间作套种对小白菜田节肢动物群落及主要害虫的影响
|
摘要
在化学农药产生之前，间作套种是害虫防治的主要手段之一。由于化学农药所产生的一系列弊端，人类开始寻找安全有效的控制措施。近年来，许多昆虫学家和生态学家根据他们的研究工作，认为通过采用合理的耕作制度和栽培措施，可以保护和强化农田生物多样性，恢复和重组农田生态系统的动态平衡，有利于农业害虫的生态控制和综合治理(Andow，1991；Altieri，1987，1994；Douglas等，2000)。因此，利用生物多样性控制作物虫害已成为当前的一个研究热点。本文从群落生态学的角度出发，研究不同作物间作套种对节肢动物群落天敌功能团的影响，旨在揭示多样化生境对保护和利用自然天敌生态学机理，为菜田害虫的持续控制提供理论依据。同时观察测定间作套种下对小白菜新陈代谢、对小菜蛾生长发育和三种农药相关酶系的影响。
1．间作套种对小白菜田节肢动物群落的影响
2004年于福建省琅歧经济开发区调查间作套种对菜田节肢动物群落的影响，间作套种系统分别为大蒜间作小白菜(CG1)，大蒜套种小白菜(CG2)，春菜间作小白菜(CL1)，春菜套种小白菜(CL2)，包菜间作小白菜(CB1)和包菜套种小白菜(CB2)，以单一种植小白菜为对照(CK)。调查结果显示：
(1)共采集到53392头个体，包括昆虫纲、蛛形纲和多足纲，经鉴定分别属于98科，111属，175个物种。整体上，单作田和多作田之间目、科、属之间差异不显著，但是科总数，多样性和均匀性指数，单作田明显低于多作田，差异显著。CL1与CL2群落相似性最高(0.71)，相似性最低为CB2与CK(0.10)。
(2)根据各个功能团划分，捕食性功能团物种数最高(59种)，占总物种数的33.71％，而中性昆虫物种数最低(27种，15.43％)。各功能团丰盛度依次为：中性昆虫(占总个体数的62.13％)＞植食者(27.24％)＞捕食者(6.79％)＞寄生者(3.84％)。其中，单作田中性昆虫数量明显高于多作田。
(3)整体上多作田植食者的物种丰富度高于单作田，丰盛度最高为CG1和CB1。多样性指数，除了CG2，其它各个多作田均明显高于单作田。CL1，CB1和CK优势度指数没有显著差异。CB1，CB2和CK田内小菜蛾种群动态相似；黄曲条跳甲种群数量多作田低于单作田：蚜虫在生长前期多作田低于单作田，但生长后期高于单作田。
(4)寄生性昆虫物种丰富度依次为CL1(33种)＞CG1(32种)＞CG2(27种)＞CL1(26种)＞CK(23种)＞CB2(21种)＞CB1(20种)。寄生者数量最高为CG1，CG2和L2，明显高于CK。多样性指数多作田明显高于单作田；但是均匀性和优势集中性指数多作田和单作田之间没有显著差异。其中，从第16天到第32天多作田蚜小蜂数量明显高于单作田。多作系统比单作系统支持更多的菜蚜茧蜂。
(5)捕食功能团，物种丰富度最高为CG1，最低为CK，个体数量最高的为CG1(141.67头／小区)，最低为(97.67头／小区)。多作田除CL1多样性指数均显著高于单作田。CL1均匀性指数显著低于其他各田，多作田的优势集中指数明显高于单作田。所采集的捕食者中，大部分属于蜘蛛类，其中球腹蛛科占34.04％，狼蛛占30.57％。CG1，CL1和CB1的狼蛛数量在各调查时间内均高于单作田。
(6)单作田的中性昆虫数量，及优势集中性指数显著高于多作田；单作田物种数、多样性、均匀性指数显著低于多作田。丰盛度最高的物种为跳虫科，占87.35％，紧接着为双翅目昆虫。CK和CB2田的双翅目昆虫较少。
本实验说明小白菜与非十字花科作物间作套种有利于提高天敌(包括捕食性和寄生性天敌)的多样性和丰盛度。多样化种植对天敌的影响比对植食性昆虫的影响更大。
2．间作套种对小白菜新陈代谢的影响
研究小白菜分别与春菜(CL)和大蒜(CG)间作套种下对小白菜各个生理生化指标的影响，包括总蛋白，可溶性糖，还原糖、硝态氮、叶绿素含量，并测定了4种酶活性，分别为硝酸还原酶(NR)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。结果显示间作套种显著提高可溶性蛋白和硝态氮含量，春菜与小白菜(CL)套种明显提高小白菜生长后期叶绿素a的含量。总体上，间作套种对可溶性含量没有影响；还原性糖含量随着生长期的不同而变化。大蒜和小白菜套种显著提高NR、SOD和CAT酶活力。春菜与小白菜套种显著提高SOD，POD和CAT活力。本实验为小白菜与非十字花科作物间作套种提高植物营养水平和植物代谢水平提供了理论依据。
3．间作套种对小菜蛾生长发育的影响
研究小白菜分别与春菜(CL)或大蒜(CG)间作套种下对小菜蛾5个世代的生长发育历期、蛹重、成虫羽化率、产卵量以及卵孵化率的影响，以小白菜单作田(CK)饲养下的小菜蛾为对照。结果显示：春菜与小白菜间作套种显著延长小菜蛾各个世代幼虫生长发育历期，大蒜的影响达3个世代(F1，F4和F5)。化蛹率(88％-91％)三者之间没有显著差异，但是CG明显提高了小菜蛾3个世代(F3，F4和F5)的蛹重(平均5.20 mg／蛹)，而单作田为(平均4.60 mg／蛹)。CG和CL均显著降低成虫羽化率，分别为92％和77％，对照为96％。各个世代的产卵期和产卵量表现出不稳定变化。CG和CK卵历期没有显著差异，为2.4—3.5天，但是CL比CK显著延长了小菜蛾3个世代的卵历期(F2，F3和F5)。因此，合适的间作套种可通过延长小菜蛾发育历期，降低羽化率、卵孵化率或产卵量来降低每年的世代种群。
4．间作套种对小菜蛾三种解毒酶活性的测定
测定小白菜分别与大蒜和春菜间作条件下对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的三种解毒酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)，羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷光甘肽S转移酶(GST)的活力影响。结果表明：与单一种植田小白菜比较，小白菜间作明显降低了小菜蛾三种酶活力，说明间作套种可推迟小菜蛾对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类农药的抗性产生速度。
Intercropping is a widely employed conventional practice throughout the world. It can enhance the nutrient cycle, soil fertility utilization, land and sunlight use efficiency, crop productivity and pest damage reduction. This dissertation presents the results on the study of the effects of intercropping garlic (Allium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) or green cabbage (Brassica oleracea) with Chinese cabbage (B. chinensis) on the arthropod community, metabolism of the Chinese cabbage, development and growth of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) (DBM), as well as the enzyme activities in the. DBM's larvae .
1．Effects of intercropping on the structure of arthropod communities in Chinese cabbage fields
Field trials were carried out at Langqi, Fujian, P. R. China in 2004, to determine the effects of intercropping Chinese cabbage with another crucifer species, green cabbage, and two non-cruciferous crops, i.e., garlic and lettuce, on the arthropod communities. Two intercropping plot designs were used in this study. Design 1 planted 2 ridges of the Chinese cabbages with 1 ridge of accompanying plants. The accompanying crops were garlic (CG1) , lettuce (CL1) or green cabbage (CB1) . Design 2 under-sowed the Chinese cabbages in the center (100 cm wide) with garlic (CG2) , lettuce (CL2) or green cabbage (CB2) on both edges (25 cm wide) of a same ridge. The monoculture of the Chinese cabbages (CK) was the control for comparisons in both design 1 and 2．The results obtained from the experiments showed that:
(1) A total of 53,392 arthropod individuals belonging to 3 classes, 98 families, with 111 genera and 175 species were collected. In general, no significant differences were found in the number of orders (11 or 12 orders), families or genera between CK and the various intercropped treatments on the experimental lot; but significantly lower number of species was observed in CK than the intercropping treatments;
(2) The greatest number of the species collected belonged to the predator guild (i.e., 59 species and 33．71% of the total). The neutral insect guild had the least number of species (i.e., 27 species at 15．43%). The abundance of each guild was as followed: neutral insects (i.e., 62．13% of the total number of individual insects)>herbivores (i.e., 27．24%)> predators (i.e., 6．79%)>parasitoid (i.e., 3．84%);
(3) Species richness of herbivorous guild was higher in the intercropping treatments than CK. There were significant differences in diversity index between CK and the intercropping treatments, except CG2．No significant differences on dominance indices were found in CL1, CB1 and CK.
(4) Species richness of parasitoid guild decreased in the order of CL1 (33 species)>CG1 (32 species)>CG2 (27species)> CL1 (26 species)> CK (23 species)>CB2 (21 species)>CB1(20 species). Significantly higher abundance of parasitoids was found in CG1, CL1 and CG2 than CK. Although significantly higher diversity index of parasitoid species was found in intercropping treatments than CK, no significant difference of evenness and dominant indices were found between them.
(5) In regard to the predatory guild. the highest species richness was found in CG1 and the lowest in CK. The highest abundance was found in CL1 (i.e.. 141．67 predators plot). whereas the lowest in CB1 (i.e.. 97．67 predators plot). Except CL1．significantly higher diversity indices were found in intercropping treatments than CK. The majority of spiders found in the fields belonged tothe Theridiidae family (i.e.. 34．04%) and Lycosida family (i.e.. 30．57%).
(6) Higher abundance and dominance indices in neutral insect guild and lower species richness, diversity and evenness indices were found in CK than the intercropping treatments. The most abundant species in the neutral insect guild were springtails (i.e., 87．35%), followed by dipters of the Ephyridae family. Overall, fewer dipters were caught in CK and CB2．
Therefore, it was suggested that intercropping the Chinese cabbages with non-cruciferous crops might increase the abundance and diversity of the predators and parasitoids. and that the effects brought about by intercropping might be more pronounced on the natural enemies than on the herbivores.
2．Effects of intercropping with non-crucifers on the metabolism of Chinese cabbage
The physiological and biochemical indices of the Chinese cabbage consisted of protein, sugar, reducing sugar. nitrate-N and chlorophyll contents, as well as four plant metabolic indicators, including nitrate reductase (NR). superoxide dismutases (SOD). peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, were compared among the Chinese cabbages grown under different intercropping treatments. In general, higher average protein and nitrate-N contents were found in the intercropped Chinese cabbages than in CK. Significantly higher chlorophyll-a content was found in the cabbages from CL than CK. during the later half of the growing season. No significant differences in sugar concentration were found in CG and CL. as compared to CK. Reducing sugar content varied over the growing period of the Chinese cabbages in CG and CL. In terms of enzyme activity, NR, SOD and CAT activities increased in CG, and SOD, POD and CAT activities increased in CL, as compared to CK. The results suggested that the Chinese cabbages intercropped with non-crucifer plants not only increased plant nutritional quality, but also affected the plant's metabolism.
