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伽达默尔审美教化思想研究
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摘要
伽达默尔是当代德国继胡塞尔和海德格尔之后最著名的哲学家,也是20世纪最具有世界影响力的哲学家之一。他以102年的生命建立了一座思想的宝库,无论是人文社会科学,还是自然科学都可以从中吸取养分,直至今天,他的思想依然以其鲜活的生命力对我们产生或大或小的影响。基于此,世界各国不断掀起研究伽达默尔及其思想的热潮,这些研究涉及美学、教育学、人类学、伦理学等各个领域,不仅加深了人们对伽达默尔的认识和对伽达默尔思想的解读,而且对当前哲学、美学理论和实践都具有一定的借鉴意义。
     然而,纵观这些研究,我们发现其中很少有人介绍或研究伽达默尔的“审美教化”理论。这种忽略直接来源于对伽达默尔“教化”(Bildung)理论的忽视,而“教化”之所以没能引起大家的重视有两个方面的原因:第一,伽达默尔没有大篇幅地论述这一概念,而只是在《真理与方法》的开端加以介绍,因此它一直未能引起大家的重视。第二,国内一直存在着对伽达默尔“教化”理论的误解。“教化”原德文单词是Bildung,这一词汇含义十分复杂,国内外都没有合适的译文,因此,这一词汇在英语国家采取直接引用原德文单词的方法,在国内则被翻译成“教化”。然而,在涵义上,Bildung和“教化”具有很大的差别,甚至在一些方面,两个单词是完全相悖的,因此,以前的国内研究一直未能真切地认识到Bildung的真正涵义及其对于伽达默尔的重要性。相应的,人们也就没有意识到伽达默尔“审美教化”作为一种新的美育思想的存在。
     实际上,“教化”在伽达默尔的理论体系中非常重要。伽达默尔将“教化”(Bildung)作为人文主义传统的首要概念置于《真理与方法》的开端,并称之为“18世纪最伟大的概念”,认为“正是这一概念构成了19世纪精神科学赖以存在的要素。”①“教化”就是主体通过和他者的“对话”①舍弃自身的特殊性,并向普遍性的提升,它具有历史性、“对话”性、开放性等特征,因此,“教化”蕴含了丰富的哲学诠释学的思想。实际上,伽达默尔整个理论体系都包含了丰富的“教化”要素,这一概念内涵其实是贯穿了伽达默尔思想的始终的。因此,近几年国内外逐渐有学者意识到这一概念的重要性,他们或把“教化”作为伽达默尔理论的开端来研究,或认为“教化”在伽达默尔的哲学诠释学中具有核心的地位,甚至有学者认为伽达默尔的诠释学应该被称为“教化解释学”。但是统观这些研究,或者为篇幅所限,或者仅限于提出观点,对“教化”的研究都未达到深入细致。
     伽达默尔认为“教化”要通过与他者的“对话”来获得,人们可以通过各种途径获得“教化”,但是最为直接地和我们说话的是艺术作品。因此,艺术是获得“教化”的最有效的途径。通过艺术所获得的“教化”是一种审美的“教化”。这种“审美教化”理论其实是一种全新的美育理论,对它的研究具有三个方面的意义:首先,有助于厘清伽达默尔“教化”概念的内涵,使我们对这一概念有比较正确的认识;其次,“审美教化”开启了对伽达默尔研究的新视野,它能帮助我们从一个新的角度认识伽达默尔,并进一步完善对伽达默尔及其思想的研究;最后,作为一种全新的美育理论,“审美教化”不仅能启发我们对美育的新思考,为美育的发展注入新的活力,而且对当前美学和艺术的发展也具有一定的借鉴意义。
     因此,本论文将在深入论述伽达默尔“教化”理论的基础上,全面细致地探讨伽达默尔的“审美教化”理论。具体来讲,本文主要从以下几个方面来论述伽达默尔“审美教化”作为一种新的美育理论的特点所在:
     导言部分以伽达默尔的生平和学术历程为背景,结合西方美育的发展,论述伽达默尔“审美教化”理论产生的必然性,它既是伽达默尔人生经历和学术涵养的结果,也是20世纪美育转向的必然。
