黄土高原草地土壤质量特征及评价研究
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摘要
黄土高原地区水土流失严重,土壤质量下降,生态环境恶化,严重制约了区域内经济社会的可持续发展。导致土壤质量下降的最直接和最主要的原因是土壤遭受侵蚀、肥力下降,而退耕还林还草是对退化土壤进行综合整治、恢复与重建的最重要措施之一,对逐步改善黄土高原地区生态环境具有重要意义。迄今在黄土高原地区草地土壤质量评价及影响因素方面所作的工作甚少。本研究以黄土高原具有代表性的8个典型小流域为研究对象,采用历史资料收集和野外调查相结合,野外试验与室内分析相结合的方法,系统测定了评价草地土壤质量所需的物理、化学及生物指标,揭示了它们的时空变化规律及影响因素,建立了草地土壤质量的评价指标体系及评价模型,并采用土壤质量综合指数法对研究区各流域的草地土壤质量进行了全面评价。获得的主要研究结论如下:
1.为了评价8个流域草地土壤的质量状况,采集了这些流域内共57块草地的土样,针对评价土壤质量所需的土壤物理、化学及生物学指标进行了系统测定。结果表明,物理指标中,土壤质地以壤土为主(小于0.01 mm物理性粘粒含量多在30～40%之间);土壤容重处于1.24～1.34 g/cm3之间,多数流域土壤松紧程度属于紧实或稍紧实;不同流域总团聚体含量差异明显。化学指标中,土壤表层(0～20 cm)有机质、全氮、全磷、有效氮、速效钾、CEC均高于下层;全钾含量差异不大,不同土层深度的波动幅度亦不是很大;8个流域当中,各养分指标均属于“中等”及以下水平(只有固原试区与王家沟速效钾含量属于“高”水平);土壤pH>8,偏碱性。生物指标中,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶与碱性磷酸酶活性在不同流域间表现出很大差异性,但剖面变化均表现出表层最高且沿剖面向下酶活性逐渐降低的规律。
2.在弃耕还草地的植被恢复过程中,随着弃耕年限的延长,土壤质量指标均有不同程度的优化。具体表现为:生物量、植被盖度、丰度及高度均随着弃耕年限的延长而增大;土壤容重随之降低,物理性粘粒含量升高,说明土壤的物理特性在不断改善;土壤的pH值、盐分总体上呈下降趋势;土壤有机质、CEC、全氮含量、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分指标呈逐年上升趋势;土壤全磷含量比较稳定;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶与蔗糖酶活性均随弃耕年限表现为上升——下降——上升的规律。
3.通过草地土壤质量因子与植被生产力(生物量与植被盖度)之间的相关性分析表明,土壤容重与植被生物量及植被盖度均呈负相关关系(P≤0.05);土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全钾、速效钾、土壤CEC与植被生物量及植被盖度之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与生物量之间无显著相关关系,但与植被盖度之间呈显著或极显著正相关。另外,土壤质量的物理、化学及生物性质各指标间也有相关性。土壤有机质与土壤容重、CEC、全钾、速效钾、全氮、有效氮以及速效磷之间存在显著相关关系(P≤0.01);土壤盐分、总团聚体、全磷与其它性质之间不存在显著性相关关系;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶之间显著相关(P≤0.01)。
4.为了筛选草地土壤质量评价指标,对选定的16个指标进行了敏感性分析。结果显示,土壤全氮为高度敏感,有机质、总团聚体、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶及蔗糖酶为中度敏感,土壤pH值、全磷及土壤容重为不敏感指标,而其余则为低度敏感。综合各指标的敏感度、主成分分析因子得分信息,可以选取土壤有机质、物理性粘粒、CEC、速效钾、土壤脲酶及土壤pH值6个指标作为评价土壤质量的主要指标,并建立了土壤质量综合评价模型。
5.利用土壤质量综合指数法对研究流域草地土壤质量进行评价,结果显示除飞马河外,其它流域土壤质量等级均在中等及以下水平。各流域的土壤综合质量指数平均值的大小顺序为:飞马河流域>北沟村>乾县枣子沟>固原上黄试区>定西高泉流域>离石王家沟流域>安塞纸坊沟流域>泉家沟流域。通过比较6指标与16指标的土壤质量综合指数,结果显示二者总的变化趋势一致,这就说明所选取的土壤有机质、物理性粘粒、CEC、速效钾、脲酶及pH值6个指标代表性好,基本可以满足土壤质量评价的需要。
6.论文创新点:1)运用土壤质量综合指数法,在选择16个指标对草地土壤质量进行初步评价的基础上,从中筛选出仅含6个指标的草地土壤质量评价指标体系,结果表明后者基本可以满足草地土壤质量的实际评价工作,为黄土高原地区同类工作提供了十分有用的参考和依据;2)系统地研究了黄土高原草地的土壤质量,并拟合出了通用于整个黄土高原地区草地土壤综合质量的评价模型,对退耕还草工作具有一定的指导作用。
It has been facing serious problems such as soil erosion, soil quality degradation and environmental deterioration in Loess Plateau, which it severely restricted the sustainable socio-economic development in this area. Soil degradation is the main and direct factor to make the soil quality decline. The method of returning cultivated land to forest or grass is the important measurement of rehabilitation and reconstruction for the degraded land ecosystems. It is important to improve the ecological environment in the Loess Plateau.
