factor analysis of the items indicated that the scale had three factors. Psychometric properties analysis shows that the scale achieves from good to exellent levels of internal consistency,test-retest reliability and content,construct and criteria-related validity. Self-esteem should be attached as a mediating variable affecting the relations between perfectionism and appearance-management behavior. Also, the appearance-management behavior of Chinese female college students includes the demeanor of the inner self-cultivation and management and the general appearance of attention, perhaps with less emphasis on raising our culture, the God-shaped harmonization.
引文
1. Baron R, Kenny D. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,51(6):1173-1182
2. Banister E N, Margaret K. Negative symbolic consumption and consumers' drive for self-esteem. European Journal of Marketing.2004,38(7):850-868
3. Baumeister R F, Campbell J D, Krueger J I, et al. Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyle? Psychological Science in the Public Interest,2003,4(1):1-44
4. Blatt S J, Zuroff D C, et al. When and how perfectionism impedes the brief treatment of depression:Further analyses of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,1998,2:423-428.
5. Boultwood A, Jerrard R. Ambivalence, and Its Relation to Fashion and the Body. Fashion Theory:The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture,2000,4(3): 301-321
6. Brannon E L. Affect and cognition in appearance management:A review. In S. J. Lennon & L. D. Burns (Eds.), Social science aspects of dress:New directions Monument, CO:International Textiles and Apparel Association.1993:82-92
7. Burns D. The perfectionist's script for self-defeat. Psychology Today,1980,14: 34-52
8. Chang E C Watkins A, Banks K H. How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning:Testing a stress-mediation model in black and white female college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology.2004,51(1):93-102
9. Cohane G H, Harrison G. Body image in boys:A review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders,2001,29(4):373-379
10. Cox B J, Enns M W, Clara I P. The Multidimensional Structure of Perfectionism in Clinically Distressed and College Student Samples. Psychological Assessment,2002,14(3):365-373
11. Covington M V. Making the grade:a self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform. Cambridge University Press,1992
12. Davis C., Dionne M.and Shuster B. Physical and psychological correlates of appearance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences,2001,30:21-30
13. Fedewa B A, et al. Positive and negative perfectionism and the shame/guilt distinction:adaptive and maladaptive characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences,2005,38(7):1609-1619
14. Fossati P, Hevenor S J,and etc. In Search of the Emotional Self:An fMRI Study Using Positive and Negative Emotional Words. Am J Psychiatry. 2003,160:1938-1945
15. Frost R O et al. Perfectionism and evaluative threat. Cognitive therapy and research,1990,14(6):559-572
16. Gilman R, Barry J. Multidimensional Perfectionism in a Sample of Middle School Students:An Exploratory Investigation. Psychology in the Schools, 2003,40(6):677-689
17. Gilman R, Ashby J S, Sverko D. The relationship between perfectionism and multidimensional life satisfaction among Croatian and American youth. Personality and individual differences,2005,39(1):155-166
18. Hamachek D E. Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology:A Journal of Human Behavior.1978,15(1):27-33.
