耕作方式对稻田土壤有机碳库的影响
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摘要
稻田土壤有机碳库的变化对培肥土壤及农田土壤的碳固定具有重要意义。本文通过对稻季土壤活性有机碳的不同组分及土壤酶活性的动态变化特征的研究,探讨了耕作方式对稻田土壤固碳能力的影响,主要研究结果如下：
1.免耕定位试验稻田土壤微团聚体组成以0.002-0.02mm粒径的团聚体颗粒为主,其次为0.02-0.25mm的颗粒,<0.002mm粒径的微团聚体所占的比例最小。免耕各处理(双季免耕秸秆还田、双季免耕和单季免耕)促进大团聚体在土壤表层(0-5cm)中的形成和积累。
2.水稻全生育期,土壤纤维素酶活性在0-5cm土层表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕>双季免耕>翻耕；在5-15cm土层表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>翻耕>单季免耕>双季免耕；在15-30cm土层表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕>双季免耕>翻耕。不同处理对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响不明显。过氧化氢酶活性表现为免耕处理高于翻耕处理。相关性分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶与土壤总有机碳呈显著正相关,土壤过氧化氢酶与土壤腐殖酸碳呈显著负相关。
3.0-5cm土层土壤总有机碳含量为双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕>单季免耕>翻耕；5-15cm土层土壤总有机碳含量为双季免耕秸秆还田>翻耕>双季免耕>单季免耕；15-30cm土层土壤总有机碳含量表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>翻耕>单季免耕>双季免耕。水稻全生育期,腐殖酸碳的动态变化与总有机碳相一致,但其组分胡敏酸和富啡酸碳在不同处理间差异不显著。双季免耕秸秆还田处理表现出了明显的固碳效应。
4.土壤微生物生物量碳在0-5cm土层表现为翻耕高于免耕各处理,5=15cm和15-30cm表现为免耕各处理高于翻耕。与翻耕相比,免耕各处理显著提高了0-5cm土层的土壤水溶性有机碳及易氧化碳含量,5-15cm和15-30cm其碳组分含量与翻耕的差异性减小或小于翻耕处理。易氧化碳组分Ⅰ在0-5cm土层免耕三个处理显著高于翻耕处理,组分Ⅱ和Ⅲ碳含量也高于翻耕处理,但处理间差异不显著。相关性分析表明,组分Ⅰ与有机碳呈显著的正相关关系,组分Ⅱ与有机碳呈显著的负相关关系,组分Ⅲ与有机碳间无显著相关性。经过两季的稻作之后,0-5cm土层土壤中颗粒态有机碳的含量表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕>翻耕>单季免耕,5-15cm土层下其含量表现为双季免耕>翻耕>单季免耕>双季免耕秸秆还田,15-30cm土层下其含量表现为双季免耕>翻耕>双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕。
5.在水稻的全生育期,土壤活性碳组分的动态变化与土壤总有机碳的动态变化相一致或较土壤总有机碳的变化早,且在作物生长的关键时期其活性增强,反映出活性碳组分比有机碳更加敏感,并利于作物对养分的需求。相关性分析表明,腐殖酸碳、易氧化碳及其组分Ⅰ、水溶性有机碳均与土壤总有机碳呈显著的正相关关系。活性碳组分之间也存在显著的相关性。不同耕作方式下稻田表层土壤(0-5cm)总有机碳、腐殖酸碳及各活性碳组分的含量明显高于底层土壤,且其含量随着土层深度的增加而递减。
6.土壤碳库管理指数变化趋势在0-5cm土层为双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕>翻耕>单季免耕；5-15cm土层表现为双季免耕>翻耕>双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕；15-30cm土层表现为单季免耕>翻耕>双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕。碳素有效率大小表现为EOC/TOC>SMBC/TOC>WSOC/TOC。0-5cm土层,EOC/TOC和SMBC/TOC表现为翻耕大于免耕各处理,WSOC/TOC和POC/TOC表现为免耕大于翻耕处理。5-15cm土层,DNT处理下碳素有效率除了EOC/TOC外明显高于其他处理。15-30cm土层,DNT处理下各碳素有效率明显高于其他处理。
Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon variation is important for fertilizing soil and enhancing cropland soil carbon fixation.The objective of this study was to reveal the different tillage system effects of carbon sequestration in paddy soils, according to the dynamic change characteristics of active soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities. The main results are summarized as follows:
1.The amout of aggregates 0.002-0.02mm was the largest in all trestments, followed by those of 0.02-0.25mm in diameter, with those<0.002mm being the smallest. Lack of soil distrubance enriched in the surface layer(0-5cm) under the DNS、DNT and SNT practices, which may benefit the formation and accumulation of macro-aggregates.
2.During rice growth, soil cellulase activities for the size of sorting was DNS>SNT>DNT>PT in 0-5cm soil layer; was DNS>PT>SNT>DNT in 5-15cm soil layer; was DNS>SNT>DNT>PT in 15-30cm soil layer. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments reduced the size of soil catalase activities, and had no effects on the size of soil sucrase activities. Linear correlation analysis showed that positive linear correlations existed between soil organic carbon and soil cellulase activities, soil sucrase activities, and negative linear correlations existed between soil humic carbon and soil catalase activities.