3．Effects of intercropping garlic or lettuce with Chinese cabbage on the growth and development of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
During 2005, the effects of intercropping on the growth and development of the diamondback moth over 5 generations were examined in Fuzhou. China. The duration of the larval development was generally significantly longer in both intercropping treatments than CK. Intercropping did not affect the larvae pupating rate. However. it did affect the weight of pupa. Pupae in the intercropping lots tended to be 10%-15% larger for three of the five generations. Despite the size increase, pupa's mortality rate was 2-5 times greater in the intercropping treatments than CK. While female DBM laid similar numbers of eggs in all treatments, the egg stage in 3 of the 5 generations was significantly longer in the lettuce intercropping. This suggested that intercropping with different accompanying crop might cause a reduction in the annual number of DBM generations due to prolonged developmental stage and decreased adult emergence rate.
4．DBM enzyme activity in relation to intercropping
Activities of three insecticide related enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), of DBM were compared among third instar larvae for 5 successive generations that had been fed on the Chinese cabbages from one of the 3 treatments: CL, CG or CK. Enzyme activities in 30 larvae from each treatment were measured by spectrophotometry. The AChE, CarE and GST activities in the larvae, which were fed with treatment cabbage foliage, decreased significantly, as compared to CK. Therefore, potentially, intercropping could increase delay DBM's insecticide sensitivity on organophosphate. carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides.
In conclusion, our study suggested that intercropping the Chinese cabbage with garlic or lettuce could increase the efficiency of nature enemies and decrease that of pest insects. Proper intercropping could not only reduce DBM population but also increase the insect's susceptibility to insecticides by disrupting its metabolism.
1．间作套种对小白菜田节肢动物群落的影响
2004年于福建省琅歧经济开发区调查间作套种对菜田节肢动物群落的影响，间作套种系统分别为大蒜间作小白菜(CG1)，大蒜套种小白菜(CG2)，春菜间作小白菜(CL1)，春菜套种小白菜(CL2)，包菜间作小白菜(CB1)和包菜套种小白菜(CB2)，以单一种植小白菜为对照(CK)。调查结果显示：
(1)共采集到53392头个体，包括昆虫纲、蛛形纲和多足纲，经鉴定分别属于98科，111属，175个物种。整体上，单作田和多作田之间目、科、属之间差异不显著，但是科总数，多样性和均匀性指数，单作田明显低于多作田，差异显著。CL1与CL2群落相似性最高(0.71)，相似性最低为CB2与CK(0.10)。
(2)根据各个功能团划分，捕食性功能团物种数最高(59种)，占总物种数的33.71％，而中性昆虫物种数最低(27种，15.43％)。各功能团丰盛度依次为：中性昆虫(占总个体数的62.13％)＞植食者(27.24％)＞捕食者(6.79％)＞寄生者(3.84％)。其中，单作田中性昆虫数量明显高于多作田。
(3)整体上多作田植食者的物种丰富度高于单作田，丰盛度最高为CG1和CB1。多样性指数，除了CG2，其它各个多作田均明显高于单作田。CL1，CB1和CK优势度指数没有显著差异。CB1，CB2和CK田内小菜蛾种群动态相似；黄曲条跳甲种群数量多作田低于单作田：蚜虫在生长前期多作田低于单作田，但生长后期高于单作田。
(4)寄生性昆虫物种丰富度依次为CL1(33种)＞CG1(32种)＞CG2(27种)＞CL1(26种)＞CK(23种)＞CB2(21种)＞CB1(20种)。寄生者数量最高为CG1，CG2和L2，明显高于CK。多样性指数多作田明显高于单作田；但是均匀性和优势集中性指数多作田和单作田之间没有显著差异。其中，从第16天到第32天多作田蚜小蜂数量明显高于单作田。多作系统比单作系统支持更多的菜蚜茧蜂。
(5)捕食功能团，物种丰富度最高为CG1，最低为CK，个体数量最高的为CG1(141.67头／小区)，最低为(97.67头／小区)。多作田除CL1多样性指数均显著高于单作田。CL1均匀性指数显著低于其他各田，多作田的优势集中指数明显高于单作田。所采集的捕食者中，大部分属于蜘蛛类，其中球腹蛛科占34.04％，狼蛛占30.57％。CG1，CL1和CB1的狼蛛数量在各调查时间内均高于单作田。
(6)单作田的中性昆虫数量，及优势集中性指数显著高于多作田；单作田物种数、多样性、均匀性指数显著低于多作田。丰盛度最高的物种为跳虫科，占87.35％，紧接着为双翅目昆虫。CK和CB2田的双翅目昆虫较少。
本实验说明小白菜与非十字花科作物间作套种有利于提高天敌(包括捕食性和寄生性天敌)的多样性和丰盛度。多样化种植对天敌的影响比对植食性昆虫的影响更大。
2．间作套种对小白菜新陈代谢的影响
研究小白菜分别与春菜(CL)和大蒜(CG)间作套种下对小白菜各个生理生化指标的影响，包括总蛋白，可溶性糖，还原糖、硝态氮、叶绿素含量，并测定了4种酶活性，分别为硝酸还原酶(NR)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)。结果显示间作套种显著提高可溶性蛋白和硝态氮含量，春菜与小白菜(CL)套种明显提高小白菜生长后期叶绿素a的含量。总体上，间作套种对可溶性含量没有影响；还原性糖含量随着生长期的不同而变化。大蒜和小白菜套种显著提高NR、SOD和CAT酶活力。春菜与小白菜套种显著提高SOD，POD和CAT活力。本实验为小白菜与非十字花科作物间作套种提高植物营养水平和植物代谢水平提供了理论依据。
3．间作套种对小菜蛾生长发育的影响
研究小白菜分别与春菜(CL)或大蒜(CG)间作套种下对小菜蛾5个世代的生长发育历期、蛹重、成虫羽化率、产卵量以及卵孵化率的影响，以小白菜单作田(CK)饲养下的小菜蛾为对照。结果显示：春菜与小白菜间作套种显著延长小菜蛾各个世代幼虫生长发育历期，大蒜的影响达3个世代(F1，F4和F5)。化蛹率(88％-91％)三者之间没有显著差异，但是CG明显提高了小菜蛾3个世代(F3，F4和F5)的蛹重(平均5.20 mg／蛹)，而单作田为(平均4.60 mg／蛹)。CG和CL均显著降低成虫羽化率，分别为92％和77％，对照为96％。各个世代的产卵期和产卵量表现出不稳定变化。CG和CK卵历期没有显著差异，为2.4—3.5天，但是CL比CK显著延长了小菜蛾3个世代的卵历期(F2，F3和F5)。因此，合适的间作套种可通过延长小菜蛾发育历期，降低羽化率、卵孵化率或产卵量来降低每年的世代种群。
4．间作套种对小菜蛾三种解毒酶活性的测定
测定小白菜分别与大蒜和春菜间作条件下对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的三种解毒酶乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)，羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷光甘肽S转移酶(GST)的活力影响。结果表明：与单一种植田小白菜比较，小白菜间作明显降低了小菜蛾三种酶活力，说明间作套种可推迟小菜蛾对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类农药的抗性产生速度。
Intercropping is a widely employed conventional practice throughout the world. It can enhance the nutrient cycle, soil fertility utilization, land and sunlight use efficiency, crop productivity and pest damage reduction. This dissertation presents the results on the study of the effects of intercropping garlic (Allium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) or green cabbage (Brassica oleracea) with Chinese cabbage (B. chinensis) on the arthropod community, metabolism of the Chinese cabbage, development and growth of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) (DBM), as well as the enzyme activities in the. DBM's larvae .
1．Effects of intercropping on the structure of arthropod communities in Chinese cabbage fields
Field trials were carried out at Langqi, Fujian, P. R. China in 2004, to determine the effects of intercropping Chinese cabbage with another crucifer species, green cabbage, and two non-cruciferous crops, i.e., garlic and lettuce, on the arthropod communities. Two intercropping plot designs were used in this study. Design 1 planted 2 ridges of the Chinese cabbages with 1 ridge of accompanying plants. The accompanying crops were garlic (CG1) , lettuce (CL1) or green cabbage (CB1) . Design 2 under-sowed the Chinese cabbages in the center (100 cm wide) with garlic (CG2) , lettuce (CL2) or green cabbage (CB2) on both edges (25 cm wide) of a same ridge. The monoculture of the Chinese cabbages (CK) was the control for comparisons in both design 1 and 2．The results obtained from the experiments showed that:
(1) A total of 53,392 arthropod individuals belonging to 3 classes, 98 families, with 111 genera and 175 species were collected. In general, no significant differences were found in the number of orders (11 or 12 orders), families or genera between CK and the various intercropped treatments on the experimental lot; but significantly lower number of species was observed in CK than the intercropping treatments;
(2) The greatest number of the species collected belonged to the predator guild (i.e., 59 species and 33．71% of the total). The neutral insect guild had the least number of species (i.e., 27 species at 15．43%). The abundance of each guild was as followed: neutral insects (i.e., 62．13% of the total number of individual insects)>herbivores (i.e., 27．24%)> predators (i.e., 6．79%)>parasitoid (i.e., 3．84%);
(3) Species richness of herbivorous guild was higher in the intercropping treatments than CK. There were significant differences in diversity index between CK and the intercropping treatments, except CG2．No significant differences on dominance indices were found in CL1, CB1 and CK.
(4) Species richness of parasitoid guild decreased in the order of CL1 (33 species)>CG1 (32 species)>CG2 (27species)> CL1 (26 species)> CK (23 species)>CB2 (21 species)>CB1(20 species). Significantly higher abundance of parasitoids was found in CG1, CL1 and CG2 than CK. Although significantly higher diversity index of parasitoid species was found in intercropping treatments than CK, no significant difference of evenness and dominant indices were found between them.
(5) In regard to the predatory guild. the highest species richness was found in CG1 and the lowest in CK. The highest abundance was found in CL1 (i.e.. 141．67 predators plot). whereas the lowest in CB1 (i.e.. 97．67 predators plot). Except CL1．significantly higher diversity indices were found in intercropping treatments than CK. The majority of spiders found in the fields belonged tothe Theridiidae family (i.e.. 34．04%) and Lycosida family (i.e.. 30．57%).
(6) Higher abundance and dominance indices in neutral insect guild and lower species richness, diversity and evenness indices were found in CK than the intercropping treatments. The most abundant species in the neutral insect guild were springtails (i.e., 87．35%), followed by dipters of the Ephyridae family. Overall, fewer dipters were caught in CK and CB2．
Therefore, it was suggested that intercropping the Chinese cabbages with non-cruciferous crops might increase the abundance and diversity of the predators and parasitoids. and that the effects brought about by intercropping might be more pronounced on the natural enemies than on the herbivores.
2．Effects of intercropping with non-crucifers on the metabolism of Chinese cabbage
The physiological and biochemical indices of the Chinese cabbage consisted of protein, sugar, reducing sugar. nitrate-N and chlorophyll contents, as well as four plant metabolic indicators, including nitrate reductase (NR). superoxide dismutases (SOD). peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, were compared among the Chinese cabbages grown under different intercropping treatments. In general, higher average protein and nitrate-N contents were found in the intercropped Chinese cabbages than in CK. Significantly higher chlorophyll-a content was found in the cabbages from CL than CK. during the later half of the growing season. No significant differences in sugar concentration were found in CG and CL. as compared to CK. Reducing sugar content varied over the growing period of the Chinese cabbages in CG and CL. In terms of enzyme activity, NR, SOD and CAT activities increased in CG, and SOD, POD and CAT activities increased in CL, as compared to CK. The results suggested that the Chinese cabbages intercropped with non-crucifer plants not only increased plant nutritional quality, but also affected the plant's metabolism.