In the study, taking 8 representatively typical small valleys as an example, the methods of a combined operation of historical data collection with field investigation and a combined field testing with laboratory analysis were used. The physical, chemical and biological indicators were measured to investigate the spatial and temporal variation and affecting factors and establish soil quality dataset and evaluation model. Quantitative evaluation was conducted to assess the soil quality of the grassland. The main conclusions of the study were as follows:
1. In order to evaluate grassland soil quality of the 8 watersheds, 57 samplings of grassland soil were collected to analyze soil physical, chemical and biological indicators. In terms of physical indicators, the results showed that soil bulk density was in the range of 1.24 - 1.34 g/cm3 and in most cases the soil bulk density belonged to compaction or rather compaction. Soil texture was mainly the loam soil (The contents of <0.01 mm physical clay are mostly 30% - 40%). There was significant difference in the total aggregate content in different watersheds. In terms of chemical indicators, organic matter (OM), total N (TN), total P (TP), available N (AN), available K (AK), and CEC were higher in topsoil compared with the subsoil. There was no difference in the content and fluctuations of total K (TK) in the different soils. In study area, the content of soil nutrients was medium or low level (only in Guyuan and Wangjiagou, the content of AK was in higher range). The pH value was alkaline. In terms of biological indicators, there was significant difference in the activity of the urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase. However, the activities of these enzymes were highest in the top soil and decreased as the decline in profile.
2. With the years of returning cultivated land to forest and grass increase, the indicators of soil showed the optimization. Biomass, coverage, abundance and height of the vegetation were increasing along with the length of the extension of abandonment. Soil bulk density was decreasing, but the content of physical clay was increasing. It had showed that physical characteristics of the soil had been developing constantly. As a whole, pH value and the soil salt were declining. OM, CEC, TN, AN, AP, AK were increasing year by year. The content of TP was relatively stable. The activities of urease, alkaline phosphatase and the sucrase showed the laws as increasing-decreasing-increasing.
3. The correlation between the factors of the soil quality and the productivity of the vegetation (biomass and vegetation coverage) was analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that and the vegetation biomass and vegetation coverage was negatively correlated with soil bulk density (P≤0.05), was closely correlated with OM, TN, AN, TK, AK and CEC (P≤0.01). There was no significant correlation between the vegetation biomass and the urease, the alkaline phosphatase, and the sucrase, but there was significant correlation between the vegetation coverage and the three kinds of enzymes. In addition, the soil physical, chemical and biological properties were also relevant. The OM was closely correlated with CEC, TK, AK, TN, AN, and AP (P≤0.01). There was no significant correlation between the salinity of the soil, total aggregate content, TP and other properties, There was significant correlation between the urease, the alkaline phosphatase, and the sucrase (P≤0.01).
4. In order to select soil quality evaluation index of the grassland, the 16 indicators was determined using the method of sensitivity analysis. It showed that TN was extremely sensitive. OM, TA, AP, AK, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and sucrase were medium sensitivity. The value of pH, the content of TP and soil bulk density were insensitive, while the others were slightly sensitive. The information of sensitivity and principal component analysis factor scores for each index was integrated. The OM, PC, CEC, AK, urease and the value of pH were selected to evaluate the soil quality and establish the integrated model for soil assessment.
5. Integrated soil index was used to evaluate the soil quality of grassland. The results indicated the soil quality grade were below the medium level except Feima River Valley. The order of comprehensive quality index of the soil in the studied watersheds were: Feima River >Beigou>Zaozigou > Shanghuang in Guyuan > Gaoquan in Dingxi > Wangjiagou in Lishi > Zhifanggou in Ansai > Quanjiagou. The results showed the general trend under the 6-indicator-sysytem and 16-indicator-system was consistent by comparing the two systems of soil quality index, respectively. The results indicated that OM, PC, CEC, AK, urease and pH value may satisfy the evaluation of the soil quality.
