组装两亲性嵌段聚合物构建人工GPx
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摘要
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(EC.1.11.1.9)是一种对人体非常重要的含硒酶,它在防御氧化性相关疾病、新陈代谢中的氧化还原反应、细胞的生长和凋亡等生命活动中起着重要的作用。人们对已知的GPx酶进行了细致的研究,并在此基础上了设计了许多GPx酶模型来解决天然GPx稳定性差、来源有限、使用成本高等缺点。虽然以前通过化学方法和生物方法制备的GPx酶模型都展现出高的催化活性,但是这些酶模型仍然具有一某些缺点,一方面这些酶模型具有合成方法复杂、成本高、产率低等缺点。另一方面,这些酶模型中各种催化基元的比例都是固定值,通过改变各种基元的比例对GPx酶模型进行优化是非常困难的。因此,要利用一种简单高效的方法制备人工GPx酶模型仍然是个挑战性课题。
纳米科学和超分子科学的快速发展为人工酶的设计开辟了更为广阔的研究空间。在了解GPx结构的基础上,我们结合ATRP、Click化学、共混方法、纳米科学和超分子科学的优势,系统地进行了利用聚合物组装与自组装模拟GPx的研究工作,并获得了以下研究成果：
Ⅰ组装嵌段聚合物构建GPx酶模型利用识别与催化协同仿酶的思想,发展了一种更加简单高效的制备GPx酶模型的方法。首先通过ATRP和Click化学制备了一系列修饰有识别位点和催化中心的聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸三缩乙二醇单甲醚酯嵌段聚合物。并以这些功能化聚合物为基元,用共混组装方法简单高效的制备了GPx酶模型。实验证明可以通过改变三种功能化聚合物共混的比例来制备活力最佳的GPx酶模型。
Ⅱ组装嵌段聚合物构建温度响应的GPx酶模型设计制备了活力能够通过温度进行调控的智能GPx酶模型。首先利用ATRP和Click化学制备了一系列修饰有识别位点和催化中心的功能化聚氮异丙基丙烯酰胺-b-聚丙烯酰胺嵌段聚合物。利用共混方法构建了具有最佳催化活力的温度响应GPx模拟酶。该酶模型的GPx活力展现出了很好的温度响应特性。
Ⅲ主客体超分子组装构建温度响应的嵌段聚合物GPx酶模型发展了主客体超分子组装方法与共混方法相结合制备高催化活力的GPx酶模型的新方法。我们首先制备了端基是环糊精的主体聚合物和修饰有催化基元的金刚烷客体小分子。通过主客体超分子作用,将温敏聚合物与催化基元非共建偶联,制备了修饰有GPx催化基元的功能化聚合物。通过共混方法构建了新型高效的温度响应GPx酶模型。期望这种利用超分子方法构建共混GPx酶模型的方法能为其他抗氧化酶的设计提供新的思路。
As an important selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx EC.1.11.1.9) is indispensable for human, which with the basic catalytic characteristic allows the enzymes to adopt diversified biological roles ranging from defence against peroxide damage, redox regulation of metabolic processes, cellular differentiation and apoptosis. So researchers ranging from biologists to chemists have been extensively investigated this important selenium-containing enzyme as it plays the numerous and fundamental roles. Up to now, eight distinct GPxs have been identified in mammals, five of them being selenoproteins in man. Usually, GPx functions to catalyze the reduction of hydroperoxides using glutathione as a specific reducing substrate and plays a major role in the organismal antioxidant defense mechanism protecting cells from oxidative stress, such as such as reperfusion injury, brain ischemia. tumor, cataract, inflammation, and physiological aging. Due to its biologically crucial role, considerable efforts have been devoted to producing organoselenium or tellurium compounds that mimic the properties of GPx in recent years.
Recently, in our group, for promoting the catalytic efficiency of the artificial GPx models, more exact imitation of the active site of GPx with the concept of synergy of the recognition and catalysis was carried out based on the understanding of the structure of GPx. Thus, a series of host molecules with high substrate specificity and appropriate catalytic selenium moieties were developed. Afterwards, a genetic engineering strategy was further emplyed to construct well-defined artificial GPx models and a series of telluro-proteins as artificial GPx models with higher catalytic activity were continuously reported. Recently, molecularly imprinted artificial GPx models were developed in view of transition state recognition or mimicking the active site microenvironment of enzymes. Furthermore, various smart nanoenzyme models with controlled catalytic activity were well demonstrated by the combination of biological, supramolecular and nanoscientific strategies. Up to now, some of these artificial GPx models show satisfying enzymatic properties, excitingly, some of them display extraordinarily high activities rivalling native ones.