     第一章论述伽达默尔“审美教化”思想的理论基础。伽达默尔“审美教化”的理论基础主要有三个方面:第一,胡塞尔的现象学方法。胡塞尔认为传统哲学主客二分的思维方式并不能达到对事物本身的认识,因此,他以现象学还原的方法突破了传统主客二分的思维模式。这种突破使“审美教化”成功地和主客二分基础上的传统美育思想区别开来。第二,海德格尔的存在论思想。如果说海德格尔前期主要从此在去追寻存在,后期他的思想则发生了转向。他认为任何从主体出发的追寻,包括他前期从此在去通达存在的做法,都无法达到存在本身,只有从存在出发才能达到事物本身。在这种存在本体中,人的存在只能是一种遭受,因此,人类本身没有任何主动性。这样,海德格尔就构成了对传统主体性美学的批判。对伽达默尔的“审美教化”来说,海德格尔对认识论的突破意义重大,可以说,只有摆脱了认识论的思维模式,“教化”才能完全排除某一主体对某一对象的单向认识或知识灌输,“教化”才能开启一场真正的“对话”,“审美教化”才能是一种“自我教化”。而且,海德格尔存在论基础上的语言观对伽达默尔的“审美教化”也具有一定的启示意义,构成“审美教化”实施方式的“对话”理论是在海德格尔语言观的基础上建立起来的。第三,伽达默尔的哲学诠释学立场。在一定程度上讲,“审美教化”是哲学诠释学视域中的一种美育理论。哲学诠释学的本体论特征决定了“教化”不是某个人的行为,而是整个民族和社会的行为,“审美教化”也不是某个贵族阶级的特权,所有的人都有可能获得审美的“教化”;哲学诠释学的历史性特征赋予“审美教化”一种历史的视野,历史传承物将会在“审美教化”中发挥积极的作用,它本身就会以“对话”的一方参与“教化”。而且,“前见”也将在“审美教化”中获得积极的意义;哲学诠释学的应用性特征赋予“审美教化”一种人类学的向度,只有通过应用,“审美教化”才能完成由理论向现实的转化,并使整个民族和社会素质的提高成为现实,只有通过应用,“审美教化”才能暂时得以完成并为下一步的“审美教化”做准备。在一定程度上讲,应用不仅是“审美教化”整个过程的重要组成部分,也是进行下一步“审美教化”的前提。
     第二章重点论述伽达默尔的“教化”(Bildung)理论。“教化”是伽达默尔“审美教化”理论的核心概念,也是其最鲜明的特点所在。值得注意的是,国内外都存在对这一概念的翻译困难。国内是翻译成教化的,然而伽达默尔的“教化”不同于中国传统的教化,为了避免误解,在具体论述这一概念之前,本文首先澄清了二者的区别,即中国传统教化是上行下效的政府行为,它着眼于政治的稳定,是被动地接受外在环境影响的过程,而伽达默尔的“教化”是基于自发意愿基础上的“自我教化”,它通过与他者积极主动的平等“对话”而获得,最终实现个体进而全人类整体素质的提高。同样的,中文的“教育”、“修养”等概念也不能很好地诠释这一概念。基于国内对《真理与方法》的翻译都将"Bildung"译成教化,并且Bildung和“教化”的确有相通之处,本论文依旧使用“教化”这一翻译,并以加引号的方式使之和中文的教化区别开来。
     “教化”(Bildung)最初起源于16世纪虔诚派神学,赫尔德、威廉·冯·洪堡特和黑格尔都对之有所发展。伽达默尔则进行了进一步的完善,使之获得了区别于传统“教化”的开放性、“对话”性、应用性、历史性等特征。它不仅和诠释学的理解构成我中有你、你中有我的关系,而且对哲学诠释学的发展也具有重要作用,可以说,“教化”集中彰显了伽达默尔的历史观和语言观,是哲学诠释学一个非常重要的概念。“教化”对伽达默尔“审美教化”理论的意义就在于:它和西方传统的“教育”概念具有完全不同的意义,这一点使作为一种新的美育思想的“审美教化”理论获得了其鲜明的特色。
     第三章论述伽达默尔“审美教化”产生的途径一一艺术经验。伽达默尔认为“教化”要通过与他者的“对话”获得,其中最为直接地对我们说话的是艺术作品。因此,艺术作品构成了“审美教化”最有效的途径。在“审美教化”的产生途径上,伽达默尔提出了艺术经验的观点。这种观点是在海德格尔的艺术观和伽达默尔诠释学经验的基础上建立起来的。依照艺术经验的观点,“审美教化”不是欣赏主体对艺术对象的单向度的欣赏,而是对艺术作品的经验。“审美教化”的过程就是经验艺术的过程,这种艺术经验的特点鲜明地表现在游戏、象征和审美的时间特性中。具体来讲,在艺术经验中,艺术作品具有本体论的特征,它吸引欣赏者,并使欣赏者全身心参与到与艺术的游戏中,在游戏中,游戏者不具有主体性地位,游戏的主体是游戏本身。因此,艺术作品不是欣赏的对象,而是一种构成物,它期待着不断的理解和解释对其实现意义的补全,艺术具有同时性、同在性、交往性特征,经验艺术的过程就是通过艺术经历异化并返回自身的过程,即实现审美地“教化”的过程。因此,伽达默尔的艺术经验理论不但构成了对传统主体性美学的批判,而且成为伽达默尔“审美教化”区别于其它美育思想的一大特点。