19. Hart T A, Flora D B and Palyo S A. Development and Examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale. Assessment,2008,15(1):48-59
20. Hewitt P L, Flett G L. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60(3):456-470
21. Hewitt P L, Flett G L, Ediger E. Perfectionism traits and perfectionistic self-presentation in eating disorder attitudes, characteristics, and symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders,1995,18(4):317-326
22. James W. The principles of psychology [M]. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1983:296
23. Johnson T W, Francis S K, and Burns L D. Appearance Management Behavior and the Five Factor Model of Personality. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal.2007,25:230-245
24. Jung J, Lee S H.Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Appearance Self-Schema, Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Dieting Behavior Between Korean and U.S. Women. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal,2006,34(4): 350-365
25. Kaiser S B. The social psychology of clothing:Symbolic appearances in context(2nd ed.,rev.). New York:Fairchild Publications,1997:4-6
26. Kjaer T W, Nowak M and Lou H C. Reflective Self-Awareness and Conscious States:PET Evidence for a Common Midline Parietofrontal Core. NeuroImage. 2002,17(2):1080-1086
27. Kwon Y H. The influence of the perception of mood and self-consciousness on the selection of clothing. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,1991,9(4): 41-46
28. Leary M R, Kowalski R M. Impression management:A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin,1990,107:34-47
29. Mboya M M.Perceived teachers'behaviours and dimensions of adolescent self-concepts. Educational psychology 1995,15(4):491-499
30. Pelphrey K A.Morris J P. McCarthy G. Grasping the Intentions of Others:The Perceived Intentionality of an Action Influences Activity in the Superior Temporal Sulcus during Social Perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.2004,16(10):1706-1716
31. Rhe'aume J, Freeston M H, Ladouceur R, et al. Functional and dysfunctional perfectionists:are they different on compulsive-like behaviors. Behavior Research and Therapy,2000,38:119-129
32. Rhodewalt F, Sorrow D L. Interpersonal self-regulation:Lessons from the study of narcissism. In:M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.). Handbook of self and identity. New York:Guilford Press,2003:519-535
33. Pope A, McAale S, Craighead E. Self-esteem enhancement with children and adolescent. Pergamon Press, Inc,1998:21-23
34. Rosenberg F R, Rosenberg M. Self-esteem and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1978,7:279-291
35. Rudd N A and Lennon S J. Body image and appearance-management behaviors in college women. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,2000,18(3): 152-162
36. Salmivalli C. Feeling good about oneself, being bad to others? Remark on self-esteem, hostility, and aggressive behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior,2001,6:375-393
37. Sonstroem R J. Exercise and self-esteem. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 1984,12(1):123-156
38. Steffenhagen R A. Self-esteem Therapy. An Imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc,1990:1-27
39. Suinn R M. The terrible twos:Anger and anxiety. American Psychologist, 2001,56,27-36
40. Terry-Short L A et al. Positive and Negative Perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences,1995,18(5):663-668
41. Vohs K D, Bardone A M, et.al. Perfectionism, perceived weight status, and self-esteem interact to predict bulimic symptoms:A model of bulimic symptom development. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1999,108:695-700
42. Vohs K D, Voelz Z R, Pettit J W, et al.. Perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem:An interactive model of bulimic symptom development. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,2001,20:476-497
43. Wyatt R, Gilbert P. Dimensions of perfectionism:a study exploring their relationship with perceived social rank and status. Personality and Individual Differences,1998,24(1):71-79
44. Yang Hongfei. Appearance Perfectionism and Its relationship with Mental Health and Body Control Behaviors. (unpublished manuscript)
45.蔡建红.大学生自尊结构研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2001(9)：299-301
46.陈红,冯文峰,黄希庭.青少年理想身体自我量表的编制.心理科学：2006,29(5)：1190-1193
47.陈欣.大学生身体自尊的影响因素[硕士论文],河南大学,2006：45-60
48.陈延斌.大学生服装消费决策风格量表编制及其与自我概念关系研究[硕士论文],首都师范大学,2007：20-37
49.郭志刚.社会统计分析方法——SPSS软件应用.北京：中国人民大学出版社,1999：50-58
50.黄峰.完美主义及其与心理健康关系的研究进展.中小学心理健康教育,2009,10(138)：13-15.
51.黄希庭,陈红.青少年学生身体自我特点的初步研究.心理科学,2002,25(3)：260-264
52.黄希庭,杨雄.青少年学生自我价值感量表的编制.心理科学,1998(4)：289-292
53.黎林.外表完美主义对外表改变愿望的影响：外表满意度的中介作用[硕士论文],浙江大学.2008：20-40
54.刘娟娟.大学生的印象管理及其影响因素研究.[硕士论文],华中师范大学,2005：20-37
55.孔姗姗,杨宏飞.女大学生外表管理行为量表的编制.中国临床心理学杂志,2009,17(6)：702-704
56.[美]乔纳森·布朗.自我.北京：人民邮电出版社,2004,167-222
57.佟月华,宋尚桂.完美主义对心理健康、自尊及主观幸福感的影响.中国健康心理学杂志,2005,13(6)：404-406
58.王敬群,梁宝勇,邵秀巧.完美主义研究综述.心理学探新,2005(1)：69-73
59.汪向东.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版).中国心理卫生杂志,1999.194-196,235-236,318-320,244
60.杨宏飞,姜美义.压力对完美主义与生活满意度的中介作用研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2008,16(4)：372-375
61.杨静文,徐芳雅,章静.大学生消费支出差异分析.价格月刊,2002(10)：5-7
62.张小燕,杨宏飞,赵燕.大学生特殊完美主义量表的编制.中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(2)：125-128
2. Banister E N, Margaret K. Negative symbolic consumption and consumers' drive for self-esteem. European Journal of Marketing.2004,38(7):850-868
3. Baumeister R F, Campbell J D, Krueger J I, et al. Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyle? Psychological Science in the Public Interest,2003,4(1):1-44
4. Blatt S J, Zuroff D C, et al. When and how perfectionism impedes the brief treatment of depression:Further analyses of the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,1998,2:423-428.
