机载脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理技术研究
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摘要
飞机在飞行过程中需要时刻掌握飞行前方的气象状况。而空中的气象情况总是复杂多变,尤其在极端天气易发的季节和地区,想要单纯依靠地面的气象预报来准确掌握航程中的气象动态是非常困难的。机载脉冲多普勒气象雷达则能够用清晰的图像实时显示出飞机前方的气象状况,并及时将极端天气的报警信息提供给飞行员,以提前躲避危险。
本文在分析气象回波时域与频域特性的基础之上,阐述了针对气象信号平均功率、平均速度以及谱宽三个特征的估计算法原理,通过仿真对频域估计算法和脉冲对估计算法进行了性能的对比分析;研究了针对机载环境下地杂波的抑制方法原理,通过仿真对动目标显示技术与动目标检测技术进行了模拟与分析;结合实际的气象目标特征,重点对普通气象、湍流、低空风切变三类气象目标进行了建模,对建立的模型进行了信号处理仿真,仿真结果分析表明了本文所运用信号处理方法的正确性与有效性。
Pilots need to manage the weather status in front of aircrafts which are in the airline. Usually, the weather status is complex and changeful, especially in certain season or certain zone where extreme weather phenomena occur frequently. It is difficult to manage weather dynamic situation well and truly, relying on forecast supplied by meteorology center. Airborne pulse doppler weather radar could display clear colorized weather image dynamically on its screen and give pilots alarm about the extreme weather area to avoid risk betimes.
The thesis introduces the theory of estimating algorithms about weather echo average power, average velocity and spectrum width based on the properties of radar echo in the time and frequency domains, and then analyzes the performance of Pulse Pair Processing (PPP) algorithm and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm by computer simulations. Moreover the theory of elimination algorithms about ground clutter on airborne platform is studied, and then the performances of Moving Target Indication (MTI) algorithm and Moving Target Detection (MTD) algorithm are analyzed by simulations. This thesis also establishes models about common weather target, turbulent air and low altitude windshear, and does signal processing simulations based on the models. The simulation results show the validity of the signal processing methods adopted in this thesis.
本文在分析气象回波时域与频域特性的基础之上,阐述了针对气象信号平均功率、平均速度以及谱宽三个特征的估计算法原理,通过仿真对频域估计算法和脉冲对估计算法进行了性能的对比分析;研究了针对机载环境下地杂波的抑制方法原理,通过仿真对动目标显示技术与动目标检测技术进行了模拟与分析;结合实际的气象目标特征,重点对普通气象、湍流、低空风切变三类气象目标进行了建模,对建立的模型进行了信号处理仿真,仿真结果分析表明了本文所运用信号处理方法的正确性与有效性。
Pilots need to manage the weather status in front of aircrafts which are in the airline. Usually, the weather status is complex and changeful, especially in certain season or certain zone where extreme weather phenomena occur frequently. It is difficult to manage weather dynamic situation well and truly, relying on forecast supplied by meteorology center. Airborne pulse doppler weather radar could display clear colorized weather image dynamically on its screen and give pilots alarm about the extreme weather area to avoid risk betimes.
The thesis introduces the theory of estimating algorithms about weather echo average power, average velocity and spectrum width based on the properties of radar echo in the time and frequency domains, and then analyzes the performance of Pulse Pair Processing (PPP) algorithm and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm by computer simulations. Moreover the theory of elimination algorithms about ground clutter on airborne platform is studied, and then the performances of Moving Target Indication (MTI) algorithm and Moving Target Detection (MTD) algorithm are analyzed by simulations. This thesis also establishes models about common weather target, turbulent air and low altitude windshear, and does signal processing simulations based on the models. The simulation results show the validity of the signal processing methods adopted in this thesis.
引文
[1] [美]George W.Stimson著,吴汉平等译.机载雷达导论(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社. 2005. 1-106.
[2]蔡成仁.彩色气象雷达.北京:国防工业出版社. 1992. 1-5.