3．Effects of intercropping garlic or lettuce with Chinese cabbage on the growth and development of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
During 2005, the effects of intercropping on the growth and development of the diamondback moth over 5 generations were examined in Fuzhou. China. The duration of the larval development was generally significantly longer in both intercropping treatments than CK. Intercropping did not affect the larvae pupating rate. However. it did affect the weight of pupa. Pupae in the intercropping lots tended to be 10%-15% larger for three of the five generations. Despite the size increase, pupa's mortality rate was 2-5 times greater in the intercropping treatments than CK. While female DBM laid similar numbers of eggs in all treatments, the egg stage in 3 of the 5 generations was significantly longer in the lettuce intercropping. This suggested that intercropping with different accompanying crop might cause a reduction in the annual number of DBM generations due to prolonged developmental stage and decreased adult emergence rate.
4．DBM enzyme activity in relation to intercropping
Activities of three insecticide related enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), of DBM were compared among third instar larvae for 5 successive generations that had been fed on the Chinese cabbages from one of the 3 treatments: CL, CG or CK. Enzyme activities in 30 larvae from each treatment were measured by spectrophotometry. The AChE, CarE and GST activities in the larvae, which were fed with treatment cabbage foliage, decreased significantly, as compared to CK. Therefore, potentially, intercropping could increase delay DBM's insecticide sensitivity on organophosphate. carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides.
In conclusion, our study suggested that intercropping the Chinese cabbage with garlic or lettuce could increase the efficiency of nature enemies and decrease that of pest insects. Proper intercropping could not only reduce DBM population but also increase the insect's susceptibility to insecticides by disrupting its metabolism.
引文
Abro, G H. Corbitt, T. S. Christie, P. T. and Wright, D. J. 1993. Sub-lethal effects of abamectih on Plutella xylostella L. and Spodoptera littoralis boisduval larvae. Crop Protection. 12: 39-44.
Ahern, R. G and Brewer, M. J. 2002. Effect of different wheat production systems on the presence of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae; Braconidae) of the Russian wheat aphid in the North American Great Plains. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 92(2): 201-210.
Alia, M. M. N. and Hassan, N. M. 2006. Changes of antioxidants levels in two maize lines following atrazine treatments. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(4): 202-210.
Altieri, M. A. 1984. Patterns of insect diversity in monoculture and polycultures of Brussels sprouts. Protection Ecology, 6:227-232.
Altieri, M. A. 1994. Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems. Haworth Press, New York.
Altieri, M. A. 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 74(1): 19-31.
Altieri, M. A. and Doll, J. D. 1978. Some limitations of weed biocontrol in tropical ecosystems in Columbia. In: Freeman T. E. (eds.), Proceeding IV international symposium on biological control of weeds. University of Florida, Gainesville, pp: 74-82.
Altieri, M. A. and Gliessman, S. R. 1983. Effects of plant diversity on the density and herbivory of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goez, in California collard (Brassica oleracea) cropping systems. Crop Protection, 2(4): 497-501.
Altieri, M. A. and Letourneau, D. K. 1982. Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems. Crop Protection, 1(4): 405-430.
Altieri, M. A. and Schmidt, L. L. 1986. The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 16: 29-43.
Altieri, M. A. Wilson, R. C. and Schmidt, L. L. 1985. The effects of living mulches and weed cover on the dynamics of foliage- and soil-arthropod communities in three crop systems. Crop Protection, 4(2): 201 -213.
Amin, S. M. R. Kundu, R. Rahman, M. M and Islam, M. S. 2005. Effect of intercropping on the diversity of insect community in Brinjal. Bulletin of The Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kyushu University, 28(2): 25-31.
Andow, D. A. 1991. Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology, 36: 561-586.
Andow, D. A. and Risch, S. J. 1985. Predation in diversified agroecosystems: relations between a coccinellid predator Coleomegilla mmaculata and its food. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22: 357-372.
Andrews, K. L. Sanchez, R. J. and Cave, R. D. 1992. Management of diamondback moth in Central America. In: Talekar, N. S. (Eds.), Management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Shanhua, Taiwan.Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, pp. 487-497.
Armstrong, G and McKinlay, R. G 1997. Vegetation management in organic cabbages and pitfall catches of carabid beetles. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 64(3):267-276.
Asman, K. and Ekbom, B. 2006. Responses of ovipositing moths to host plant deprivation: life history aspects and implications for intercropping. Agriculture and Forest entomology, 8(3):213-217.
Asman, K. Ekbom, B. and Ramert, B. 2001. Effect of intercroppingon oviposition and emigration behabior of the leek moth (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) and the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Environmental Entomology, 30(2): 288-294.
Awmack, C. S. and Leather, S. R. 2002. Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: 817-844.
Azevedo, R. A. Alas, R. M. Smith, R. J. and Lea, P. J.1998. Response of antioxidant enzymes to transfer from elevated carbon dioxide to air and ozone fumigation, in the leaves and roots of wild-type and a catalase-deficient mutant of barley. Physiologia Plantarum, 104: 280-292.
Bach, C. E. 1981. Host plant growth form and diversity: effects on abundance and feeding preference on a specialist herbivore, Acalymma vittata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Oecologia, 50: 370-375
Bach, C. E. and Tabashnik, B. E. 1990. Effects of nonhost plant neighbors on population densities and parasitism rate of diamondback moth, Lepidoptera plutellidae. Environmental Entomology, 19(4): 987-994.
Badenes, P. F. R. Nault, B. A. and Shelton, A. M. 2005. Manipulating the attractiveness and suitability of hosts for diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 98(3): 836-844.
Badenes-Perez, F. R. Shelton, A. M. and Nault, B. A. 2004. Evaluating trap crops for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97(4): 1365-1372.
Baeka, J. H. Kima, J. JX Leea, D. Chungb, B. K. Miyatac, T. and Leea, S. H. 2005. Identification and characterization of acel-type acetylcholinesterase likely associated with organophosphate resistance in Plutella xylostella Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 81:164-175.
Baggen, L. R. and Gurr, G M. 1998. The influ ence of food on Copidosoma koehleri (Hymenoptera: Encyritdae ), and the use of flowering plants as a habitat management tool to enhance biological control of potato moth, Phthorimaea opercullella (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae). Biological Control, 11: 9-17.
Baggen, L. R. Gurr, G M. and Meats, A. 1999. Flowers in tri-trophic systems: mechanisms allowing selective exploitation by insect natural enemies for conservation biological control. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91(1): 155-161.
Baker, M. B. Ferro, D. N. and Porter, A. H. 2001. Invasions on large and small scales: management of a well-established crop pest, the Colorado potato beetle. Biological Invasions, 3(3): 295-306.
Bardford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of mic rogram quantities of protein using the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254
Barnes, J.D. Balaguer L. Manrique, E. Elvira, S. and Davison, A.W.1992. A reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophylls a and b in lichens and higher plants. Environmental and experimental botany. 32(2):85-100
Baudry, J. 1984. Effects of landscape structure on biological communities: the case of hedgerows network landscapes, 1:55-56. In: Brandt, J. and Agger, P. (eds.), Methodology in landscape ecological reserch and planning. Poskide university center, Rpskide, Denmark.
Baumann, D. T. Bastiaans, L. Goudriaan, J. van Laar, H. H. and Kropff, M. J. 2002. Analysing crop yield and plant quality in an intercropping system using an eco-physiological model for interplant competition. Agriculture Systems, 73(2): 173-203
Berggren, A. Carlson, A. and Kindval, O. 2001. The effect of landscape composition on colonization success, growth rate and dispersal in introduced bush-crickets Metrioptera roeseli. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70(4): 663-670.
Berndt, L. A. Wratten, S. D. and Hassan, P. 2002. Effects of buckwheat flowers on leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids in a New Zealand vineyard. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 4: 39-45.
Bider, J. R. 1968. Animal activity in uncontrolled terrestrial communities as determined by a sand transect technique. Ecological Monographs, 38: 269-308.
Birkett, M. A. Chamberlain, K. Guerrieri, E. Pickett, J. A. Wadhams, L. J. and Yasuda, T. 2003. Volatiles from whitefly-infested plants elicit a host-locating response in the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(7): 1589-1600.
Bommarco, R. and Fagar, W. F. 2002. Influence of crop edges on movement of generalist predators: a diffusion approach. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 4(1): 21-30.
Boucher, S. and Varady-Szabo, H. 2005. Effects of different diets on the survival, longevity and growth rate of the Annam stick insect, Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 14(1): 115-118.
Bradshaw, W. E. 1986. Pervasive themes in insect life cycles strategies. In: Taylor, F. and Karban. R. (eds.), The evolution of insect life cycles. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp: 261-275.
Braganca, M. A. L. Zanuncio, J. Picanco, M. and Laranjeiro, A. J. 1998. Effects of environmental heterogeneity on Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera populations in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 103 (2): 287-292.
Brown, P. E. and Anderson, M.1999. Factors affecting ovipositor probing in Trybliographa rapae, a parasitoid of the cabbage root fly. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 93: 217-225.
Buckingham, J. 1993. Dictionary of natural products, Chapman & Hall Press, London. Bukovinszky, T. Tréfás, H. van Lenteren, J. C. Vet L. E. M. and Fremont, J. 2004. Plant competition in pest-suppressive intercropping systems complicates evaluation of herbivore responses. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 102(2): 185-196.
Buranday, R. P. and Raros, R. S. 1973. Effects of cabbage-tomato intercropping on the incidence and oviposition of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Philippine Entomologist, 2:369-374.
Calcagno, M. P. Avila, J. L. Rudman, I. Otero, L. D. and Alonso, A. M. 2004. Food-dependent regurgitate effectiveness in the defence of grasshoppers against ants: the case of bracken-fed Abracris flavolineata (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Physiological Entomology, 29(2): 123-128.
Calvo-Gómez, O. Morales-Lopez, J. and Lopez, M. G 2004. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of garlic oil obtained by hydrodistillation. Journal of Chromatography A, 1036(1): 91 -93.
Cameron, P. J. Allan, D. J. Walker, G. P. and Wightman, J. A. 1983. Management experiments on aphids (Acyrthosiphon spp.) and beneficial insects in lucerne. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 11:343-49.
Campbell, W. H. 1999. Nitrate reductase structure, function and regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and physiology. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular biology, 50: 277-303
Carroll, M. J. and Berenbaum, M. R. 2002. Behavioral responses of the parsnip webworm to host plant volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28(11): 2191-2201.
Charleston, D. S. and Kfir, R. 2000. The possibility of using Indian mustard, Brassica juncea, as a trap crop for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in South Africa. Crop Protection, 19(7): 455-460.
Chen, C. C. Chang, S. J. Cheng, L.L. and Hou, R. F. 1996. Effects of chinaberry fruit extract on feeding, growth and fecundity of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lep., Yponomeutidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 120(6): 341-345.
Chen, F. Y. Chen, Z. H. Song, S. Q. and Xu, H. Z. 2004. Review on the investigation and protection measurement of spiders in Chinese tea gardens. Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 2: 62-65 (in Chinese).
Chen, Y. Q. and Sun, G Q. 1992. Pest insect resistance and management. Tianze publishing company. Shanxi, China, p: 163-170 (in Chinese)
Chew, F. S. 1988. Searching for defensive chemistry in the Cruciferae, do glucosinolates always control interactions of Cruciferae with their potential herbivores and symbionts? No! In: Spencer, K. S. (eds.), Chemical mediation of coevolution. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp: 81-112.
Chiang, F. M. and Sun, C. N. 1993. Glutathione transferase isozymes of diamondback moth larvae and their role in the degradation of some organophosphorus insecticides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 45: 7—14.
