长沙在校大学生对长沙方言电视节目的语言态度考察
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摘要
近年来,越来越多的方言类节目走进了一些地方广播电视媒体。方言节目区别于其他节目的主要特征在于它不是以普通话而是以方言作为主要播音语言。由于特殊的人文历史环境以及经济的快速发展,长沙方言电视节目也越来越火爆,其收视率几乎占据地方电视台前茅。这种以方言为播音语言的现象在社会上激起了较大的反响和争议。长沙方言是语言的地域变体,对这种语言变体所持的语言态度将直接影响到该语言变体的生存和发展趋势。
语言态度是社会心理的反映,是人们对某种语言或方言的语言变体的感觉及评价。人们的语言态度反映了该语言变体的社会地位,以及与其相关的社群成员在人们心目中的“刻板印象”。语言态度研究不仅是社会语言学中有理论价值的课题,而且对于了解一个民族、一个群体或社团的心理特点具有重要的实用价值。但到目前为止,国内语言态度的研究主要集中在广州、香港及少数民族聚居等地。对长沙方言的语言态度研究尚缺乏全面的调查和量化分析。
本研究运用社会语言学理论及方法,通过问卷调查和访谈法等手段,以湖南四所大学(湖南大学、中南大学、湖南师范大学和湖南商学院)的150名大学生为调查对象对长沙在校大学生对长沙方言电视节目的语言态度进行了研究。最后用数理统计的方法借助SPSS (13.0)和Excel (2000)软件对所有取得的数据进行统计分析。
调查发现,虽然普通话由于历史原因和国家的权力机制而成为顶层语言,长沙大学生对长沙方言的语言能力自我评价高于普通话,大部分调查对象对长沙方言电视节目持肯定态度。他们认为普通话作为标准语,有利于不同地方的人相互交流,应大力推广普及;但长沙方言具有亲和力,是长沙风土人情的体现。那些幽默的方言特色是普通话不能取代的。性别和被试所住地区在不同程度上造成了语言态度各项评价项目的差异,更多的女性受试者认为长沙方言更实在,她们对长沙方言电视节目的评价也高于男性受试者;住在长沙市区的受试者对长沙方言电视节目的评价最高。从人们心理认知角度来看,个人身份认同及他们对本土文化的认同等因素影响了他们的语言态度和行为取向。长沙方言的发展前景广阔,方言是对普通话的补充和有益调剂,它的存在丰富活跃了语言形式。我们在大力推广普通话的同时,也需要传承方言文化。
因条件有限,本研究的结论还不够成熟,有待于更为深入的研究来进一步论证。
In recent years, more and more dialect programs begin to appear in local broadcasting and TV media. The major feature that differentiates dialect programs from other programs is the broadcasting language which mainly uses dialect not Putonghua. Because of the particular cultural and historical environment and quick development of the economy, Changsha dialect TV programs are getting increasingly popular which results in the first place of the audience rating among the local TV station. This phenomenon of using dialect as the main broadcasting language arouses people’s great responses and disputes. Changsha dialect is a regional variety of the language; attitudes towards this variety will affect directly its existence and development trend.
Language attitude is the reflection of social psychology of people. It reveals people’s feeling and evaluation of the speakers of the language or variety, and it also shows the social status of the variety and the stereotypes towards the speakers of these varieties. Researches on language attitudes are not only of theoretical importance, but also of practical value; they can contribute to the understanding of the psychological characteristics of a people or a community. In China, language attitudes researches, so far, have been conducted mainly in Cantoneses-speaking community (such as Hongkong, Guangzhou), and in some minority nationalities community. The investigation and quantitative analyses on language attitudes towards the Changsha dialect is not enough.
Based on the theories and research approaches of sociolinguistics, this study investigates the Changsha college students’language attitudes towards the TV programs in local dialect through questionnaires and interviews as a supplement involving 150 students from four colleges (Hunan University, Central South University, Hunan Normal University and Hunan University of Commerce). And finally, we analyze the data obtained quantitatively with SPSS (13.0) and Excel (2003) software.
Through this research, we can see that Putonghua is a supreme language with historical reasons and national power, but the subjects’self-assessment of the language competence of Changsha dialect is higher than that of Putonghua, and most of the subjects love the Changsha dialect TV programs very much. They think Putonghua, as the national language, can guarantee the quality and efficiency of communication. It should continue to be popularized. But Changsha dialect is friendly and reflects Changsha traditional culture. Those humorous dialect features can not be replaced by Putonghua. The factors of gender and the place where the subjects come from affect their attitudes. More female subjects consider that the Changsha dialect speakers are straightforward, and their evaluations on Changsha dialect TV programs are higher than male subjects. The subjects from urban areas evaluate the programs higher than those from other places. From the perspective of cognitive psychology, people’s identities and their identification of their local culture affect their attitudes and behavior. Changsha dialect’s development is quite bright. Dialects are supplements and beneficial sauces to Putonghua whose existence enriches the language forms. So we need to inherit the dialect culture when we are promoting the national common language.