[3]焦中生,沈超玲,张云.气象雷达原理.北京:气象出版社. 2005. 20-21, 307-312, 323-329.
[4]蒋培杰.现代气象雷达.北京:气象出版社. 1987. 1-7.
[5] D.Kuntman. Evolution of weather radar to add forward looking windshear detection capability. AIAA93-3945. 1993.8. 1-4, 11-13.
[6]林植平,荣卫国.民用机载气象雷达的现状与展望.江苏航空. 1998, (2): 3-4.
[7]陈林.风切变预警系统.民航经济与技术. 1998, 3(195): 41-44.
[8]骆文成.机载前视风切变气象雷达信号处理技术研究.硕士学位论文.西北工业大学. 2001.
[9]高霞,李勇,李滔等.机载前视风切变雷达信号处理方法分析.计算机仿真. 2009, 7, 26(7): 58-61.
[10]张培昌等.雷达气象学.北京:气象出版社. 2001. 143-186, 218-262.
[11] An introduction of WXR-700 doppler turbulence detection and ground clutter suppression. Rockwell International Avionics Group, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52498. 1-14.
[12]黄海波.大气湍流与航空安全.中国科技信息. 2005, (14): 78.
[13] WXR-700X Weather Radar System. Collins Air Transport Division Installation Manual. 1996, 1(15): 31.
[14]张军,陈汉华,杨雪等.低空风切变浅谈.中国水运. 2007,11, 5(11): 189-190.
[15] S.D.Harrah, E.M.Bracalente. NASA’s airborne doppler radar for detection of hazardous windshear. Development and Flight Testing. AIAA93-3946. 1993,8.
[16] Gregory P.Byrd. A quantitative method to estimate the microburst windshear hazard to aircraft. 4th International Conference on Aviation Weather Systems. 1991,6.24-28. 335-340.
[17] R.J.Doviak, D.S.Zrnic. Doppler radar and weather observations. New York: Academic. 1993.
[18]许佰魁.脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统研究.硕士学位论文.南京理工大学. 2002.
[19]马振骅等.气象雷达回波信息原理.北京:科学出版社. 1986. 25-40.
[20] R.J.Doviak, D.S.Zrnic. Receiver bandwidth effect on reflectivity and doppler velocity estimates. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 1979, 1(18): 69-76.
[21] D.Sirmans, B.Bumgarner. Numerical comparison of five mean frequency estimators. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 1997, 9, (14): 991-1003.
[22]胡朝江,李晓冲,袁有志.大飞机风切变探测告警系统.中国民航大学学报. 2008,10, 26(5): 23-25.
[23] C.L.Britt, S.D.Harrab, L.H.Crittenden. Microburst hazard detection performance of the NASA experimental windshear radar system. AIAA93-3943. 1993.8.11-13.
[24]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社. 1995. 251-333.
[25] H.L.Groginsky, K.M.Glover. Weather radar canceller design. Preprint of 19th Conference on Radar Meteorology. American meteorological Society. 1980. 192-198.
[26]肖弟权,何建新,邱万智.用TMS320C25实现天气雷达地物回波抑制.成都科技大学学报. 1994, (5): 88-92.
[27] Z.B.Banjamin, D.S.Zrnic. Clutter rejection for doppler weather radars which use staggered pulses. IEEE Trans. Feoscience and Remote Sensing. 1991,7, 29(4): 610-620.
[28]姚振动.双DSP实线气象雷达信号处理.微处理机. 2000, (3): 50-53.
[29]陆光华,彭学愚,张林让等.随机信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社. 2002. 1-46.
[30]张华.脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统研究.硕士学位论文.南京理工大学. 2003.
[31] D.S.Zrnic. Spectrum moment estimates from correlated pulse pairs. IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1977,7, 13(4): 344-354.
[32] D.S.Zrnic. Spectrum width estimates for weather echoes. IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1979,9, 15(5): 613-619.
[33]张长隆.杂波建模与仿真技术及其在雷达信号模拟器中的应用研究.硕士学位论文.国防科技大学. 2004.