3.During rice growth, soil total organic carbon displayed the trend in 0-5cm soil layer:DNS>DNT>SNT>PT; soil total organic carbon displayed the trend in 5-15cm soil layer:DNS>PT>DNT>SNT; soil total organic carbon displayed the trend in 15-30cm soil layer:DNS>PT>SNT>DNT. Soil humic carbon changes in this study are in accordance with soil total organic carbon, but compared to PT, no-tillage treatment had no effects on the content of soil humic acid and fulvic acid. Compared to PT, DNS treatments was conducive to improving and accumulating the content soil organic carbon.
4.Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments reduced the contents of SMBC in 0-5cm soil layer, and increased in 5-15cm and 15-30cm soil layer. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments significantly increased the contents of WSOC and EOC only in 0-5cm soil layer. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments increased the contents of the fractions of soil organic oxidized with 333mmol L-1KMnO4, but there was no significantly differents Meanwhile, there was no close correlations existed betwwen soil organic carbon and fractionⅢ, but there were significantly positive and negative correlativity between soil organic carbon and fractionⅠ, fractionⅡrespectively. After two years rice growing, soil POC displayed the trend in 0-5cm soil layer:DNS>DNT>PT>SNT; soil POC displayed the trend in 5-15cm soil layer:DNT>PT>SNT>DNS; soil POC displayed the trend in 15-30cm soil layer:DNT>PT>DNS>SNT.
5.During rice growth, active carbon index changes in this study are in accordance with or early than soil total organic carbon, and its activity increased in the crucial period of crop growth, therefore, active carbon index is more sensitive than total organic carbon and beneficial to crop growth. There were significantly positive correlativity between soil organic carbon and humic carbon, water-soluble organic carbon, soil organic oxidized with 333mmol L-1KMnO4 and its fractionⅠ. Soil organic carbon and active carbon index declined with soil depth, and significantly affected by soil depth.
6.Carbon pools management index displayed the trend in 0-5cm soil layer: DNS>DNT>PT>SNT; and displayed the trend in 5-15cm soil layer:DNT>PT>DNS>SNT; and displayed the trend in 15-30cm soil layer:SNT>PT>DNS>DNT. The available ratio of soil carbon was EOC/TOC>SMBC/TOC>WSOC/TOC under paddy field. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments reduced the size of EOC/TOC and SMBC/TOC, increased the size of WSOC/TOC and POC/TOC. Carbon pools management index in DNT treatment were higher than other treatments in 5-15cm and 15-30cm soil layer.
1.免耕定位试验稻田土壤微团聚体组成以0.002-0.02mm粒径的团聚体颗粒为主,其次为0.02-0.25mm的颗粒,<0.002mm粒径的微团聚体所占的比例最小。免耕各处理(双季免耕秸秆还田、双季免耕和单季免耕)促进大团聚体在土壤表层(0-5cm)中的形成和积累。
2.水稻全生育期,土壤纤维素酶活性在0-5cm土层表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕>双季免耕>翻耕；在5-15cm土层表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>翻耕>单季免耕>双季免耕；在15-30cm土层表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕>双季免耕>翻耕。不同处理对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响不明显。过氧化氢酶活性表现为免耕处理高于翻耕处理。相关性分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶与土壤总有机碳呈显著正相关,土壤过氧化氢酶与土壤腐殖酸碳呈显著负相关。
3.0-5cm土层土壤总有机碳含量为双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕>单季免耕>翻耕；5-15cm土层土壤总有机碳含量为双季免耕秸秆还田>翻耕>双季免耕>单季免耕；15-30cm土层土壤总有机碳含量表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>翻耕>单季免耕>双季免耕。水稻全生育期,腐殖酸碳的动态变化与总有机碳相一致,但其组分胡敏酸和富啡酸碳在不同处理间差异不显著。双季免耕秸秆还田处理表现出了明显的固碳效应。
4.土壤微生物生物量碳在0-5cm土层表现为翻耕高于免耕各处理,5=15cm和15-30cm表现为免耕各处理高于翻耕。与翻耕相比,免耕各处理显著提高了0-5cm土层的土壤水溶性有机碳及易氧化碳含量,5-15cm和15-30cm其碳组分含量与翻耕的差异性减小或小于翻耕处理。易氧化碳组分Ⅰ在0-5cm土层免耕三个处理显著高于翻耕处理,组分Ⅱ和Ⅲ碳含量也高于翻耕处理,但处理间差异不显著。相关性分析表明,组分Ⅰ与有机碳呈显著的正相关关系,组分Ⅱ与有机碳呈显著的负相关关系,组分Ⅲ与有机碳间无显著相关性。经过两季的稻作之后,0-5cm土层土壤中颗粒态有机碳的含量表现为双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕>翻耕>单季免耕,5-15cm土层下其含量表现为双季免耕>翻耕>单季免耕>双季免耕秸秆还田,15-30cm土层下其含量表现为双季免耕>翻耕>双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕。
5.在水稻的全生育期,土壤活性碳组分的动态变化与土壤总有机碳的动态变化相一致或较土壤总有机碳的变化早,且在作物生长的关键时期其活性增强,反映出活性碳组分比有机碳更加敏感,并利于作物对养分的需求。相关性分析表明,腐殖酸碳、易氧化碳及其组分Ⅰ、水溶性有机碳均与土壤总有机碳呈显著的正相关关系。活性碳组分之间也存在显著的相关性。不同耕作方式下稻田表层土壤(0-5cm)总有机碳、腐殖酸碳及各活性碳组分的含量明显高于底层土壤,且其含量随着土层深度的增加而递减。