Due to the limitations of the present study, the findings and conclusion of this thesis are rather preliminary, which requires further research at a more general level.
语言态度是社会心理的反映,是人们对某种语言或方言的语言变体的感觉及评价。人们的语言态度反映了该语言变体的社会地位,以及与其相关的社群成员在人们心目中的“刻板印象”。语言态度研究不仅是社会语言学中有理论价值的课题,而且对于了解一个民族、一个群体或社团的心理特点具有重要的实用价值。但到目前为止,国内语言态度的研究主要集中在广州、香港及少数民族聚居等地。对长沙方言的语言态度研究尚缺乏全面的调查和量化分析。
本研究运用社会语言学理论及方法,通过问卷调查和访谈法等手段,以湖南四所大学(湖南大学、中南大学、湖南师范大学和湖南商学院)的150名大学生为调查对象对长沙在校大学生对长沙方言电视节目的语言态度进行了研究。最后用数理统计的方法借助SPSS (13.0)和Excel (2000)软件对所有取得的数据进行统计分析。
调查发现,虽然普通话由于历史原因和国家的权力机制而成为顶层语言,长沙大学生对长沙方言的语言能力自我评价高于普通话,大部分调查对象对长沙方言电视节目持肯定态度。他们认为普通话作为标准语,有利于不同地方的人相互交流,应大力推广普及;但长沙方言具有亲和力,是长沙风土人情的体现。那些幽默的方言特色是普通话不能取代的。性别和被试所住地区在不同程度上造成了语言态度各项评价项目的差异,更多的女性受试者认为长沙方言更实在,她们对长沙方言电视节目的评价也高于男性受试者;住在长沙市区的受试者对长沙方言电视节目的评价最高。从人们心理认知角度来看,个人身份认同及他们对本土文化的认同等因素影响了他们的语言态度和行为取向。长沙方言的发展前景广阔,方言是对普通话的补充和有益调剂,它的存在丰富活跃了语言形式。我们在大力推广普通话的同时,也需要传承方言文化。
因条件有限,本研究的结论还不够成熟,有待于更为深入的研究来进一步论证。
In recent years, more and more dialect programs begin to appear in local broadcasting and TV media. The major feature that differentiates dialect programs from other programs is the broadcasting language which mainly uses dialect not Putonghua. Because of the particular cultural and historical environment and quick development of the economy, Changsha dialect TV programs are getting increasingly popular which results in the first place of the audience rating among the local TV station. This phenomenon of using dialect as the main broadcasting language arouses people’s great responses and disputes. Changsha dialect is a regional variety of the language; attitudes towards this variety will affect directly its existence and development trend.
Language attitude is the reflection of social psychology of people. It reveals people’s feeling and evaluation of the speakers of the language or variety, and it also shows the social status of the variety and the stereotypes towards the speakers of these varieties. Researches on language attitudes are not only of theoretical importance, but also of practical value; they can contribute to the understanding of the psychological characteristics of a people or a community. In China, language attitudes researches, so far, have been conducted mainly in Cantoneses-speaking community (such as Hongkong, Guangzhou), and in some minority nationalities community. The investigation and quantitative analyses on language attitudes towards the Changsha dialect is not enough.
Based on the theories and research approaches of sociolinguistics, this study investigates the Changsha college students’language attitudes towards the TV programs in local dialect through questionnaires and interviews as a supplement involving 150 students from four colleges (Hunan University, Central South University, Hunan Normal University and Hunan University of Commerce). And finally, we analyze the data obtained quantitatively with SPSS (13.0) and Excel (2003) software.
Through this research, we can see that Putonghua is a supreme language with historical reasons and national power, but the subjects’self-assessment of the language competence of Changsha dialect is higher than that of Putonghua, and most of the subjects love the Changsha dialect TV programs very much. They think Putonghua, as the national language, can guarantee the quality and efficiency of communication. It should continue to be popularized. But Changsha dialect is friendly and reflects Changsha traditional culture. Those humorous dialect features can not be replaced by Putonghua. The factors of gender and the place where the subjects come from affect their attitudes. More female subjects consider that the Changsha dialect speakers are straightforward, and their evaluations on Changsha dialect TV programs are higher than male subjects. The subjects from urban areas evaluate the programs higher than those from other places. From the perspective of cognitive psychology, people’s identities and their identification of their local culture affect their attitudes and behavior. Changsha dialect’s development is quite bright. Dialects are supplements and beneficial sauces to Putonghua whose existence enriches the language forms. So we need to inherit the dialect culture when we are promoting the national common language.