5. Boultwood A, Jerrard R. Ambivalence, and Its Relation to Fashion and the Body. Fashion Theory:The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture,2000,4(3): 301-321
6. Brannon E L. Affect and cognition in appearance management:A review. In S. J. Lennon & L. D. Burns (Eds.), Social science aspects of dress:New directions Monument, CO:International Textiles and Apparel Association.1993:82-92
7. Burns D. The perfectionist's script for self-defeat. Psychology Today,1980,14: 34-52
8. Chang E C Watkins A, Banks K H. How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning:Testing a stress-mediation model in black and white female college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology.2004,51(1):93-102
9. Cohane G H, Harrison G. Body image in boys:A review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders,2001,29(4):373-379
10. Cox B J, Enns M W, Clara I P. The Multidimensional Structure of Perfectionism in Clinically Distressed and College Student Samples. Psychological Assessment,2002,14(3):365-373
11. Covington M V. Making the grade:a self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform. Cambridge University Press,1992
12. Davis C., Dionne M.and Shuster B. Physical and psychological correlates of appearance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences,2001,30:21-30
13. Fedewa B A, et al. Positive and negative perfectionism and the shame/guilt distinction:adaptive and maladaptive characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences,2005,38(7):1609-1619
14. Fossati P, Hevenor S J,and etc. In Search of the Emotional Self:An fMRI Study Using Positive and Negative Emotional Words. Am J Psychiatry. 2003,160:1938-1945
15. Frost R O et al. Perfectionism and evaluative threat. Cognitive therapy and research,1990,14(6):559-572
16. Gilman R, Barry J. Multidimensional Perfectionism in a Sample of Middle School Students:An Exploratory Investigation. Psychology in the Schools, 2003,40(6):677-689
17. Gilman R, Ashby J S, Sverko D. The relationship between perfectionism and multidimensional life satisfaction among Croatian and American youth. Personality and individual differences,2005,39(1):155-166
18. Hamachek D E. Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology:A Journal of Human Behavior.1978,15(1):27-33.
19. Hart T A, Flora D B and Palyo S A. Development and Examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale. Assessment,2008,15(1):48-59
20. Hewitt P L, Flett G L. Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60(3):456-470
21. Hewitt P L, Flett G L, Ediger E. Perfectionism traits and perfectionistic self-presentation in eating disorder attitudes, characteristics, and symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders,1995,18(4):317-326
22. James W. The principles of psychology [M]. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1983:296
23. Johnson T W, Francis S K, and Burns L D. Appearance Management Behavior and the Five Factor Model of Personality. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal.2007,25:230-245
24. Jung J, Lee S H.Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Appearance Self-Schema, Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Dieting Behavior Between Korean and U.S. Women. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal,2006,34(4): 350-365
25. Kaiser S B. The social psychology of clothing:Symbolic appearances in context(2nd ed.,rev.). New York:Fairchild Publications,1997:4-6
26. Kjaer T W, Nowak M and Lou H C. Reflective Self-Awareness and Conscious States:PET Evidence for a Common Midline Parietofrontal Core. NeuroImage. 2002,17(2):1080-1086
27. Kwon Y H. The influence of the perception of mood and self-consciousness on the selection of clothing. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,1991,9(4): 41-46