Although artificial GPx models constructed by chemical and genetic strategies previously have demonstrated high catalytic activity, some disadvantages still remain in such efficient GPx models. On the one hand, catalytic factors are commonly combined into one scaffold through covalent chemical methods, which have the limitation of complicated synthetic routes, expensive cost and low productivity. On the other hand, it is difficult to construct the optimum artificial GPx models via altering the molar ratio of the catalytic factors as it is a fixed value. Thus. the construction of artificial GPx models using a simple and efficient method is still a great challenge. Additionally, the construction of a desirable artificial GPx models with smart characteristics of its catalytic efficiency could be regulated by some environmental stimuli is always an interesting job. And how to combine the catalytic factors into one smart artificial GPx models is also a great challenge. Futhermore. could all the challenge mentioned above be resolved in a more simple method using the protocol of supramolecular science? All of them are the challenge we will meet.
Recently. ATRP and Click chemistry have flourishing developed, which is one of the significant protocols employed to design versatile functional materials and polymers with complex architectures and compositions. Significantly, a blending process is efficient method to obtain new polymer materials with superior properties compared to those of individual components. Meanwhile, the flourishing development in nano and supramolecular science brings a new field in the design of artificial enzyme. Based on the understanding of the sturcture of GPx and the advantage of ATRP, Click chemistry, blending process, nano and supramolecular science, we have designed three artificial GPx models to meet the challenges mentioned above.
1 Construction of artificial GPx based on assembly of block copolymers
A series of block copolymers loaded with recognition and catalytic sites were synthesized based on polystyrene-block-poly[tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate]s (PS-PMEO3MAs) via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Click chemistry. A simply and efficient artificial GPx models was obtained using the blending process for the first time. A study of the assembly behavior of the blended artificial GPx models and the individual copolymers indicated that the blended artificial GPx models can assemble into uniform and stable vesicles that are analogous to the individual copolymers. which makes the blending process a feasible and excellent method to construct blended artificial GPx models. In particular, the optimum artificial GPx models was achieved through optimizing the structure of the functional block copolymers and changing the molar ratio of three functional block copolymers. PP-Te1, PP-CD2 and PP-q2. Although the specific substrate binding plays an important role in designing a desirable GPx mimic, the match degree among the catalytic factors also makes a great contribution to obtaining high GPx activity. As a new artificial GPx models, considering its high catalytic activity, simple preparation process and better match of catalytic factors, the blended artificial GPx models may make the preparation of efficient artificial GPx models more eassy.
2 Construction of smart artificial GPx based on block copolymers
Previous works have well demonstrated that blended process is a simple and efficient protocol to construct blended artificial GPx models. Herein, this simple method was successfully emolyed to construct smart artificial GPx models. As the functional block copolymers loaded with recognition and catalytic sites. PPAM. PPAM-Te, PPAM-N, PPAM-CD were synthesized via ATRP and Click chemistry. Using the blending process, the optimum artificial GPx models (PPAM-N-CD-Temax) was obtained by the self-assembly of temperature-sensitive block copolymers through altering the molar ratio of the functional copolymers. By exploring the catalytic behavior, it is noted that not only the specific substrate binding ability but also the better match among the catalytic factors play an important role in designing a desirable artificial GPx models. Significantly, as a smart blended artificial GPx models. the catalytic activity of the optimum artificial GPx models can be well modulated by changing the temperature. It was proved that a change in the self-assembly structure of the block copolymers at different temperatures plays an important role in the modulation of catalytic activity.
3 Construction of smart artificial GPx via supramolecular self-assembly
Considering that the constructing of smart blended artificial GPx models is successful. an attempt of preparation a more simplified smart blended artificial GPx model via supramolecular chemistry is finished. Herein, the host-polymer CD-PNIPAM was synthesized via ATRP and Click chemistry. And the guest-molecules loaded with catalytic and recognition sites,8 and 9 were synthesized. Subsequently, functional copolymers loaded with recognition and catalytic sites. CD-PNIPAM, Arg-CD-PNIPAM, Te-CD-PNIPAM were obtained via self-assemble between the host-polymer and the guest-molecules. The optimum artificial GPx models was constructed by blending process of three functional copolymers by altering the the molar ratio of them. By exploring the catalytic behavior, this smart blended artificial GPx models constructed via host-guest self-assemble method acted as an real enzyme catalyst. And the catalytic activity of the optimum artificial GPx models can be well modulated by changing the temperature. Considering that such smart artificial GPx models were constructed throuth a simplified protocol, we anticipate that this study will open up a new field in designing a smart antioxidative artificial enzyme.