Choh, Y. Shimoda, T. Ozawa, R. Dicke, M. and Takabayashi, J. 2004. Exposure of lima bean leaves to volatiles from herbivore-induced conspecific plants results in emission of carnivore attractants: active or passive process? Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30(7): 1305-1317.
Chu, G. X. Shen, Q. R. and Wang, S. Q. 2004. Effects of N levels on biological N fixation and N transfer in intercropping system of groundnut with rice cultivation in aerobic soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 41(5): 789-794 (in Chinese)
Coelho, F. C. Vieira, C. Mosquim, P. R. and Cassini, S. T. A. 1998. Nitrogen and molybdenum for sole-cropped maize and beans. I. Effects on beans. Revista Ceres, 45(260): 393-407
Cohen, E. 2006. Pesticide-mediated homeostatic modulation in arthropods. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 85: 21-27.
Cohen, E. and Joseph, T. 1992. Phagodeterrent response of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini to various pyrethroids and some of their cleavage products. Pesticide Science, 35:125-129.
Collins, F. L. and Johnson, S. J. 1985. Reproductive response of caged adult velvetbean caterpillar and soybean looper to the presence of weeds. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 14:139-149.
Costello, M. J. and Altieri, M. A. 1995. Abundance, growth rate and parasitism of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on broccoli grown in living mulches. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 52(2): 187-196.
Dale, D. 1988. Plant-mediated effects of soil mineral stresses on insects. In: Heinrichs, E. A. (eds). Plant stress - insect interactions. John & wiley & Sons. Danell, K. and Huss-Danell, K.1985.Feeding by insects and hares on birches earlier affected by moose browsing. Oikos, 44: 75-81.
Davidson. J. 1922. Biological studies of Aphis ruminis Linn.reproductio on varieties of Vicia faba. Annual of Applied Biology, 9:135-142.
Debinski, D. M. and Holt, R. D. 2000. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology, 14(2): 342-355.
Delettre, Y. R. and Morvan, N. 2000. Dispersal of adult aquatic Chironomidae (Diptera) in agricultural landscapes. Freshwater Biology, 44(3): 399-411.
Deng, S. D. 2001. Effects of the Transgenic Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) Cotton on Insect Community. Master thesis of Huazhong Agriculture University (in Chinese).
Deng, S. D. Yun, G. L. Zhang, Q. W. Xu, H. L. and Cai, Q. N. 2004. Effect of false flax (Camelina sativa) on larval feeding and adult behavioral response of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Acta Entomologica Sinica. 47: 474-478.
Dewir, Y. H. Chakrabarty, D. Ali, M. B. Hahn, E. J. and Paek, K. Y. 2006. lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of Euphorbia millii hyperhydric shoots. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 58(1): 93-99.
Dicke, M. Takabayashi, J. Posthumus, M. A. Schutte, C. and Krips, O. E. 1998. Plant - Phytoseiid interactions mediated by herbivore-induced plant volatiles: variation in production of cues and in responses of predatory mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 22(6): 311-333.
Dobson, H. E. M. 1994. Floral volatiles in insect biology, pp. 48-70, In: Bernays, E. A. (eds.). Insect -Plant Interactions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Doring, T. F. Kirchner, S. M. Kühne, S. and Saucke, H. 2004. Response of alate aphids to green targets on coloured backgrounds. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 113(53): 53-61.
Dover, J. W. 1985. The response of some Lepidoptera to labiate herb and white clovers extracts. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 39(2): 177-182.
Dover, J. W. 1986. The effect of labiate herbs and white clover on Plutella xylostella oviposition. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42(3):243-247.
Drechsler, M. and Settele, J. 2001. Predator-prey interactions in rice ecosystems: effects of guild composition, trophic relationships, and land use changes — a model study exemplified for Philippine rice terraces, Ecological Modelling, 137 (2):135-159.
Dubois, M. Gilles, K. A. Hamilton, J. K. Rebers, P. A. and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric methodfor determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(3): 350-356.
Dyer, S. J. O'Neill, J. P. Wasel, S. M. and Boutin, S. 2001. Avoidance of industrial development by woodland caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65:531-542.
Edwards, P. B. Wanjura, W. J. Brown, W. V. and Dearn, J. M. 1990. Moasic resi stance in plants. Nature, 347-434.
English-Loeb, G Rhainds, M. Martinson, T. and Ugine, T. 2003. Influence of flowering cover crops on Anagrus parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Erythroneura leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in New York vineyards. Agriculture and Forestry Entomology, 5(2): 173-181.
Eoutley, R. Lynch, B. and Conway, M. 2006. The effect of sorghum row spacing on fallow cover distribution and soil water accumulation in central Queensland. Australian Society of Agronomy Conferences, In press.
Ercoli, L. Mariotti, M. and Masoni, A. 1997. Light interception in an oat/vetch intercrop. Rivista Di agronomia, 31(3): 658-665 (in Italian with English abstract).
Ewers, R. M. and Didham, R. K. 2006. Continuous response functions for quantifyin g the strength of edge effects. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(3): 527-5361.
Fagan, W. F. Cantrell, R. S. and Cosner, C. 1999. How habitat edges change species interactions. American Naturalist, 153:165-182.
Feeny, P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, 10: 1-49.
Feeny, P. 1977. Defensive ecology of the cruciferae. Annuals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 64: 221-234.
Ferguson, S. H. 2000. Distance to edge and predator size: is bigger better? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78: 713-720.
Ferguson, S. H. 2004. Does predation or moisture explain distance to edge distribution of soil arthropods? The American Midland Naturalist, 152(1): 75-87.
Ferre, J. and Van Rie, J. 2002. Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to B acillus thuringiensis. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: 501-533.
Finch, S. 1991. Influence of trap surface on the numbers of insects caught in water traps in brassica crops. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 59(2): 169-173.
Finch, S. 1993. Integrated pest management of the cabbage root fly and the carrot fly. Crop Protection, 12(6) :423-430.
Finch, S. 1996. 'Appropriate/inappropriate landings', a mechanism for describing how undersowing with clover affects host plant selection by pest insects of brassica crops. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 19 (11): 102-106.
Finch, S. and Collier, R. H. 2000. Host-plant selection by insects- a theory based on 'appropriate / inappropriate landings' by pest insects of cruciferous plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 96(2): 91-102.
Fough, L. and Kuc, J. A. 1996. Lack of specificity in plant extracts and chemicals as inducers of systemic resistance in cucumber plants to anthracnose. Journal of Phytopathology (Berlin), 144(1): 1-6.
Frank, T. 1999. Density of adult hoverflies (Dipt., Syrphidae) in sown weed strips and adjacent fields. Journal of Applied Entomology, 123(6): 35]1-355.
Fraver, S. 1994. Vegetation responses along edge-to-interior gradients in the mixed hardwood forests of the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina. Conservation Biology, 8: 822-832.
Fu, J. W. 2004. Studies on the susceptibility of striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius), to insecticides in the vegetable Field. Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor. Agriculture and Forestry University, pp: 68-69 (in Chinese).
Fu, J. W. and You, M. S. 2004. Effects of host plants on the activity of enzymes related to pesticide resistance of striped flea beetle. Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomel idae). Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 33(2):153-157 (in Chinese).
Fujii, Y. 2003. Potent allelochemicals from velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). Biological Science in Space, 17(1): 6-13.
Fukushima, J. Kainoh, Y. Honda, H. Takabayashi, J. 2001. Learning of host-infested plant volatiles in the larval parasitoid Cotesia kariyai. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 99(3): 341-346.
Furlong, B. E. and Wright, D. J. 1994. Examination of stability of resistance and cross resistance patterns to acylurea insect regulators in field populations of the diamondbackmoth, Plutella xylostella, from Malaysia. Pest Management Science, 42: 315-326.
Gao, L. 2002. The controlling effects of emulsion of stemona, chinaberry alkali and tobacco alkali on myzus persicae and their residual test in lettuce. China Vegetables, 4:14-16 (in Chinese).
Garcia, M. A. and Altieri, M. A.1992. Explaining differences in flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze densities in simple and mixed broccoli cropping systems as a function of individual behavior. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 62(3): 201-209.
Gataldo, D. A. Harsoon, M. and Schrader, L E. 1975. Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, (1):47-49.
Ge, F. Men, X.Y. Su, J. W. Liu, X. H. and Ding, Y. X. 2004. Edge effect on the dyanmics of pests and natural enemies in cotton agroecosystems. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 15(1): 91-94 (in Chinese).
Ghanbari-Bonjar, A and Lee, H. C. 2002. Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality. Journal of Agricultural Science, 138: 311-315.
Ghosh, P. K. Bandyopadhyay, A. K. K. Manna, M. C. Mandal, K. G. Misra, A. K. and Hati, K. M. 2004. Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. II. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology, 95(1): 85-93
Ghosh, P. K. Manna, M. C. Bandyopadhyay K. K. Ajay, Tripathi, A. K. Wanjari, R. H. Hatib, K. M. Misra, A. K. Acharya, C. L. and Subba Roab, A. 2006 a. Interspecific interaction and nutrient use in soybean/sorghum intercropping system. Agronomy Journal, 98:1097-1108.
Glassner, D. Hettenhaus, J. and Schechinger, T. 1999. Corn stover potential: Recasting the corn sweetener industry.In: Janick, J. (eds.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. pp. 74-82.
Gols, R. Bukovinszky, T. Hemerik, L. Harvey, J. A. Van -Lenteren, J. C. and Vet, J. E. M. 2005. Reduced foraging efficiency of a parasitoid under habitat complexity: implications for population stability and species coexistence. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74(6): 1059-1068.
Gray, P. A. and Tuzun, S. 2000. Temporal and spatial assessment of defense responses in resistant and susceptible cabbage varieties during infection with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 57(5): 201-210.
Grez, A. A. and Prado, E. 2000. Effect of plant patch shape and surrounding vegetation on the dynamics of predatory coccinellids and their prey Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera, Aphididae). Environomtal Entomology, 29(6): 1244-1250.
Guo, Y. J. Wang, N. Y. Jiang, J. W. Chen, J. W. and Tang, J. 1995. Ecological significance of neutral insects as nutrient bridge for predators in irrigated rice arthropod community. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 1: 6-10 (in Chinese).
Gurr, G M. and Nicol, H. I. 2000. Effect of food on longevity of adults of Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto and Trichogramma nr brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 39:185-187.
Haby, V. A. Stout, S. A. Hons, E M. and Leonard, A. T. 2006. Nitrogen fixation and transfer in a mixed stand of alfalfa and bermudagrass. Agronomy Journal, 98: 890-898.
Han, Z. J. Moores, G. D. Denholra, I. and Devonshire, A. L. 1998. Association between biochemical markers and insecticide in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 62: 164-171.
Harcourt, D. G. 1956. Biology of the diamondbackmoth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in eastern Ontario. I. Distribution, economic history, synonomy and general description.37th Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, pp. 155-160.
Harkin, J. M. and Obst, J. R. 1973. Lignification in trees: indication of exclusive peroxidase participation. Science, 180: 296-298.
Harvey, C. T. and Eubanks, M. D. 2004. Effect of habitat complexity on biological control by the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in collards. Biological Control, 29(3): 348-358.
Hausmmann, A. 1996. The effects of weed strip-management on pests and beneficial arthropods in winter wheat fields. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz, 103: 70-81.
Honda, K. 1976. The role of olfactory and color senses in the feeding behavior in the adult of Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica Stichel (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with description of the preference on colors of flowers in the flower -visiting behavior (in Japanese with English summary). Transactions of the Lepidopterological society of Japan, 27: 52-58.