     第四章论述获得“审美教化”的具体方式。伽达默尔认为诠释学具有普遍性特征,人们所有的活动都是以理解的方式进行的,美学在实质上也归属于诠释学。所以,“审美教化”是以理解和“对话”的方式进行的。具体来讲,“审美教化”就是在对艺术的经验中,意欲“教化”者带着自己的“前见”与艺术作品产生视域融合的过程,视域融合的具体方式就是“对话”。“对话”意味着“我”-“你”之间的平等关系,它包含了诠释学的问答逻辑,这种问答逻辑一反传统只注重倾听的教育方式,强调了问题在“对话”中的重要作用,真正的“对话”需要一种谈话能力,它不在于构成对对方观点的反驳或补充,而在于通过“对话”返回自身,提升自身。这样,“审美教化”就在实施方式上和其它美育思想区分开来,它不是主体对艺术对象的欣赏,而是带着自己的“前见”和艺术作品之间的平等“对话”,而且,“对话”本身不是目的,而是返回自身,应用于自身。
     第五章论述“审美教化”的理论和现实意义。首先,伽达默尔的“审美教化”对中西方美育思想具有一定的借鉴意义。以“教化”为核心范畴的“审美教化”为西方传统美育的发展注入了新的活力,它不仅构成了对传统审美区分思想的批判,而且深入地探讨了实施美育的具体过程和具体方式。中国传统以教育和教化为主要方式的诗教、乐教等美育思想以及中国现代美育的发展也可以从“审美教化”中获得一些启示。其次,在当前大众文化盛行、图像时代和网络时代到来的文艺发展形势下,伽达默尔的“审美教化”对于我们正确地对待经典和通俗艺术具有一定的启示意义。最后,伽达默尔的“教化”思想所包含的宽容、友谊和团结等思想对于我们有效地排除自我异化具有一定的启示作用。
     结语部分主要论述伽达默尔“审美教化”思想存在的理论局限。伽达默尔“教化”的实施是为了提升个体进而全人类整体的素质,然而“教化”是基于一种自发的意愿的基础上的,这样,伽达默尔就忽视了经济在社会发展中的基础性作用,而将个体提升和社会发展的原因归结于一种自发的意愿,具有一定的唯心主义倾向。而且,伽达默尔将美学纳入诠释学,过分夸大了理解在艺术欣赏中的作用,没有将艺术欣赏和普通的诠释学理解区分开来。另外,“教化”在于不断地提升自身,即舍弃特殊性,达到共同性,伽达默尔过于强调共同性和普遍性,忽视了个体性。在这一点上,它可以从中国古代“和而不同”的思想中寻求一些启示。
Hans-Georg Gadamer is not only the most famous German philosopher after Hussel and Heidegger, but also one of the philosophers who have world influence in the20th century. With the life of102years, he built a mental treasury, from which not only the social science, but also natural science can gain nutrients. Up to today, his mind, with its alive vitality, can bring big or small influence to us. Therefore, there are always study upsurges of Gadamer and his thoughts. Those researches refer to many fields, such as Aesthetics, Pedagogy, Anthropology, and Ethics. They have not only deepened our understanding of Gadamer and his idea, but also have exerted great influence to the theory and practice of modern philosophy and aesthetics.