纳米科学和超分子科学的快速发展为人工酶的设计开辟了更为广阔的研究空间。在了解GPx结构的基础上,我们结合ATRP、Click化学、共混方法、纳米科学和超分子科学的优势,系统地进行了利用聚合物组装与自组装模拟GPx的研究工作,并获得了以下研究成果：
Ⅰ组装嵌段聚合物构建GPx酶模型利用识别与催化协同仿酶的思想,发展了一种更加简单高效的制备GPx酶模型的方法。首先通过ATRP和Click化学制备了一系列修饰有识别位点和催化中心的聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸三缩乙二醇单甲醚酯嵌段聚合物。并以这些功能化聚合物为基元,用共混组装方法简单高效的制备了GPx酶模型。实验证明可以通过改变三种功能化聚合物共混的比例来制备活力最佳的GPx酶模型。
Ⅱ组装嵌段聚合物构建温度响应的GPx酶模型设计制备了活力能够通过温度进行调控的智能GPx酶模型。首先利用ATRP和Click化学制备了一系列修饰有识别位点和催化中心的功能化聚氮异丙基丙烯酰胺-b-聚丙烯酰胺嵌段聚合物。利用共混方法构建了具有最佳催化活力的温度响应GPx模拟酶。该酶模型的GPx活力展现出了很好的温度响应特性。
Ⅲ主客体超分子组装构建温度响应的嵌段聚合物GPx酶模型发展了主客体超分子组装方法与共混方法相结合制备高催化活力的GPx酶模型的新方法。我们首先制备了端基是环糊精的主体聚合物和修饰有催化基元的金刚烷客体小分子。通过主客体超分子作用,将温敏聚合物与催化基元非共建偶联,制备了修饰有GPx催化基元的功能化聚合物。通过共混方法构建了新型高效的温度响应GPx酶模型。期望这种利用超分子方法构建共混GPx酶模型的方法能为其他抗氧化酶的设计提供新的思路。
As an important selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx EC.1.11.1.9) is indispensable for human, which with the basic catalytic characteristic allows the enzymes to adopt diversified biological roles ranging from defence against peroxide damage, redox regulation of metabolic processes, cellular differentiation and apoptosis. So researchers ranging from biologists to chemists have been extensively investigated this important selenium-containing enzyme as it plays the numerous and fundamental roles. Up to now, eight distinct GPxs have been identified in mammals, five of them being selenoproteins in man. Usually, GPx functions to catalyze the reduction of hydroperoxides using glutathione as a specific reducing substrate and plays a major role in the organismal antioxidant defense mechanism protecting cells from oxidative stress, such as such as reperfusion injury, brain ischemia. tumor, cataract, inflammation, and physiological aging. Due to its biologically crucial role, considerable efforts have been devoted to producing organoselenium or tellurium compounds that mimic the properties of GPx in recent years.
Recently, in our group, for promoting the catalytic efficiency of the artificial GPx models, more exact imitation of the active site of GPx with the concept of synergy of the recognition and catalysis was carried out based on the understanding of the structure of GPx. Thus, a series of host molecules with high substrate specificity and appropriate catalytic selenium moieties were developed. Afterwards, a genetic engineering strategy was further emplyed to construct well-defined artificial GPx models and a series of telluro-proteins as artificial GPx models with higher catalytic activity were continuously reported. Recently, molecularly imprinted artificial GPx models were developed in view of transition state recognition or mimicking the active site microenvironment of enzymes. Furthermore, various smart nanoenzyme models with controlled catalytic activity were well demonstrated by the combination of biological, supramolecular and nanoscientific strategies. Up to now, some of these artificial GPx models show satisfying enzymatic properties, excitingly, some of them display extraordinarily high activities rivalling native ones.