Honda, K. Omura, H., and Hayashi, N. 1998. Identification of floral volatiles from Ligustrum japonicum that stimulate flower - visiting by cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24: 2167-2180.
Hooks, C. R. R. and Johnson, M. W. 2003. Impact of agriculture diversification on the insect community of cruciferous crops. Crop Protection, 22: 223-238.
Hooks, C. R. R. and Johnson, M. W. 2006. Population densities of herbivorous lepidopterans in diverse cruciferous cropping habitats: Effects of mixed cropping and using a living mulch. Biocontrol, 51(4): 485-506.
Hooks, C. R. R. Valenzuela, H. R. and Defrank, J. 1998. Incidence of pests and arthropod natural enemies in zucchini grown with living mulches. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 69(3): 217-231.
Horn, D. J. 1988. Parasitism of cabbage aphid and green peach aphid (Homoptera, Aphididae) on collards in relation to weed management. Environmental Entomology, 17: 354-358.
Horton, D. R. Broers, D. A. Lewis, R. R. Granatstein, D. Zack, R. S. Unruh, T. R. Moldenke, A. R. and Brown, J. J. 2003. Effects of mowing frequency on densities of natural enemies in three Pacific Northwest pear orchards. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 106 (2): 135-145.
Hou, Y. M. 1999. Vegetable biology community and pest ecological management of leaf vegetable. Dissertation of Huanan Agriculture University (in Chinese).
Hou, Y. M. Pang, X. F. Liang. G W. and You, M. S. 2001. Effect of chemical insecticides on the diversity of arthropods in vegetable fields. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 8: 48-54 (in Chinese).
House, G J. and Stinner, B. R. 1983. Arthropods in no-tillage soybean agroecosystems: Community composition and ecosystem interactions. Environmental Management, 7:23-28.
Hoyle, M. C. 1977 High resolution of peroxidase-indolacetic acid oxidase isoenzynies from horseradish by isoelectric focusing, Plant Physiology, 60: 787-793.
Huang, H. S. Hu, N. T. Yao, Y. E. Wu, C. Y. Chiang, S. W. and Sun, C. N. 1998. Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of a glutathione S-transferase involved in insecticide resistance from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 28(9): 651-658.
Huang, J. McAuslane, H. J. and Nuessly, G S. 2003. Effect of leaf surface extraction on palatability of romaine lettuce to Diabrotica balteata. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 106(3): 227-234.
Huang,Y. Z. 2003. The research on insect community development of lic hee orchard in shenzhen city. Master thesis of Huangzhong Agriculture University (in Chinese).
Hummel, R. L. Walgenbach, J. F. Hoyt, G D. and Kennedy, G G 2002. Effects of vegetable production system on epigeal arthropod populations. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 93:177-188.
Hung, C. F. and Sun, C. N. 1989. Microsomal monooxygenases in diamondback moth larvae resistant to fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 33: 168-175.
Hurlbert, S. H. 1978. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives. Ecology, 59: 66-77.
Iftner, D. C. Hall, F. R. and Sturm, M. M. 1986. Effects of residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on the feeding behaviour of Tetranychus urticae (Koch), Pesticide Science, 17: 242-248.
Irvin, N. A. Wratten, S. D. and Frampton, C. M. 2000. Understory management for the enhancement of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) in orchards at Canterbury, New Zealand, pp. 396-403. In: Austin, A. D. and Dowton, M. (eds). Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.
Islam, M. T. Kubota, F. and Mollah, M. F. H. 1993. Effects of shading on the growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 171(4): 274-278.
Ismail, F. and Wright, D. J. 1991. Cross-resistance between acylurea insect growth regulators in a strain of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) from Malaysia. Pesticide Science, 33: 359-370.
Ivey, P. and Johnson, P. 1998. Integrating control tactics for managing cabbage lopper (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on cabbage. Tropical Agriculture, 75(3): 369 -374.
Iwashina, T. 2003. Flavonoid function and activity to plants and other organisms. Biological Science in Space, 17(1): 24-44.
Jabin, M. Mohr, D. Kappes, H. and Topp, W. 2004. Influence of deadwood on density of soil macro-arthropods in a managed oak-beech forest. Forestry Ecology and Management, 194(1): 61-69.
Javier, E. Q. 1992. Foreword. In: Talekar, N.S. (Ed.), Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, 10-14 December 1990. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Tainan, Taiwan, p: 11.
Jia S. X. 1982. Qi Min Yao Shu. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Jiang, Y. H. 2001. Spatial niche of rice arthropod community and predation of spider to planthopper in rice field. Master thesis of Yangzhou University (in Chinese).
Johnson, D. R. 1953. Plutella maculipennis resistance to DDT in Java. Journal of Economic Entomology, 46:176.
Joia, B. S. Udeaan, A. S. and Chawla, R. P. 1996. Toxicity of cartap hydrochloride and other insecticides to multi-resistant strains of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in the Punjab. International Pest Control, 38:158-1159.
Jones, D. 1984. Use, misuse, and role of multiple-comparison procedures in ecological and agricultural entomology. Environment Entomology. 13: 635-649.
Josan, A. and Singh, G 2000. Sublethal effects of lufenuron o n the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus). Insect Science and Application. 20: 303-308.
Jupe, D. S. C. and Scott, I. M. 1992. Gibberellin and the pro gene suppress peroxidase activity in elongating tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) stem tissues. Annual of Botany, 69:33-37.
Justyna, R. and Pawlikowski, T. 1998. Structure of anthophilous hoverfly communities (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the agricultural landscape. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 67: 143-150.
Kagata, H. Hakamura, M and Ohgushi, T. 2005. Bottom-up cascade in a tri-trophic system: different impacts of host-plant regeneration on performance of a willow leaf beetle and its natural enemy. Ecological Entomology, 30: 58-62.
Kandel, H. J. Johnson, B. L. and Schneiter, A. A. 2000. Hard red spring wheat response following the intercropping of legumes into sunflower. Crop Science, 40(3): 731-736.
Kareiva, P. 1983. Experimental and mathematical analyses of herbivore movement: quantifying the influence of plant spacing and quality of foraging discrimination. Ecological Monographs, 52: 261-282.
Kareiva, P. 1987. Habitat fragmentation and the stability of predator-prey interactions. Nature, 326:388-390.
Kennedy, J. S. Booth, C. O. and Kershaw, W. J. S. 1959. Host finding by aphids in the field. II Aphis fabae Scop. (Gynoparae) and Brevicoryne brassicae L., with a reappraisal of the role of host finding behavior in virus spread. Annuals of Applied Biology, 47: 424-444.
Khan, M. R. F. R. Griffin, R. P. Carner, G R. and Gorsuch, C. S. 2005. Susceptibil ity of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae), from collard fields in South Carolina to Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 22(1): 19-26
Kimball, B. A. 1996. Evolutionary plant defense strategies: Life histories and contributions to future generations. Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomo Iogy/courses/en570/papers_1996/kimball.ht ml
Kinzer, R. E. Cowan, C. B. Ridgway, R. L. Davis Jr., J. W. Coppedgeand, J.R. Jones, S. L. 1977. Populations of arthropods predator and Heliothis spp. after application of aldicarb and monocrotophos to cotton. Environmental Entomology, 6:13 -16.
Kloen, H. and Altieri, M. A. 1990. Effect of mustard (Brassica hirta) as a non-crop plant on competition and insect pests in broccoli (Brassica oleracea). Crop Protection, 9(2): 90-96.
Kozar, F. Brown, M. W. and Lightner, G. 1994. Spatial distribution of homopteran pests and beneficial insects in an orchard and its connection with ecological plant protection. Journal of Applied Entomology, 117(5): 519-529.
Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, Publishers. New York. 654 pp.
Kring, J. B. 1972. Flight behaviour of aphids. Annual Review of Entomo logy, 17: 461-492.
Kromp, B. 1999. Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 74:187-228
Kruess, A. and Tscharntke, T. 1994. Habitat fragmentation species loss and biological control. Science, 264:1581-84.
Krysan, J. L. 1993. Adaptations of Diabrotica to habitat manipulations.In: Kim, K. C. and McPheron, B. A. (eds.), Evolution of Insect Pests. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 361-373.
Kubo, A. Saji, H. Tanaka, K. and Kondo, N. 1995. Expression of arabidopsis cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase gene in response to ozone or sulfur dioxide, Plant Molecular Biology, 29: 479-489.
Lagrimirii, L. M. Burkhart, W. Moyer, M. Rothstein, S. 1987. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the lignin-fonning peroxidase from tobacco: molecular analysis and tissue specific expression. Proceedings of the National Academic Science USA 84 7542-7546.
LaMondiaa, J. A. Elmera, W. H. Mervoshb, T. L. and Cowles, R. S. 2002. Integrated management of strawberry pests by rotation and intercropping. Crop Protection, 21: 837- 846.
Langer, A. and Hance, T. 2004. Enhancing parasitism of wheat aphids through apparent competition: a tool for biological control. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 102: 205-212.
Langer, V. 1996. Insect-crop interactions in a diversified cropping system, parasitism by Aleochara bilineata and Trybliographa rapae of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, on cabbage in the presenct of white clover. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 80: 365-374.
Laurance, W. F. Lovejoy, T. E. Vasconcelos, H. L. Bruna, E. M. Didham, R. K. Stouffer, P. C. Gascon, C. Bierregaard, R. O. Laurance, S. G. and Sampaio, E. 2002. Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology, 16: 605-618.
Lawrence, K. L and Wise, D. H. 2000. Spider predation on forest -floor Collembola and evidence for indirect effects on decomposition. Pedobiologia 44: 33-39 (in Chinese).
Leong, A. C. and Lee, C. S. 1993. Study on intercropping cabbage with four leafy vegetables on peat. Mardi Research Journal, 21(1): 35-41
Leong, A.C. Zaharah, A. and Lim, H. J. 1996. The potential on intercropping cabbage with a legume vegetable on peat and birs. Mardi Research Journal,24(1): 19-26.
Leopold, A. 1933. Game Management. 1986 edn. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp: 481.
Leslie, A. W. 2005. History and current trends in the use of allelopathy for weed management. Hort Technology, 15(3): 529-534.
Lev-Yadun, S. Dafni, A. Flaishman, M. A.Inbar, M. Izhaki, I. Katzir, G and Ne'eman, G 2004. Plant coloration undermines herbivorous insect camouflage. Bioessays, 26: 1126-1130.
Li, F. Han, Z. K. and Wu, Z. F. 2002. Comparison of esterase and acetylcholinesterase of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover reared on different host plants. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 25 (2): 57-60 (in Chinese).
Li, H. S. 2000. Principle and technology of plant physiology and biochemistry. Higher Education Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Li, J. Q. 2001. Ecology of spider community in rice field. Master thesis of Southwest Agricultural University (in Chinese).
Li, T. W. Shen, F. Y. Zhao, X. Z. Ji, J. M. and Gao, X. W. 2005. Study on the characters of acetylcholinesterase in different population of Plutella xylostella. Plant protection, 25(4): 5-7 (in Chinese)
Li, T. W. Zong, J. Gao, X. W. and Zheng, B. Z. 1997. Induction of host plants on Carboxyiesterase and acetylaholinesterase activity in green peach aphid. Plant Protection, 23(2):14-16 (in Chinese)
Li, Y. S. Lou, W. C. and Zhao, S. H. 1996a. Effects of cruciferous hosts on susceptibility of deltamethrin and cypermethrin in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: plutellidae). Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, (3): 269-275 (in Chinese)
Li, Y. S. Lou, W. C. and Zhao, S. H. 1996b. Effects of food plants on the activity of carboxylesterase of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L.(Lepidoptera:Plutellidae). Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, 27(2):147-151 (in Chinese).