     However, from those researches, we can not find any study on Gadamer's "aesthetic bildung", for we all ignored the word-bildung. There are two reasons for it:First, Gadamer has never spaced big discusses on bildung, but just introduced it in the beginning of Truth and Method. So, it never attracted our attention. Second, In China, there is always a misunderstanding for the word-bildung. The German word for it is bildung, the meaning of which is very complex. So, there is no word right for it. In the English edition of Truth and Method, they did not translate the word, but used the original word-bildung while in China, it was translated into jiaohua. However, there is a big difference between jiaohua and bildung; even in many ways, the two words go against each other. So, the scholars in China have never reached the true meaning of bildung, nor have they realized its importance for Gadamer. Therefore, we never realized the existence of a new theory of aesthetic education-aesthetic bildung.
     However, this can not cancel the importance of bildung. Gadamer put it in the beginning of Truth and Method and called it "the greatest idea of18th century", he said:"it is this concept which is the atmosphere breathed by the human sciences of the nineteenth century". Bildung is a process that one gives up his particularity and goes to the whole universe by talking to others. It has the characters of history, dialogue and openness and it implies the idea of philosophical hermeneutics. Honestly speaking, we can find the idea of bildung in the whole theory system of Gadamer. It runs through Gadamer's thoughts from the beginning to the end. For this reason, some scholars in China and abroad realized the importance of this word in the last few years. Some of them took bildung as the beginning of Gadamer's thoughts, as others put bildung in the core of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics or propose that we should call Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics as "Bildung Hermeneutics" However, those researches, for the length limitation or other reasons, did not describe that word neither in depth nor in detail. So," aesthetic bildung ", with bildung as its core conception, did not obtain our attention.
     Gadamer took dialogue as the way to get bildung. Art is the one who talk to us in the straightest way, so art is the most important way to get bildung. The bildung we get from art is aesthetic bildung. It is not only of great importance to the whole system of Gadamer's theory, but also to the current development of literature, art and our living conditions. So, this article intends to discuss bildung in depth, based on which research "aesthetic bildung" in detail. Concretely speaking, the research of Gadamer's "aesthetic bildung" includes several parts:
     Take the lifetime and academic history of Gadamer as the background and combine with the development of western aesthetic education, the part of introduction will discuss the necessity of the generation of "aesthetic bildung", which is both the result of Gadamer's academic history and the necessity of aesthetic education diversion in the20th century.
     Chapter one discusses the theoretical basis of "aesthetic bildung". There three basis for it:First, the phenomenology method of Hussel. Hussel hold the view that the thinking mode based on subject-object dichotomy can not gain the truth. So, he broke through the traditional thinking mode of subject-object dichotomy, which make a difference between "aesthetic bildung" and traditional aesthetic education. Second, the ontology of Heidegger. In the earlier stage, Heidegger took Dasein as the way to get Being while in the later stage, he thought all the behavior that from subject can not reach Being. Only from Being we can get truth. In this ontology, human's existence subject to Being itself. So, human beings have no initiative. Heidegger criticized the subjectivity that based on traditional epistemology. The breakthrough is of great importance to Gadamer's "aesthetic bildung". Only by giving up epistemology, can bildung open a real dialogue. Only by giving up epistemology, can bildung be a "self-bildung". Moreover, as the specific way to get "aesthetic bildung", the theory of dialogue is based on Heidegger's view of language.Third, Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics.To some extent,"aesthetic bildung" is a new theory of aesthetic education that in the horizon of philosophical hermeneutics. The ontology character of philosophical hermeneutics decides that bildung is not a behavior of one person, but of the whole nation or society."Aesthetic bildung" is not just for noblesse. Everyone can gain "aesthetic bildung". The historic character of philosophical hermeneutics put "aesthetic bildung" in a horizon of histoty.The historic inherit is one side of dialogue, it will participate in bildung. So, it will be a positive thing in "aesthetic bildung". Moreover, prejudice will also play a positive role in "aesthetic bildung". The applicative character of philosophical hermeneutics offers "aesthetic bildung" a dimension of anthropologic. Only by application, can "aesthetic bildung" achieve the transformation from theory to reality and improve the quality of the whole body of human kind. Only by application, can "aesthetic bildung" make preparations for future "aesthetic bildung". To some extent, application is not only an important part of "aesthetic bildung", but also a condition for further "aesthetic bildung"