[34]许斌斌.雷达地杂波建模与仿真技术研究.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2009.
[35] [美]Merrill I.Skolnik著,左群声等译.雷达系统导论(第三版).北京:电子工业出版社. 2006. 80-148.
[36]冯军.雷达杂波抑制技术及实现研究.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2008.
[37]贾新霞.雷达杂波抑制算法及实现方法的分析与比较.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2002.
[38]石星,戴庆芬,李乐民.几种典型自适应杂波抑制算法的分析.信号处理. 1996, 12(1): 76-86.
[39]贺坤.雷达杂波抑制方法研究及其实现.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2006.
[40]王文卿.现代雷达信号处理技术及实现.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2009.
[41]谷泓,赵永波,张守宏.一种基于数字综合算法的MTD滤波器设计方法.航空计算技术. 2002, (6).
[42]王凡.湍流目标性质分析.现代电子. 1996, (3): 1-8.
[43]陈惠萍.多卜勒湍流检测.中国民航学院学报. 1990, 8(4): 38-46.
[44] C.L.Britt, C.W.Kelly. User guide for an airborne wind shear doppler radar simulation (AWDRS). Hampton NASA Langley Research Center. 1990.
[45]刘洪恩.微下击暴流的特征及其数值模拟.气象学报. 2001, 59(2): 183-195.
[46]孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.微下击暴流的数值模拟.大气科学. 1994, 18(1): 11-21.
[47]许焕斌,魏绍远.下击暴流的数值模拟.气象学报. 1995, 53(2): 168-176.
[48] Richard S.Bray. A method for three-dimensional modeling of windshear environments for flight simulator applications. NASA TM-85969. 1984,7.
[49]郭惠军,李勇,李晓平.机载前视风切变雷达AMTI杂波抑制技术.计算机仿真. 2009, 26(9): 55-58.
[2]蔡成仁.彩色气象雷达.北京:国防工业出版社. 1992. 1-5.
[3]焦中生,沈超玲,张云.气象雷达原理.北京:气象出版社. 2005. 20-21, 307-312, 323-329.
[4]蒋培杰.现代气象雷达.北京:气象出版社. 1987. 1-7.
[5] D.Kuntman. Evolution of weather radar to add forward looking windshear detection capability. AIAA93-3945. 1993.8. 1-4, 11-13.
[6]林植平,荣卫国.民用机载气象雷达的现状与展望.江苏航空. 1998, (2): 3-4.
[7]陈林.风切变预警系统.民航经济与技术. 1998, 3(195): 41-44.
[8]骆文成.机载前视风切变气象雷达信号处理技术研究.硕士学位论文.西北工业大学. 2001.
[9]高霞,李勇,李滔等.机载前视风切变雷达信号处理方法分析.计算机仿真. 2009, 7, 26(7): 58-61.
[10]张培昌等.雷达气象学.北京:气象出版社. 2001. 143-186, 218-262.
[11] An introduction of WXR-700 doppler turbulence detection and ground clutter suppression. Rockwell International Avionics Group, Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52498. 1-14.
[12]黄海波.大气湍流与航空安全.中国科技信息. 2005, (14): 78.
[13] WXR-700X Weather Radar System. Collins Air Transport Division Installation Manual. 1996, 1(15): 31.
[14]张军,陈汉华,杨雪等.低空风切变浅谈.中国水运. 2007,11, 5(11): 189-190.
[15] S.D.Harrah, E.M.Bracalente. NASA’s airborne doppler radar for detection of hazardous windshear. Development and Flight Testing. AIAA93-3946. 1993,8.
[16] Gregory P.Byrd. A quantitative method to estimate the microburst windshear hazard to aircraft. 4th International Conference on Aviation Weather Systems. 1991,6.24-28. 335-340.
[17] R.J.Doviak, D.S.Zrnic. Doppler radar and weather observations. New York: Academic. 1993.
[18]许佰魁.脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统研究.硕士学位论文.南京理工大学. 2002.