Although artificial GPx models constructed by chemical and genetic strategies previously have demonstrated high catalytic activity, some disadvantages still remain in such efficient GPx models. On the one hand, catalytic factors are commonly combined into one scaffold through covalent chemical methods, which have the limitation of complicated synthetic routes, expensive cost and low productivity. On the other hand, it is difficult to construct the optimum artificial GPx models via altering the molar ratio of the catalytic factors as it is a fixed value. Thus. the construction of artificial GPx models using a simple and efficient method is still a great challenge. Additionally, the construction of a desirable artificial GPx models with smart characteristics of its catalytic efficiency could be regulated by some environmental stimuli is always an interesting job. And how to combine the catalytic factors into one smart artificial GPx models is also a great challenge. Futhermore. could all the challenge mentioned above be resolved in a more simple method using the protocol of supramolecular science? All of them are the challenge we will meet.
Recently. ATRP and Click chemistry have flourishing developed, which is one of the significant protocols employed to design versatile functional materials and polymers with complex architectures and compositions. Significantly, a blending process is efficient method to obtain new polymer materials with superior properties compared to those of individual components. Meanwhile, the flourishing development in nano and supramolecular science brings a new field in the design of artificial enzyme. Based on the understanding of the sturcture of GPx and the advantage of ATRP, Click chemistry, blending process, nano and supramolecular science, we have designed three artificial GPx models to meet the challenges mentioned above.
1 Construction of artificial GPx based on assembly of block copolymers
A series of block copolymers loaded with recognition and catalytic sites were synthesized based on polystyrene-block-poly[tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate]s (PS-PMEO3MAs) via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Click chemistry. A simply and efficient artificial GPx models was obtained using the blending process for the first time. A study of the assembly behavior of the blended artificial GPx models and the individual copolymers indicated that the blended artificial GPx models can assemble into uniform and stable vesicles that are analogous to the individual copolymers. which makes the blending process a feasible and excellent method to construct blended artificial GPx models. In particular, the optimum artificial GPx models was achieved through optimizing the structure of the functional block copolymers and changing the molar ratio of three functional block copolymers. PP-Te1, PP-CD2 and PP-q2. Although the specific substrate binding plays an important role in designing a desirable GPx mimic, the match degree among the catalytic factors also makes a great contribution to obtaining high GPx activity. As a new artificial GPx models, considering its high catalytic activity, simple preparation process and better match of catalytic factors, the blended artificial GPx models may make the preparation of efficient artificial GPx models more eassy.
2 Construction of smart artificial GPx based on block copolymers
Previous works have well demonstrated that blended process is a simple and efficient protocol to construct blended artificial GPx models. Herein, this simple method was successfully emolyed to construct smart artificial GPx models. As the functional block copolymers loaded with recognition and catalytic sites. PPAM. PPAM-Te, PPAM-N, PPAM-CD were synthesized via ATRP and Click chemistry. Using the blending process, the optimum artificial GPx models (PPAM-N-CD-Temax) was obtained by the self-assembly of temperature-sensitive block copolymers through altering the molar ratio of the functional copolymers. By exploring the catalytic behavior, it is noted that not only the specific substrate binding ability but also the better match among the catalytic factors play an important role in designing a desirable artificial GPx models. Significantly, as a smart blended artificial GPx models. the catalytic activity of the optimum artificial GPx models can be well modulated by changing the temperature. It was proved that a change in the self-assembly structure of the block copolymers at different temperatures plays an important role in the modulation of catalytic activity.
3 Construction of smart artificial GPx via supramolecular self-assembly
Considering that the constructing of smart blended artificial GPx models is successful. an attempt of preparation a more simplified smart blended artificial GPx model via supramolecular chemistry is finished. Herein, the host-polymer CD-PNIPAM was synthesized via ATRP and Click chemistry. And the guest-molecules loaded with catalytic and recognition sites,8 and 9 were synthesized. Subsequently, functional copolymers loaded with recognition and catalytic sites. CD-PNIPAM, Arg-CD-PNIPAM, Te-CD-PNIPAM were obtained via self-assemble between the host-polymer and the guest-molecules. The optimum artificial GPx models was constructed by blending process of three functional copolymers by altering the the molar ratio of them. By exploring the catalytic behavior, this smart blended artificial GPx models constructed via host-guest self-assemble method acted as an real enzyme catalyst. And the catalytic activity of the optimum artificial GPx models can be well modulated by changing the temperature. Considering that such smart artificial GPx models were constructed throuth a simplified protocol, we anticipate that this study will open up a new field in designing a smart antioxidative artificial enzyme.
引文
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