     Chapter two focus on Gadamer's "bildung"."Bildung" is not only the core conception of Gadamer's "aesthetic bildung", but also its biggest feature. Gadamer originally put forward this conception to safeguard the status of human sciences. By the perfection of Gadamer, it finally became a conception of philosophical hermeneutics. What we need to pay attention is that both in China and abroad have difficulty in translating this word. In China, this word was translated into jiaohua. However, there is a big difference between these two words. In order to avoid the misunderstanding of the two words, before the concrete discussion of bildung, the article will first clarify the difference of the two words. The traditional word-Jiaohua-is a governmental action which means the below follow the behavior of the above.It aims to achieve the stability of politics. Bildung is "self-bildung" based on spontaneous aspiration. It comes true by the equal dialogue between one and others and finally achieves the quality improvement of individual or the whole body of mankind. The Chinese word jiaoyu and xiuyang can not perfectly interpret bildung either. As the Chinese edition of Truth and Method translates bildung to jiaohua, and the two words do have something in common, this article still use jiaohua as the translation, but with quotation mark to make a distinction between the two words.
     As a traditional word in German philosophy, bildung originates from Piety sent theology. Then Herder, Wilhelm von Humboldt and Hegel developed it a lot. When it came to Gadamer, it got the characters that different from traditional bildung:open, dialogue, applicability and historic. It not only has an intimate relationship with the hermeneutic word-interpretation, but also is of vital importance to the development of hermeneutics. Bildung is a very important word for philosophical hermeneutics. The significance of bildung to "aesthetic bildung" is that there is a big difference between bildung and jiaoyu, which brings a unique feature for " aesthetic bildung"
     Chapter three talks about the way to get aesthetic bildung——art experience. Gadamer hold the view that bildung is achieved from dialogue, while the artwork is the straightest way to build a dialogue, so the artwork is the most effective way to get aesthetic bildung.Gadamer proposed art experience, which learnt a lot from Heidegger's art view and Gadamer's hermeneutic experience. Gadamer's art work is not an object, in other words, aesthetic bildung can not be achieved by the appreciation of art object, but by the art experience. The process of aesthetic bildung is the process to experience art. The features of art experience make a good performance in play, symbolize and the time features of appreciations. Specifically speaking, in art experience, art based on ontology, attracts appreciators and leads them to participate in the play with art. The artwork is not the appreciative object, but a structure, which looking forward to the understanding and interpretation to bring it a whole meaning. Art has the features of simultaneity, presence and communication. The process to experience art is the process to pass through alienation and back to oneself, in other words, is the process of aesthetic bildung. Therefore, the art experience of Gadamer is not only a critique to traditional subjectivity aesthetics, but also a characteristic that is different from traditional aesthetic education.
     Chapter four expounds the specific mode of aesthetic bildung. Gadamer hold the view that all human actions based on understanding. For this reason, hermeneutics has the character of universality. Therefore, aesthetic bildung is also based on understanding. More concretely, aesthetic bildung is a horizon fusion process of those who want to bildung and of the art work. The specific mode of aesthetic bildung is dialogue, which means the equal relationship between "you" and "me".It contains the question-answer logic and emphasize the importance of question, which against the traditional education who pay more attention to listen. The real dialogue needs the ability of dialogue. It not aims to be a refution or complement of the opposite side, but return and improve oneself by dialogue. Therefore, the educational mode of aesthetic Bildung is distinguished from other ideas of aesthetic education. It is not the admiration of an art object, but the equal dialogue with the art work. And, the purpose is not dialogue, but to return and apply to oneself.