[19]马振骅等.气象雷达回波信息原理.北京:科学出版社. 1986. 25-40.
[20] R.J.Doviak, D.S.Zrnic. Receiver bandwidth effect on reflectivity and doppler velocity estimates. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 1979, 1(18): 69-76.
[21] D.Sirmans, B.Bumgarner. Numerical comparison of five mean frequency estimators. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 1997, 9, (14): 991-1003.
[22]胡朝江,李晓冲,袁有志.大飞机风切变探测告警系统.中国民航大学学报. 2008,10, 26(5): 23-25.
[23] C.L.Britt, S.D.Harrab, L.H.Crittenden. Microburst hazard detection performance of the NASA experimental windshear radar system. AIAA93-3943. 1993.8.11-13.
[24]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社. 1995. 251-333.
[25] H.L.Groginsky, K.M.Glover. Weather radar canceller design. Preprint of 19th Conference on Radar Meteorology. American meteorological Society. 1980. 192-198.
[26]肖弟权,何建新,邱万智.用TMS320C25实现天气雷达地物回波抑制.成都科技大学学报. 1994, (5): 88-92.
[27] Z.B.Banjamin, D.S.Zrnic. Clutter rejection for doppler weather radars which use staggered pulses. IEEE Trans. Feoscience and Remote Sensing. 1991,7, 29(4): 610-620.
[28]姚振动.双DSP实线气象雷达信号处理.微处理机. 2000, (3): 50-53.
[29]陆光华,彭学愚,张林让等.随机信号处理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社. 2002. 1-46.
[30]张华.脉冲多普勒气象雷达信号处理系统研究.硕士学位论文.南京理工大学. 2003.
[31] D.S.Zrnic. Spectrum moment estimates from correlated pulse pairs. IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1977,7, 13(4): 344-354.
[32] D.S.Zrnic. Spectrum width estimates for weather echoes. IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1979,9, 15(5): 613-619.
[33]张长隆.杂波建模与仿真技术及其在雷达信号模拟器中的应用研究.硕士学位论文.国防科技大学. 2004.
[34]许斌斌.雷达地杂波建模与仿真技术研究.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2009.
[35] [美]Merrill I.Skolnik著,左群声等译.雷达系统导论(第三版).北京:电子工业出版社. 2006. 80-148.
[36]冯军.雷达杂波抑制技术及实现研究.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2008.
[37]贾新霞.雷达杂波抑制算法及实现方法的分析与比较.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2002.
[38]石星,戴庆芬,李乐民.几种典型自适应杂波抑制算法的分析.信号处理. 1996, 12(1): 76-86.
[39]贺坤.雷达杂波抑制方法研究及其实现.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2006.
[40]王文卿.现代雷达信号处理技术及实现.硕士学位论文.西安电子科技大学. 2009.
[41]谷泓,赵永波,张守宏.一种基于数字综合算法的MTD滤波器设计方法.航空计算技术. 2002, (6).
[42]王凡.湍流目标性质分析.现代电子. 1996, (3): 1-8.
[43]陈惠萍.多卜勒湍流检测.中国民航学院学报. 1990, 8(4): 38-46.
[44] C.L.Britt, C.W.Kelly. User guide for an airborne wind shear doppler radar simulation (AWDRS). Hampton NASA Langley Research Center. 1990.
[45]刘洪恩.微下击暴流的特征及其数值模拟.气象学报. 2001, 59(2): 183-195.
[46]孔凡铀,黄美元,徐华英.微下击暴流的数值模拟.大气科学. 1994, 18(1): 11-21.
[47]许焕斌,魏绍远.下击暴流的数值模拟.气象学报. 1995, 53(2): 168-176.
[48] Richard S.Bray. A method for three-dimensional modeling of windshear environments for flight simulator applications. NASA TM-85969. 1984,7.
[49]郭惠军,李勇,李晓平.机载前视风切变雷达AMTI杂波抑制技术.计算机仿真. 2009, 26(9): 55-58.