Li, Y. S. Lou, W. C. Mu, L. Y. and Zhao, S. H. 1997. The inhibition of dichlorvos to the carboxylesterase from the larvae of diamondback moth feeding on different host plants in vivo. Entomological Journal of East China, 6(2): 28-31 (in Chinese)
Li, Z. S. 2005. Effects of the fertilization application on the arthropod community in rice field. Dissertation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.
Lian, Z. M. and Yu, G Z. 2001. Ananlysis on the edge responses of grasshoppers to the edge zone between fieldland and wasteland. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 21(8): 1269-1275.
Lima, S. L. and Zollner, P. A. 1996. Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11:131-135.
Liu, M. Y. Tzeng, Y. J. and Sun, C. N. 1982. Insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Journal of Economical Entomology, 75:153-155.
Liu, W. X. Hou, M. L. Wang, F. H. and Wang, F. L. 2003. Temporal and spatial niche dynamics of spiders and their control effects on cotton bollworms in transgenic Bt cotton fields. Entomological Knowledge, 40(2): 65-68 (in Chinese).
Liu, X. and You, M. S. 2000. Toxicity and effects of dichlorvos, alphacypermethrin and their mixture on diamondback moth. Journal of Fujian Agricultural University, 29(2): 205-209(in Chinese).
Liu, Y. F. 2000. Study on the arthropod communities in rice ecosystem. Dissertation of Zhongshan University (in Chinese).
Liu, Y. F. and Gu, D. X. 2002. The diversity and the ecological significance ana lysis of neutral insects in irrigated rice fields. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 4:7-10 (in Chinese).
Liu, Y. F. Zhang, G R. and Gu, D. X. 1999. Study of arthropod community in rice fields by refit suction sampler. Plant Protection, 25(6): 39 -40 (in Chinese).
Loreau, M. Naeem, S. Inchausti, P. Bengtsson, J. Grime, J. P. Hector, A. Hooper, D. U. Huston, M. A. Raffaelli, D. Schmid, B. Tilman, D. Wardle, D. A. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 294: 804-808.
Lou, Y. G. and Cheng, J. A. 2003. Role of rice volatiles in the foraging behaviour of the predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis for the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Biological Control, 48(1): 73-86.
Lu, D.G Li, X. R. and Zhang, Q. W. 2005. Recent advances in odorant binding protein of insects. Proceedings of the fifth national symposium on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in china. Beijing science technology press, Beijing.
Lv, J. L. 2001. Vegetable planting. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing (in Chinese).
Major, R. E. Gowing, G Christie, F. J. Gray, M. and Colgan, D. 2006. Variation in wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae) distribution and abundance in response to the size and shape of woodland fragments. Biological Conservation, 132(1): 98-108.
Mancini, A. Buschini, A. Restivo, F. M. Rossi, C. and Poli, P. 2006. Oxidative stress as DNA damage in different transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Science, 170(4): 845-852.
Mann, R. K. and Singh, G 2004. Sub lethal influences of cartap hydrochloride on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostelia (Linn.). Pesticide Research Journal, 16(2): 6-37
Marino, P. C. and Landis, D. A. 1996. Effect of landscape structure on parasitoid diversity and parasitism in agroecosystems. Ecological Applications, 6 (1): 276-284.
Matthew, D. J. and Thomas, W. S. 2001. Effects of food availability on the distribution of migratory warblers among habitats in Jamaica. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70(4): 546-560.
Mayse, M. A. and Price, P. W. 1978. Seasonal development of soybean arthropod communities in east central Illinois. Agro-ecosystems, 4(3): 387-405.
McKee, M. J. and Knowles, C. O. 1984. Effects of pyrethroids on respiration in the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Economical Entomology, 77: 1376-1380.
Meena, R. K. and Lai, O. P. 2002. Effect of intercropping on the incidence of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostelia (L.) on cabbage. Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi). 26(2): 141-144.
Merrington, G Miller, D. McKaughlin, M. J. and Kerller, M. A. 2001. Trophic barriers to fertilizer Cd bioaccumulation through the food chain: A case study using a plant-insect predator pathway. Archives of Environmental Contaminationand Toxicology, 41(2): 151-156.
Micky, D. E. David, E. C. and John F. M. 2005. Effects of virus infection of mimulus guttatus (phrymaceae) on host plant quality for meadow spittlebugs, Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). Environmental entomology, 34(4):891-898
Milbrath, L.R. Weiss, M. J. and Schatz, B. G. 1995. Influence of tillage system, planting date, and oilseed crucifers on flea beetle populations (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 127: 289-293.
Miller, J. C. 1980. Niche relationships among parasitic insects occurring in a temporary habitat. Ecology, 61(2): 270-275.
Moericke, V. 1952. Farben als Landereize fur geflügelten Blattlausen (Aphidoidea). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, 7: 304-324.
Mogahed, M. 2003. Influence of intercropping on population dynamics of major insect-pests of potato (Solarium tuberosum) in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 73(10): 546-549.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G. T. 2003. Characterization and comparison of midgut proteases of Bacillus thuringiensis susceptible and resistant diamondback moth (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 82:1-11.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G T. 2005. Local variation in susceptibility of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to insecticides and role of detoxification enzymes. Crop Protection, 22: 495-504.
Muhamad, O. Tsukuda, R. Oki, Y. Fujisaki, K. and Nakasuji, F. 1994. Influence of wild crucifers on life history traits and flight ability of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Researches on Population Ecology, 36(1): 53-62.
Munyuli, M. B. T. Luther, G C. and Kyamanywa, S. 2006. Effects of cowpea cropping systems and insecticides on arthropod predators in Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Crop Protection, In Press.
Nakamura, M. Miyamoto, Y. and Ohgushi, T. 2003. Gall initiation enhances the availability of food resources for herbivorous insects. Functional Ecology, 17: 851-857.
Nansen, C. Weaver, D. K. Sing, S. E. Runyon, J. B. Morrill, W. L. Grieshop, M. J. Shannon, C. L. and Johnson, M. L. 2005. Within-field spatial distribution of Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera : Cephidae) larvae in Montana wheat fields. The Canadian Entomologist, 137(2): 202-214.
Nicholls, C. I. Parrela, M. and Altieri, M. A. 2001. The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard. Landscape Ecology, 16:133-146.
Nielsen, K. L. and Thorup-Kristensen, K. 2001. Root growth and nitrogen utilization of a leek crop and an undersown catch crop. Paper presented at Plant Nutrition - Food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems through basic and applied research; In Horst, Dr. W.J., Eds. Plant Nutrition - Food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems through basic and applied research, page pp. 1010-1011. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Noppun, V. Saito, T. and Miata, T. 1989. Cuticular penetration of S -fenvalerate in envalerate-resistant and susceptible strains of the diamondbackmoth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 33(1): 83-87.
Nottingham, S. R 1987. Effects of nonhost-plant odors on anemotactic response to host-plant odor in female cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, and carrot rust fly, Psila rosae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13 (5):1313-1318.
Nyffeler, M. and Sunderland, K. D. 2003. Composition, abundance and pest control potential of spider communities in agroecosystems: a comparison of European and US studies. Agricutlure, ecosystems and environment, 95(2): 579-613.
Nykanen, H. and Koricheva, J. 2004. Damage-induced changes in woody plants and their effects on insect herbivore performance: a meta-analysis. Oikos, 104(2): 247-268.
Odunze, A. C. Iwuafor, E. N. O and Chude, V. O. 2002. Maize/herbaceous legume inter-crops and soil properties in the Northern Guinea Savanna zone, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 20(1): 15-25.
Ohgushi, T. 2005. Indirect interaction webs: herbivore-induced effects through trait change in plants. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 36: 81-105.
Oke, O. L. 1966. Nitrite toxicity to plants. Nature, 212:528.
Omura, H. Honda, K. and Hayashi, N. 1999. Chemical and chromatic bases for preferential visiting by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, to rape flowers. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 25: 1895-1906.
Omura, H. Honda, K. and Hayashi, N. 2000. Floral Scent of Osmanthus fragrans Discourages Foraging Behavior of Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26(3): 655-666
Onstad, D. W. Spencer, J. L. Gusel, C. A. Levine, E. and Isard, A. 2002. Modeling evolution of behavioral resistance by an insect to crop rotation. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 100:195-201.
Pang, X. F. and You, M. S. 1996. Community Ecology of Insect. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing (in Chinese).
Parker, T. H. Stansberrry, B. M. Becker, C. D. and Gipson, P. S. 2005. Edge and area effects on the occurrence of migrant forest songbirds. Conservation Biology, 19(4): 115-1167.
Patil, J. D. Ranpise, S. A. and Kakade, D. S. 2004. Inter-cropping studies in cabbage during kharif season. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 29(1): 39-41
Patt, J. M. Hamilton, G. C. and Lashomb, J. H. 1997. Impact of strip-insectary intercropping with flowers on conservation biological control of the Colorado potato beetle. Advances in Horticultural Science, 11: 175-181.
Peairs, F. B. Bean, B. and Gossen, B. D. 2005. Pest management implications of reduced fallow periods in dryland cropping systems in the great plains. Agronomy Journal, 97:373-377.
Pelosi, P. Calvello, M and Ban, L. 2005. Diversity of odorant -binding proteins and chemosensory proteins in insects. Chemical senses, 30 (supplement 1): 291-291.
Penagos, D. I. Magallanes, R. Valle, J. Cisneros, J. Martinez, A. M. Goulson, D. Chapman, J. W. Caballero, P. Cave, R. D. and Williams, T. 2003. Effect of weeds on insect pests of maize and their natural enemies in Southern Mexico. International Journal of Pest Management, 49(2): 155-161.
Peng, J. J. Tang, A. R. Yu, X. Y. Xiao, H. H. and Song J. J. 2002. Effects of shading treatment on the photosynthesis in osmanthus fragans var. semperflorens. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University, 3: 38-39 (in Chinese).
Perfecto, I. and Vet, L. E. M. 2003. Effect of a nonhost plant on the location behavior of two Parasitoids: The Tritrophic System of Cotesia spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and Brassica oleraceae. Environmental Entomology, 32(1): 163-174.
Perrin, R. M. 1977. Pest management in multiple cropping systems. Agro -ecosystems, 3: 93-118.
Phani Kumar, K. and Gujar, G. T. 2005..Baseline susceptibility of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins in India. Crop Protection, 25: 207-212.
Pielou, E.C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical of Biology, 13: 131-144.
Pimentel, D. 1961. The influence of plant spatial patterns on insect populations. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 54: 61 -69.
Pitre, H. N. Mulrooney, J. E. and Hogg, D. B. 1983. Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) oviposition preferences and egg distribution on plants. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76: 463-466.
Pontoppidan, B. Hopkins, R. Rask, L. Meijer, J. 2005. Differential wound induction of the myrosinase system in oilseed rape (Brassica napus): contrasting insect damage with mechanical damage. Plant Science, 168(3): 715-722.
Qiao, C. L. Wang, J. and Huang, J. 2000. Insecticide resistance and the genotype frequencies of genes in the diamondback moth (Plulellaxylostella, L.) from difference population. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 12(3): 25-29 (in Chinese).