Due to the limitations of the present study, the findings and conclusion of this thesis are rather preliminary, which requires further research at a more general level.
引文
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Baker, C. Attitudes and Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1992.
---. Key Issues in Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1988.
Berger, C.R. and J.J. Bradac. Language and Social Knowledge. London: Edward Arnold, 1982.
Byme, D. The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic Press. 1971.
Caranza, M.A. and E.B. Ryan.“Evaluative Reactions of Bilingual Anglo and Mexican American Adolescents toward Speakers of English and Spanish”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 6(1975): 83-104.
Cargile, A.C. and H. Giles. Understanding Language Attitudes: Exploring Listener Affect and Identity. Language and Communication. 17(1997): 195-217.
Chaika, E. Language: the Social Mirror. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 1982.
Cooper, R.L. and J.A. Fishman. The Study of Language Attitudes. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 3(1974): 5-19.
Cooper, R.L.“Introduction to Language Attitudes”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 6(1975): 5-9.
Day, R.R.“Children’s Attitudes toward Language”. In Ryan, E.B. and H. Giles. eds. Attitudes towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. London: Arnold, 1982.
Edwards, J.“Language Attitudes and Their Implications among English Speakers”. In Ryan, E.B and H. Gile. eds. Attitudes Towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold, 1982.
Erwin, P. Attitudes and Persuation. Hove, East Sussex, 3(2001): 21-7.
Fasold, R. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Ferguson, C.A. Diglossia. Reprinted in A. Dil, ed., Language Structure and Language Use: Essays byCharlrs Ferguson. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1972.
Fishbein, M. and L. Ajzen. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1975.
Fishman, J. A. Language Loyalty in the United States. The Hague: Mouton, 1966.
Giles, H.“Patterns of Evaluation in Reactions to RP, south Welsh and Somerset Accented Speech”. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10(1971):280-289.
Giles, H. and Powesland, P. Speech Style and Social Evaluation. London: Academic Press, 1975.
Gumperz, J.J. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: CPU, 1982.
Hudson, R.A. Sociolinguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Haugen, E. Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norwegian. Cambridhe, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1966.
Henerson, M. E., Morris, L. L. and Fitz-Gibbon. How to measure attitudes. Sage Publications, Inc., 1987.
Irwin, R.“Judgments of Vocal Quality, Speech Fluency, and Confidence of Southern Black and White Speakers”. Language and Speech, 20(1977): 261-266.
Kalmar, Zhong Yong and Xiao Hong.“Language Attitudes in Guangzhou, China”. Language in Society, 16(1987): 499-508.
Labov, W.“Five Methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation”. In Baugh, J. and J.Sherzer. Language in Use. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984.
---. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsyvania Press. 1972.
---. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistic, 1966.
Lambert, W. E.“A Social Psychology of Bilingualism”. Journal of Social Issues, 23(1967): 91-109.
Luhman, R.“Appalachian English Stereotypes: Language Attitude in Kentucky”. Language in Society, 19(1990): 331-348.
Lung, R.“Language Attitudes and Sex-Based Differences in Hong Kong”. Linguistiche -Berichte, 171(1997): 369-414.
Linn, Michael D. and Gene Piché. Black and White adolescent and preadolescent attitudes toward Black English. Research in the Teaching of English, 1(1982): 53-69. .
Milroy, L. and P. McClenaghan.“Stereotyped Reactions to four Educated Accents in Ulster”. Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics, 4(1977): 57-78.
Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. Belfast: Change and Variation in an Urban Vernacular. In Trugill. 1978.
Milroy, L. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980.
Oskamp, S. Attitudes and Opinions. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hal, 1977.
Oppenheim, B.“An Exercise on Attitude Measurement”, in G. Breakwell, H. Foot, and R. Gilmour eds. Social Psychology : A Practical Manual. Basingstoke, Mcmillan,1992.
Ostrom et al. Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
Ryan, E.B., H. Giles and R.J. Sebastian.“An Integrative Perspective for the Study of Attitudes toward Language Variation”. In Ryan, E.B. and H. Giles. eds. Attitudes toward Language Variation. London: Edward Arnold, 1982.
Richard, R., Platt, J. and Platt, H. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. UK: Longman, 1992.
Sarnoff, I.“Social Attitudes and the Resolution of Motivational Conflict”. In M. Jahoda and N.Warren eds. Attitudes. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
Sherif, M.“Introduction”. In C.Sherif and M.Sherif eds. Attitude, Ego Involvement and Change. New York: Wiley, 1976.
Sears, D. and Kosterman, R.“Mass Media and Political Persuasion”. In S.Sharvitt and T. Brock eds. Persuation: Psychology Insights and Perspectives. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994.
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