6. Paper innovations: 1) Six quantitative indicators related to soil property were chosen to evaluate the soil quality using integrated soil index. The results showed that six quantitative indicators were sufficient to meet the need of soil assessment and evaluation results provided a very useful reference and a basis. 2) Systematically study of the Loess Plateau grassland soil quality, and the soil comprehensive quality evaluation model for the soil assessment of grassland in the Loess Plateau was established to provide a guide for the development of returning cultivated land to forest and grass.
1.为了评价8个流域草地土壤的质量状况,采集了这些流域内共57块草地的土样,针对评价土壤质量所需的土壤物理、化学及生物学指标进行了系统测定。结果表明,物理指标中,土壤质地以壤土为主(小于0.01 mm物理性粘粒含量多在30～40%之间);土壤容重处于1.24～1.34 g/cm3之间,多数流域土壤松紧程度属于紧实或稍紧实;不同流域总团聚体含量差异明显。化学指标中,土壤表层(0～20 cm)有机质、全氮、全磷、有效氮、速效钾、CEC均高于下层;全钾含量差异不大,不同土层深度的波动幅度亦不是很大;8个流域当中,各养分指标均属于“中等”及以下水平(只有固原试区与王家沟速效钾含量属于“高”水平);土壤pH>8,偏碱性。生物指标中,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶与碱性磷酸酶活性在不同流域间表现出很大差异性,但剖面变化均表现出表层最高且沿剖面向下酶活性逐渐降低的规律。
2.在弃耕还草地的植被恢复过程中,随着弃耕年限的延长,土壤质量指标均有不同程度的优化。具体表现为:生物量、植被盖度、丰度及高度均随着弃耕年限的延长而增大;土壤容重随之降低,物理性粘粒含量升高,说明土壤的物理特性在不断改善;土壤的pH值、盐分总体上呈下降趋势;土壤有机质、CEC、全氮含量、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分指标呈逐年上升趋势;土壤全磷含量比较稳定;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶与蔗糖酶活性均随弃耕年限表现为上升——下降——上升的规律。
3.通过草地土壤质量因子与植被生产力(生物量与植被盖度)之间的相关性分析表明,土壤容重与植被生物量及植被盖度均呈负相关关系(P≤0.05);土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全钾、速效钾、土壤CEC与植被生物量及植被盖度之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与生物量之间无显著相关关系,但与植被盖度之间呈显著或极显著正相关。另外,土壤质量的物理、化学及生物性质各指标间也有相关性。土壤有机质与土壤容重、CEC、全钾、速效钾、全氮、有效氮以及速效磷之间存在显著相关关系(P≤0.01);土壤盐分、总团聚体、全磷与其它性质之间不存在显著性相关关系;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶之间显著相关(P≤0.01)。
4.为了筛选草地土壤质量评价指标,对选定的16个指标进行了敏感性分析。结果显示,土壤全氮为高度敏感,有机质、总团聚体、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶及蔗糖酶为中度敏感,土壤pH值、全磷及土壤容重为不敏感指标,而其余则为低度敏感。综合各指标的敏感度、主成分分析因子得分信息,可以选取土壤有机质、物理性粘粒、CEC、速效钾、土壤脲酶及土壤pH值6个指标作为评价土壤质量的主要指标,并建立了土壤质量综合评价模型。
5.利用土壤质量综合指数法对研究流域草地土壤质量进行评价,结果显示除飞马河外,其它流域土壤质量等级均在中等及以下水平。各流域的土壤综合质量指数平均值的大小顺序为:飞马河流域>北沟村>乾县枣子沟>固原上黄试区>定西高泉流域>离石王家沟流域>安塞纸坊沟流域>泉家沟流域。通过比较6指标与16指标的土壤质量综合指数,结果显示二者总的变化趋势一致,这就说明所选取的土壤有机质、物理性粘粒、CEC、速效钾、脲酶及pH值6个指标代表性好,基本可以满足土壤质量评价的需要。
6.论文创新点:1)运用土壤质量综合指数法,在选择16个指标对草地土壤质量进行初步评价的基础上,从中筛选出仅含6个指标的草地土壤质量评价指标体系,结果表明后者基本可以满足草地土壤质量的实际评价工作,为黄土高原地区同类工作提供了十分有用的参考和依据;2)系统地研究了黄土高原草地的土壤质量,并拟合出了通用于整个黄土高原地区草地土壤综合质量的评价模型,对退耕还草工作具有一定的指导作用。
It has been facing serious problems such as soil erosion, soil quality degradation and environmental deterioration in Loess Plateau, which it severely restricted the sustainable socio-economic development in this area. Soil degradation is the main and direct factor to make the soil quality decline. The method of returning cultivated land to forest or grass is the important measurement of rehabilitation and reconstruction for the degraded land ecosystems. It is important to improve the ecological environment in the Loess Plateau.