Rahman, G. K. M. M. and N. Motoyama. 2000. Repellent effect of garlic against stored product pest. Journal of Pesticide Science. 25: 247-252.
Rapusas, H. R. Bottrell, D. G. and Coll, M. 1996.Intraspecific variation in Chemical attraction of rice to insect predators. Biological Control, 6(3): 394-400.
Ratzka, A. Vogel, H. Kliebenstein, D. J. Mitchell-Olds, T. and Kroyann, J. 2002. Disarming the mustard oil bomb. Ecology, 99 (17): 11223-11228.
Reddy, M. T. Syed, Land Reddy, Y. N. 2000. Performance of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under graded levels of nitrogen in ber-based intercropping. Journal of Research of Angrau, 29(4): 19-24.
Reddy, Y. G. V. P. and Urs, K. C. D. 1991. Growth regulator activity of the xerophytic perennial plant agave-cantala roxb. on diamondback moth plutella xylostella 1. lepidoptera yponomeutidae. Insect Science and Its Application, 12(4): 439-442.
Reed, H. C. Tan, S. H. Haapanen, K. Killmon, M. Reed, D. K. and Elliott, N. C. 1995. Olfactoryresponses of the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) to odor of plants, aphids, and plant-aphid complexes. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21:407-418.
Renwick, J. A. A. 1999. Phytochemical modification of taste: an insect modelit. In: Cutler, H.C. and Cutler, S.J. (Eds.), Biologically Active Natural Products: Agrochemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp: 221-229.
Rhodes, D. F. and Gates, R. G 1976. Towards a general theory of plant antiherbivore chemistry. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, 10: 168-213.
Ries, L. and Fagan, W. F. 2003. Habitat edges as a potential ecological trap for an insect predator, Ecological Entomology, 28(5): 567-572.
Risch, S. J. 1981. Insect herbivore abundance in tropical monocultures and polycultures: an experimental tests of two hypotheses. Ecology, 62: 1325 -1340.
Risch, S. J. 1991. Intercropping as cultural pest control: Prospects and limitations. Environmental Management, 7: 9-14.
Rodriguez-saona, C. Crafts-brandner, S. J. and Canas, L. A. 2003. Volatile emissions triggered by multiple herbivore damage: beet armyworm and whitefly feeding on cotton plants. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(11): 2539-2550.
Romeis, J. Babendreier,D. Wackers, F. L. and Shanower, T.G 2005. Habitat and plant specificity of Trichogramma egg parasitoids - underlying mechanisms and implications. Basic and Applied Ecology, 6(3): 215-236.
Root, R. B. 1973. Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monograph, 43: 95-124.
Runyon, J. B. Morrill, W. L. Weaver, D. K. and Miller, P. R. 2002. Parasitism of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) by Bracon cephi and B. lissogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in wheat fields bordering tilled and untilled fallow in Montana. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95(6): 1130-1134.
Ryan, J. Ryan, M. F. and McNaeidhe, F. 1980. The effects of interrow plant cover on populations of the cabbage rootfly, Delia brassicae (Wiedemann). Journal of Applied Ecology, 17: 31-40.
Sankar, C. R. and Swamy, S. M. 1988. Influence of light and temperature on leaf area index, chlorophyll content and yield of ginger. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 13(2): 216-21.
Sarfraz, M. and Keddie, B. A. 2005. Conserving the efficacy of insecticides against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 129:149-157.
Sarfraz, M. Keddie, A. E. and Dosdall, L. M. 2005. Biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella: A review. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 15(8): 763-789.
Sarfraza, M. Dosdallb, L. M. and Keddiea, B. A. 2006. Diamondback moth host plant interactions: Implications for pest management. Crop Protection, 25(7): 625-639.
Sayyed, A. H. Cerda, H. and Wright, D. J. 2003. Could Bt transgenic crops have nutritionally favourable effects on resistant insects? Ecology Letters, 6:167-169.
Schoonhoven, L. M. Jermy, T. and van Loon, J. A. 1998. Insect -plant biology from physiology to evolution.Chapman and Hall Press, London.
Seal, A. N. Pratley, J. E. Haig, T. and An, M. 2004. Identification and quantitation of compounds in a series of allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice root exudates. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30(8): 1647-62.
Senaratne, R. Liyanage, N. D. L. and Soper, R. J. 1995. Nitrogen fixation of and N transfer from cowpea, mungbean and groundnut when intercropped with maize. Nitrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 40(1): 41-48.
Serizawa, H. Shinoda, T. and Kawai, A. 2001. Occurrence of a feeding deterrent in Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), a crucifer unacceptable to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology. 36(4): 465-470.
Shankar, M. A. Jayaramaiah, M. Rangaswamy, B. T. Peter, A. and Lingappa, B. S. and Juna, G B. M. 2002. Intercropping of pulses and oilseed crop in S13 mulberry under irrigated condition. Research on Crops, 3(2): 385 -389.
Shankar, U. Bar, U. K. and Raju, S. V. S. 2005. Impact of intercropping in cauliflower on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 33: 43-47.
Shannon, C. E and Wiener, W. (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of of Illinois, Urbanna, p. 117.
Sharaiha, R. K. and Haddad, N. I.1985. Potential of row intercropping of cabbage broad bean and corn under Jordan valley conditions. Dirasat, 12(4): 45 -56.
Shelton, A. M. and Badenes-Perez, E R. 2006. Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management. Annual Reviw of Entomology. 51:285-308.
Shelton, A. M. and Nault, B. A. 2003. Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Protection, 23(6): 497-502.
Shelton, A. M. and Nault, B. A. 2004. Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Protection, 23(6): 497-503.
Shelton, A. M. Robertson, J. L. Tang, J. D. Perez, C. Eigenbrode, S. D. Preisler, H. K. Wilsey, W. T. and Cooley, R. J. 1993. Resistance of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies in the field. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86: 697-705.
Sherf, B. A. and Kolattukudy, P. E. 1993. Developmentally regulated expression of the wound- and pathogen-responsive tomato anionic peroxidase in green fruits. The Plant Journal, 3: 829-833.
Shi, Q. H. Bao, Z. Y. Zhu, Z. J. Ying, Q. S. Qian, Q. Q. 2006. Effect differe nt treatments of salicylic acid on heat tolerance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzyme activity in seedlings of Cucumis sativa L.. Plant Growth Regulation, 48(2):127-135
Shorrocks, B. Marsters, J. Ward, I. and Evennett, P. J. 1991. The fractal dimension of lichens and the distribution of arthropod body lengths. Functional Ecology, 5: 457- 460.
Simpson, E. H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163: 688.
Simpson, S. J. and Raubenheimer, D. 2001. The geometric analysis of nutrient - allelochemcial interactions: a case study using locusts. Ecology, 82(22): 422-439.
Singh, A. P. Jain, V. and Sawhney, S. K. 2006. Reactivation of nitrate reductase by potassium ferricyanide in water-stressed seedlings of wheat and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) depends on intensity of stress. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 12(2): 139-143
Singh, R. and Singh, R. 2003. Insecticidal properties of garlic, Allium sativum - a review. Journal of Medical Aromatic Plant Science. 25:1024-1038.
Singh, U. P. Prithiviraj, B. Sarma, B. K. Singh, M. and Ray, A. B. 2001. Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 39(4): 310-322.
Sisk, T. D. and Battin, J. 2002. Habitat edges and avian ecology: geographic patterns and insights for western landscapes. Studies in Avian Biology, 25: 30-48.
Sivapragasam, A. Loke, W. H. Hussan, A. K. Lim, G. S. 1996. The management of diamondbackmoth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p. 353.
Smith, H. A. and McSorley, R. 2000. Intercropping and pest management: a review of major concepts. American Entomologist, 46: 154-161.
Smith, J. G. 1976. Influence of crop backgrounds on aphids and other phytophagous insects on Brussels sprouts. Annals of Applied Biology, 83:1-13.
Sonoda, S. and Tsumuki, H. 2005. Studies on glutathione 5-transferase gene involved in chlorXuazuron resistance of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 82: 94-101.
Souissi, R. Nénon, J. P. and Le Rü, B. 1998. Olfactory responses of parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi to odor of plants, mealybugs, and plant-mealybug complexes. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24(1): 37-48.
Southwood, T. R. E. and Way, M. J. 1970. Ecological background to pest management. In: Concepts of pest management .R ,L. Rabb and F. E. Guthrie, eds. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Spiller, D. A. and Agrawal, A. A. 2003. Intense disturbance enhances plant susceptibility to herbivory: natural and experimental evidence. Ecology, 84: 890-897.
Srinivasan, K. and Krishna-Moorthy, P. N. 1991. Development and adoption of integrated pest management for major pests of cabbage using Indian mustard as a trap crop In: Talekar, N.S. (eds.), Management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the second international workshop. Taiwan: Asian Vegetable Research and Developement Center, pp: 511-521.
Stamps, W. T. and Linit, M. J. 1997. Plant diversity and arthropod communities: Implications for temperate agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems, 39 (1): 73 -89.
Sun, C. N. 1992. Insecticide resistance in diamondback moth. In: Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Talekar, N. S. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop, Taiwan, December 1990, AVRDC publication, pp: 419-426.
Sunderland, K. and Samu, F. 2000. Effects of agricultural diversification on the abundance, distribution, and pest control potential of spiders, a review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 95(1): 10-13.
Swanton,C. J. Shrestha, A. Chandler, K. and Deen, W. 2000. An economic assessment of weed control strategies in no-till glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 14(4): 755-763.
Szumigalski, A. R. and VanAcker, R. C. 2006. Nirogen yield and land use efficiency in annual sole crop and intercrops. Agronomy Journal, 98:1030-1040.
Tabashnik, B. E. Cushing, N. L. and Johnson, M. W. 1987. Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to insecticides in Hawaii: intra-island variation and cross-resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80: 1091-1099.
Tahvanainen, J. O. and Root, R. B. 1972. The influence of vegetational diversity on the population ecology of a specialized herbivore, Phyllotreta crucifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Oecologia, 10: 321-346.
Talekar, N. S. and Shelton, A. M. 1993. Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 38: 275-301.
Talekar, N. S. and Yang, J. C. 1993. Influence of crucifer cropping system on the parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Yponomeutidae) by Cotesia plutellae (Hym., Braconidae) and Diadegma semiclausum(Hym., Ichneumonidae). Entomophaga, 38: 541-550.
Tan, W. J. Yang, L. M and Gou, Y. Y. 1993. Effects of different host plants on the esterase isoenzymes. Plant protection, 19(1): 6-8 (in Chinese)
Tang, Q. Y. and Feng, M. G. 1997. Practical statistics and DPS data processing system. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, China (in Chinese).
Tang, Z. H. 1993. Insect resistance and management. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing (in Chinese)
Terriere, L. C. 1984. Induction of detoxifing enzyme in insect. Annual Review of Entomology, 29:71-88.
Tew, J. Brose, U. Grimm, V. Tielborger, K. Wichmann, M. C. Schwager, M. and Jeltsch, F. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography, 31(1): 79-92.
Theunissen, J. 1994. Effects of intercropping on pest populations in vegetable crops. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 17 (8): 153-158.
Thomas, M. B. Sotherton, N. W. Coombes, D. S. and Wratten, S. D. 1992b. Habitat factors influencing the distribution of polyphagous predatory insects between field boundaries. Annals of Applied Biology, 120:197-202.
Thomas, M. B. Wratten, S. D. and Sotherton, N. W. 1991. Creation of island habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and emigration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28: 906-917.