28. Leary M R, Kowalski R M. Impression management:A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin,1990,107:34-47
29. Mboya M M.Perceived teachers'behaviours and dimensions of adolescent self-concepts. Educational psychology 1995,15(4):491-499
30. Pelphrey K A.Morris J P. McCarthy G. Grasping the Intentions of Others:The Perceived Intentionality of an Action Influences Activity in the Superior Temporal Sulcus during Social Perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.2004,16(10):1706-1716
31. Rhe'aume J, Freeston M H, Ladouceur R, et al. Functional and dysfunctional perfectionists:are they different on compulsive-like behaviors. Behavior Research and Therapy,2000,38:119-129
32. Rhodewalt F, Sorrow D L. Interpersonal self-regulation:Lessons from the study of narcissism. In:M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.). Handbook of self and identity. New York:Guilford Press,2003:519-535
33. Pope A, McAale S, Craighead E. Self-esteem enhancement with children and adolescent. Pergamon Press, Inc,1998:21-23
34. Rosenberg F R, Rosenberg M. Self-esteem and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,1978,7:279-291
35. Rudd N A and Lennon S J. Body image and appearance-management behaviors in college women. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,2000,18(3): 152-162
36. Salmivalli C. Feeling good about oneself, being bad to others? Remark on self-esteem, hostility, and aggressive behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior,2001,6:375-393
37. Sonstroem R J. Exercise and self-esteem. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 1984,12(1):123-156
38. Steffenhagen R A. Self-esteem Therapy. An Imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc,1990:1-27
39. Suinn R M. The terrible twos:Anger and anxiety. American Psychologist, 2001,56,27-36
40. Terry-Short L A et al. Positive and Negative Perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences,1995,18(5):663-668
41. Vohs K D, Bardone A M, et.al. Perfectionism, perceived weight status, and self-esteem interact to predict bulimic symptoms:A model of bulimic symptom development. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1999,108:695-700
42. Vohs K D, Voelz Z R, Pettit J W, et al.. Perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem:An interactive model of bulimic symptom development. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,2001,20:476-497
43. Wyatt R, Gilbert P. Dimensions of perfectionism:a study exploring their relationship with perceived social rank and status. Personality and Individual Differences,1998,24(1):71-79
44. Yang Hongfei. Appearance Perfectionism and Its relationship with Mental Health and Body Control Behaviors. (unpublished manuscript)
45.蔡建红.大学生自尊结构研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2001(9)：299-301
46.陈红,冯文峰,黄希庭.青少年理想身体自我量表的编制.心理科学：2006,29(5)：1190-1193
47.陈欣.大学生身体自尊的影响因素[硕士论文],河南大学,2006：45-60
48.陈延斌.大学生服装消费决策风格量表编制及其与自我概念关系研究[硕士论文],首都师范大学,2007：20-37
49.郭志刚.社会统计分析方法——SPSS软件应用.北京：中国人民大学出版社,1999：50-58
50.黄峰.完美主义及其与心理健康关系的研究进展.中小学心理健康教育,2009,10(138)：13-15.
51.黄希庭,陈红.青少年学生身体自我特点的初步研究.心理科学,2002,25(3)：260-264
52.黄希庭,杨雄.青少年学生自我价值感量表的编制.心理科学,1998(4)：289-292
53.黎林.外表完美主义对外表改变愿望的影响：外表满意度的中介作用[硕士论文],浙江大学.2008：20-40
54.刘娟娟.大学生的印象管理及其影响因素研究.[硕士论文],华中师范大学,2005：20-37
55.孔姗姗,杨宏飞.女大学生外表管理行为量表的编制.中国临床心理学杂志,2009,17(6)：702-704
56.[美]乔纳森·布朗.自我.北京：人民邮电出版社,2004,167-222
57.佟月华,宋尚桂.完美主义对心理健康、自尊及主观幸福感的影响.中国健康心理学杂志,2005,13(6)：404-406
58.王敬群,梁宝勇,邵秀巧.完美主义研究综述.心理学探新,2005(1)：69-73
59.汪向东.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版).中国心理卫生杂志,1999.194-196,235-236,318-320,244
60.杨宏飞,姜美义.压力对完美主义与生活满意度的中介作用研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2008,16(4)：372-375
61.杨静文,徐芳雅,章静.大学生消费支出差异分析.价格月刊,2002(10)：5-7
62.张小燕,杨宏飞,赵燕.大学生特殊完美主义量表的编制.中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(2)：125-128