In the study, taking 8 representatively typical small valleys as an example, the methods of a combined operation of historical data collection with field investigation and a combined field testing with laboratory analysis were used. The physical, chemical and biological indicators were measured to investigate the spatial and temporal variation and affecting factors and establish soil quality dataset and evaluation model. Quantitative evaluation was conducted to assess the soil quality of the grassland. The main conclusions of the study were as follows:
1. In order to evaluate grassland soil quality of the 8 watersheds, 57 samplings of grassland soil were collected to analyze soil physical, chemical and biological indicators. In terms of physical indicators, the results showed that soil bulk density was in the range of 1.24 - 1.34 g/cm3 and in most cases the soil bulk density belonged to compaction or rather compaction. Soil texture was mainly the loam soil (The contents of <0.01 mm physical clay are mostly 30% - 40%). There was significant difference in the total aggregate content in different watersheds. In terms of chemical indicators, organic matter (OM), total N (TN), total P (TP), available N (AN), available K (AK), and CEC were higher in topsoil compared with the subsoil. There was no difference in the content and fluctuations of total K (TK) in the different soils. In study area, the content of soil nutrients was medium or low level (only in Guyuan and Wangjiagou, the content of AK was in higher range). The pH value was alkaline. In terms of biological indicators, there was significant difference in the activity of the urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase. However, the activities of these enzymes were highest in the top soil and decreased as the decline in profile.
2. With the years of returning cultivated land to forest and grass increase, the indicators of soil showed the optimization. Biomass, coverage, abundance and height of the vegetation were increasing along with the length of the extension of abandonment. Soil bulk density was decreasing, but the content of physical clay was increasing. It had showed that physical characteristics of the soil had been developing constantly. As a whole, pH value and the soil salt were declining. OM, CEC, TN, AN, AP, AK were increasing year by year. The content of TP was relatively stable. The activities of urease, alkaline phosphatase and the sucrase showed the laws as increasing-decreasing-increasing.
3. The correlation between the factors of the soil quality and the productivity of the vegetation (biomass and vegetation coverage) was analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that and the vegetation biomass and vegetation coverage was negatively correlated with soil bulk density (P≤0.05), was closely correlated with OM, TN, AN, TK, AK and CEC (P≤0.01). There was no significant correlation between the vegetation biomass and the urease, the alkaline phosphatase, and the sucrase, but there was significant correlation between the vegetation coverage and the three kinds of enzymes. In addition, the soil physical, chemical and biological properties were also relevant. The OM was closely correlated with CEC, TK, AK, TN, AN, and AP (P≤0.01). There was no significant correlation between the salinity of the soil, total aggregate content, TP and other properties, There was significant correlation between the urease, the alkaline phosphatase, and the sucrase (P≤0.01).
4. In order to select soil quality evaluation index of the grassland, the 16 indicators was determined using the method of sensitivity analysis. It showed that TN was extremely sensitive. OM, TA, AP, AK, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and sucrase were medium sensitivity. The value of pH, the content of TP and soil bulk density were insensitive, while the others were slightly sensitive. The information of sensitivity and principal component analysis factor scores for each index was integrated. The OM, PC, CEC, AK, urease and the value of pH were selected to evaluate the soil quality and establish the integrated model for soil assessment.
5. Integrated soil index was used to evaluate the soil quality of grassland. The results indicated the soil quality grade were below the medium level except Feima River Valley. The order of comprehensive quality index of the soil in the studied watersheds were: Feima River >Beigou>Zaozigou > Shanghuang in Guyuan > Gaoquan in Dingxi > Wangjiagou in Lishi > Zhifanggou in Ansai > Quanjiagou. The results showed the general trend under the 6-indicator-sysytem and 16-indicator-system was consistent by comparing the two systems of soil quality index, respectively. The results indicated that OM, PC, CEC, AK, urease and pH value may satisfy the evaluation of the soil quality.
6. Paper innovations: 1) Six quantitative indicators related to soil property were chosen to evaluate the soil quality using integrated soil index. The results showed that six quantitative indicators were sufficient to meet the need of soil assessment and evaluation results provided a very useful reference and a basis. 2) Systematically study of the Loess Plateau grassland soil quality, and the soil comprehensive quality evaluation model for the soil assessment of grassland in the Loess Plateau was established to provide a guide for the development of returning cultivated land to forest and grass.
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