6.土壤碳库管理指数变化趋势在0-5cm土层为双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕>翻耕>单季免耕；5-15cm土层表现为双季免耕>翻耕>双季免耕秸秆还田>单季免耕；15-30cm土层表现为单季免耕>翻耕>双季免耕秸秆还田>双季免耕。碳素有效率大小表现为EOC/TOC>SMBC/TOC>WSOC/TOC。0-5cm土层,EOC/TOC和SMBC/TOC表现为翻耕大于免耕各处理,WSOC/TOC和POC/TOC表现为免耕大于翻耕处理。5-15cm土层,DNT处理下碳素有效率除了EOC/TOC外明显高于其他处理。15-30cm土层,DNT处理下各碳素有效率明显高于其他处理。
Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon variation is important for fertilizing soil and enhancing cropland soil carbon fixation.The objective of this study was to reveal the different tillage system effects of carbon sequestration in paddy soils, according to the dynamic change characteristics of active soil organic carbon and soil enzyme activities. The main results are summarized as follows:
1.The amout of aggregates 0.002-0.02mm was the largest in all trestments, followed by those of 0.02-0.25mm in diameter, with those<0.002mm being the smallest. Lack of soil distrubance enriched in the surface layer(0-5cm) under the DNS、DNT and SNT practices, which may benefit the formation and accumulation of macro-aggregates.
2.During rice growth, soil cellulase activities for the size of sorting was DNS>SNT>DNT>PT in 0-5cm soil layer; was DNS>PT>SNT>DNT in 5-15cm soil layer; was DNS>SNT>DNT>PT in 15-30cm soil layer. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments reduced the size of soil catalase activities, and had no effects on the size of soil sucrase activities. Linear correlation analysis showed that positive linear correlations existed between soil organic carbon and soil cellulase activities, soil sucrase activities, and negative linear correlations existed between soil humic carbon and soil catalase activities.
3.During rice growth, soil total organic carbon displayed the trend in 0-5cm soil layer:DNS>DNT>SNT>PT; soil total organic carbon displayed the trend in 5-15cm soil layer:DNS>PT>DNT>SNT; soil total organic carbon displayed the trend in 15-30cm soil layer:DNS>PT>SNT>DNT. Soil humic carbon changes in this study are in accordance with soil total organic carbon, but compared to PT, no-tillage treatment had no effects on the content of soil humic acid and fulvic acid. Compared to PT, DNS treatments was conducive to improving and accumulating the content soil organic carbon.
4.Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments reduced the contents of SMBC in 0-5cm soil layer, and increased in 5-15cm and 15-30cm soil layer. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments significantly increased the contents of WSOC and EOC only in 0-5cm soil layer. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments increased the contents of the fractions of soil organic oxidized with 333mmol L-1KMnO4, but there was no significantly differents Meanwhile, there was no close correlations existed betwwen soil organic carbon and fractionⅢ, but there were significantly positive and negative correlativity between soil organic carbon and fractionⅠ, fractionⅡrespectively. After two years rice growing, soil POC displayed the trend in 0-5cm soil layer:DNS>DNT>PT>SNT; soil POC displayed the trend in 5-15cm soil layer:DNT>PT>SNT>DNS; soil POC displayed the trend in 15-30cm soil layer:DNT>PT>DNS>SNT.
5.During rice growth, active carbon index changes in this study are in accordance with or early than soil total organic carbon, and its activity increased in the crucial period of crop growth, therefore, active carbon index is more sensitive than total organic carbon and beneficial to crop growth. There were significantly positive correlativity between soil organic carbon and humic carbon, water-soluble organic carbon, soil organic oxidized with 333mmol L-1KMnO4 and its fractionⅠ. Soil organic carbon and active carbon index declined with soil depth, and significantly affected by soil depth.
6.Carbon pools management index displayed the trend in 0-5cm soil layer: DNS>DNT>PT>SNT; and displayed the trend in 5-15cm soil layer:DNT>PT>DNS>SNT; and displayed the trend in 15-30cm soil layer:SNT>PT>DNS>DNT. The available ratio of soil carbon was EOC/TOC>SMBC/TOC>WSOC/TOC under paddy field. Compared to PT, no-tillage treatments reduced the size of EOC/TOC and SMBC/TOC, increased the size of WSOC/TOC and POC/TOC. Carbon pools management index in DNT treatment were higher than other treatments in 5-15cm and 15-30cm soil layer.
引文
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