     Chapter five analyses the theoretical and reality significance of aesthetic bildung. First, Gadamer's aesthetic bildung is of great importance to the development of aesthetic education both in China and abroad. Aesthetic bildung, with bildung as its core conception, bring a new vitality to western traditional aesthetic education. It not only criticized the traditional idea of aesthetic differentiation, but also discussed the concrete process and mode of aesthetic education in depth. Both the Chinese traditional aesthetic education ideas-poetry education and music education-and the development of Chinese modern aesthetic education can gain a lot from Gadamer's aesthetic bildung. Second, in the times of mass culture, image and internet, we can learn something from Gadamer's aesthetic bildung to accurately deal with the classics and popular art. Last, the idea of tolerance, friendship and unite, which included in Gadamer's bildung, can teach us a lot on how to avoid self-alienation.
     The last part mainly talks about the limitation of Gadamer's aesthetic bildung. bildung aims to achieve the improvement of individual or the whole body of mankind. But bildung is based on the spontaneous aspiration, which ignored the basis function of economy. Bildung takes spontaneous aspiration as the reason of individual improvement and social development, to some extent, it is idealistic. Moreover, Gadamer put aesthetics in hermeneutics, which overstated the function of understanding in the appreciation of art. So, he confused the art appreciation and hermeneutic understanding. In addition, bildung aims to constantly improve oneself, in other words, to give up specific characters and attain commonality. Gadamer paid too much attention on commonality, which can learn something from traditional Chinese thought——harmony with diversity.
引文
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    ③Hans-Georg Gadamer. Truth and Method. Translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall, London·New York:Continuum Press,2004.p.115.
    ④[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第45页。
    ⑤[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第41页。
    ①Hans-Georg Gadamer. The Gadamer Reader:a Bouquet of The Later Writings.Edited by Richard E.Palmer, Evanston:Northwestern University Press,2007.p.191
    ②Hans-Georg Gadamer. Truth and Method. Translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall, London ·New York:Continuum Press,2004.p.117.
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    ①[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性--作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第59页。
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    ①[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第128页。
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    ①[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第76页。
    ②[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第83页。
    ③[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第64页。
    ④[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第67页。
    ①[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《美的现实性——作为游戏、象征、节日的艺术》,张志扬等译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991年版,第84页。
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    ②[德]汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔著:《美学与解释学》,严平译。选自《伽达默尔集》,上海远东出版社,1997年版,第481页。
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    ②Hans-Georg Gadamer. Truth and Method. Translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall, London ·New York:Continuum Press,2004.p.370.
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    ②Hans-Georg Gadamer. Truth and Method. Translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall, London ·New York:Continuum Press,2004.p.356.
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    ①Hans-Georg Gadamer. Truth and Method. Translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall, London·New York:Continuum Press,2004.p.371.
    ①Hans-Georg Gadamer. Truth and Method. Translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall, London · New York:Continuum Press,2004.p.74.
    ②Hans-Georg Gadamer. Truth and Method. Translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall, London·New York:Continuum Press,2004.p.72.
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    ①伽达默尔著:《赞美理论》,夏镇平译。选自《伽达默尔选集》,严平编选,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1988年版,第133页。
    ②H.G.伽达默尔:《友谊与团结》,《安徽师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2002年9月,第30卷第5期,第497-501页。
    ①伽达默尔著:《赞美理论》,夏镇平译。选自《伽达默尔选集》,严平编选,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1988年版,第134页。
    ②H.G.伽达默尔:《友谊与团结》,《安徽师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2002年9月,第30卷第5期,第497-501页。
    ①伽达默尔著:《赞美理论》,夏镇平译。选自《伽达默尔选集》,严平编选,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1988年版,第137页。
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    14、伽达默尔、卡斯特·杜特:《解释学与解构论相遇》,《外国哲学》,人大复印资料,2004年第4期,第62-69页。
    15、R.E.帕尔默:《伽达默尔哲学的七个关键术语》,《外国哲学》,人大复印资料,2003年第1期,第64-70页。
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    20、曾裕华:《试论伽达默尔的诠释学经验理论》,《贵州大学学报》,2003年第5期,第27-33页。
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