Thomas, M. B. Wratten, S. D. and Sotherton, N. W. 1992a. Creation of "island" habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and species composition. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29: 524-531.
Tim, G. B. David, M. B. Lorna, C. and Humphrey, Q. P. C. 2002. Linking agricultural practice to insect and bird populations: a historical study over three decades. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39(4): 673-687.
Toaima, S. E. A. El-Douby, K. A. and Nafei, A. I. 2001. Effect of different intercropping systems of onion and garlic on sugar beet yield, yield components and chemical analysis. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 79(3): 983-1004.
Trdan, S. Valic, N. nidarcic, D. Vidrih, M. Bergant, K. Zlatic, E. and Milevoj, L. 2005. The role of Chinese cabbage as a trap crop for flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in production of white cabbage. Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 106 (1): 12-24.
Tscharntke, T. Steffan-Dewenter, I. Kmess, A. and Thies, C. 2002. Characteristics of insect populations on habitat fragments: A mini review. Ecological Research, 17(2): 229-239.
Ullyett, G C. 1947. Morality factors in population of Plutella maculipennis Curtis (Tineidae,Lep.) and their relation to the problem of control. Entomology Memoirs Department of Agriculture and Forestry Union of South Africa. 2: 77-202.
Ulmer, B. Gillott, C. Woods, D. and Erlandson, M. 2002. Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) feeding and oviposition preferences on glossy and waxy Brassica rapa (L.) lines. Crop Protection. 21:327-331.
Uvah, I. I.I. and Coaker, T. H. 1984. Effect of mixed cropping on some insect pests of carrots and onions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 36:159-167.
Vakanas, G and Krafft, B. 2004. Regulation of the number of spiders participating in collective prey transport in the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 327(8):763-772.
Van Asperen, K. A. 1962. A study of housefly esterases by means of a sensitive colorimetric method. Journal of Insect Physiology, 8: 401-416.
Van Emden, H. F. 1965. The role of uncultivated land in the biology of crop pests and beneficial insects. Scientific Horticulture, 17:121-136.
Van Emden, H. F. 1990. Plant diversity and natural enemy efficiency in agroecosystems. In: Mackauer, MEhler, L.E. Roland, J. (Eds.), Critical Issues in Biological Control, ed. p. 63-80. Andover, MA: Intercept. 330 pp.
Van Engelen, F. A. and deVries, S. 1992. Extracellular proteins in plant embryogenesis, Trends in Genetic, 8: 66-70.
Van Habig, W. H. and Jakoby, W. B. 1981. Assays for differentiation of glutathione S-transferases. Methods in Enzymology, 77: 398-405.
van Lenteren, J. C. 1998. Sustainable and safe crop protection: a reality? In: Proceedings of the 50th international symposium on crop protection. 63(2b), Gent, pp: 409-413.
Verma, R. S. Chauhan, R. S. and Singh, R. N. 1985. Studies on row arrangement and population densities of potato cultivars in a sugarcane and potato intercropping systems in north central India. Experimental Agriculture, 21(4): 321-328.
Vistnes, I. and Nellemann, C. 2001. Avoidance of cabins, roads, and power lines by reindeer during calving. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65: 915-925.
Vogt, R. G. Callahan, F. E. Rogers, M. E. and Dickens, J. C. 1999. Odorant binding protein diversity and distribution among the insect orders, as indicated by lap, an OBP-related protein of the true bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Chemical Senses, 24: 481-495.
Vogt, R.G and Riddiford, L.M. 1981. Pheromone binding and inactivation by moth antennae. Nature, 293:161-163.
Vostrikov, P. 1915. Tomatoes as insecticides. The importance of solanaceae in the control of pests of agricultures. Novotcherkassk, 10: 9-12.
Wainhoase, D. and Coaker, T. H. 1981. The distribution of carrot fly(Psila rosae)in relation to the fauna of field boundaries. In: Thresh, J. H. (eds.), Pests, pathogens and vegetation: The role of weeds and wild plants in the ecology of crop pests and disease. Pitman, Bostan. MA. pp. 263-272.
Wan, J. Wilcock, A. and Coventry, M. J. 1998. The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 84(2): 152-158.
Wang, J. Wu, Z. Y. and Li, X. D. 1996. Effects of host plant on the esterase activity and insecticide tolerance of Aphis gossypii Glover. Entomological Knowledge, 33(1): 20-22 (in Chinese).
Wei, H. Zhao, S. X. Hu, J. F. Zhan, Z. X. Wu, W. 2006 a. Influence of host plants on the resistance recession and esterase activity of Plutella xylostella L. field population. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 35(2):138-142 (in Chinese).
Wei, H. You, M. S. Wang, Q. L. Hou, Y. M. and Lin, Z. Y. 2004b. Influence of plant extracts on the pupation rate and pupal weight of Plutella xylostella. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 23: 51- 54.
Wei, Q. X. He, Y. X. Yang, X. J. Weng, Q. Y. and Wang, M. M. 2004. Effects of host plants on CarE and AChE activity of Liriomyza huidobrensis. Acta Agriculture Universitatis Jiangxinsis, 26(3):345-347 (in Chinese).
Wei, S. L. Wang, W. Q. Chen, X. H. Qin, S. Y. and Chen, X. T. 2005. Studies on the shade-endurance capacity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2: 21-25.
Weissenberg, M. Klein, M. Meisner, J. and Ascher, K. R. S. 1996. Larval growth inhibition of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana, by some steroidal secondary plant compounds. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42:213-217.
White, A. J. Wratten, S. D. Berry, N. A. and Weigmann, U. 1995. Habitat manipulation to enhance biological control of Brassica pests by hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Journal of Economical Entomology, 88:1171-76.
Willey, R. W. 1979. Intercropping - its importance and research needs. Part I. Competition and yield advantages. Field Crops Abstracts 32: 1-10. II. Agronomy and research approaches. Field Crop Abstracts. 32: 73-85.
With, K. A. Cadaret, S. J. and Davis, C. 1999. Movement responses to patch structure in experimental fractal landscapes. Ecology, 80(4): 1340—1353.
Wortmann, C. S. Sengooba, T. and Kyamanywa, S. 1992. Banana and bean intercropping: factors affecting bean yield and land use efficiency. Experimental Agriculture, 28(3): 287-294.
Wratten, S. Berndt, L. Gurr, G. Tylianakis, J. Fernando, P. Didham, R. 2003. Adding floral diversity to enhance parasitoid fitness and efficacy. 1st International symposium on biological control of arthropods, pp 211-214.
Wratten, S. D. and Thomas, C. F. G. 1990. Farm-scale spatial dynamics of predators and parasitoids in agricultural landscapes. In: Bunce, R. G. H., Howard, D. C. (eds.), Species Dispersal in Agricultural Landscapes. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 219-237.
Wu, F. B. Zhang, G. P. and Dominy, P. 2003. Four barley genotypes respond differently to cadmium: lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant capacity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 50: 67-78.
Wu, G. and Jiang, S. R. 2004. Seasonal dynamics of the resistance to organophosphorus insecticides and its biochemical mechanism in Plutella xylostella (L.). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24(4): 706-710 (in Chinese).
Wu, G. You, M. S and Zhao, S. X. 2001. The stability of resistance and the strategies for management of insecticide resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 3 (1): 83-86 (in Chinese)
Wu, J. C. Hu, G. W. Tang, J. Su, Z. L. Yang, J. S. Wang, Z. N. and Ren, Z. C. 1994. Studies on the regulation effect of neutral insect on the community food web in paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 4: 381-387.
Wu, M. Han, Z. J. Meng, J. Y. and Zhu, B. 2005. Insecticide resistance in Nanjing population of the diamondback moth and the corresponding strategy for pesticide application. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 48(4): 633-636.
Wu, Q. J. Zhang, W. J. and Zhu, G R. 2001. Occurence and insecticides resistances of diamondback moth. China Vegetables. 5: 49-51 (in Chinese)
Xia, J. 1994. An integrated cotton insect pest management system for cotton-wheat intercropping in North China. Proceedings of the world cotton research conference -I: Challenging the future, pp: 617.
Xie, J. Y. He, F. Q. Li, H. Feng, G L. 2002. Influence of host plants on the acetylcholinesterase activity of cotton aphid. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 29(4): 341-345 (in Chinese).
Xiu, W. M. Dong, S. L. Miao H. and Mu L. F. 2005. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of two cdna fragments of pheromone binding protein in male beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 38(7): 1501-1504.
Xu, J. X. and Wu, J. C. 1999. On the significance, role and manipulation of neutral insects in paddy ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 18(5): 41-44 (in Chinese).
Xu, Z. Guo, D. Yu, L. Zhao, M. Zhang, X. Li, D. Zheng, K. and Ye,Y. 2003. Molecular biological study on the action mechanism of rice allelochemicals against weeds. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14(5):829-33(in Chinese).
Yang, G 2001. Relationship among cruciferous vegetables, diamondback moth (Plutella xyllostella) and Cotesia plutella. Disseration of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univrsity.
Yang, G Xu, Q. Y. and You, M. S. 2004. The change of activities of protective enzymes in Chinese cabbage infested by diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Entomological Journal of East China, 1: 51-57 (in Chinese).
Yang, T. and Poovaiah, B. W. 2002. Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis: Activation of plant catalase by calcium/calmodulin. Proceedings of the National. Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99(6): 4097-4102.
Yang, X. M. Margolies, D. C. Zhu, K. Y. and Buschman, L. L. 2001. Host plant -induced changes in detoxification enzymes and susceptibility to pesticides in the two spotted spider mite (Acari: Teranychidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94 (2): 381-387.
Yildirm, E. and Guvenc, I. 2005. Intercropping based on cauliflower: more productive, profitable and highly sustainable. European Journal of Agronomy, 22(1): 11-18.
You, M. S. and Yang, G 2001. Physiological stress reaction of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, infested by diamondback, plutella xylostella. Entomologia Sinica, 2:35-44
You, M. S. Hou, Y. M. Liu, Y. F. Yang, G. Li, Z. S. and Cai H. J. 2004a. Non -crop habitat manipulation and integrated pest management in agroecosystems. Acta Entomologiea Sinica, 47(2): 260-26 (in Chinese).You, M. S. Liu, Y. F. and Hou, Y. M. 2004b. Biodiversity and integrated pest management in agroecosystems. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24(1): 117-122(in Chinese).
You, M. S. Hou, Y. M. and Yang, G. 2004c. Control of the population system of diamondback moth. Fujian Publishing House of Science and Technology.
You, M. S. Xu, D. M. Cai, H. J. and Vasseur, L. 2005. Practical importance for conservation of insect diversity in China. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14: 723-737.
Yu, S. J. and Nguyen, S. N. 1992. Detection and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 44: 74-81.
Yu, S. J. and Nguyen, S. N. 1996. Insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzyme activities in permethrin-selected diamondback moths. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 56: 69-77.
Zhang, J. F. and Xue, Q. Z. 2004. The Activity Dynamics of Main Protective Enzymes in Rice Plants Under Feeding Stresses of Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens. Scientia Agriculture Sinica, 10: 87-91(in Chinese).
Zhang, Y. G. Huang, D. Z. Wang, Z. G. Yan, Y. H. and Yin, J. F. 2001. Effects of secondary metabolites of poplar trees on the carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase in Anoplophora glabripennis. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 37(6): 123-128 (in Chinese).
Zhao, J. Z. Collins, H. L. Li, Y. X. Mau, R. F. L. Thompson, GD. Hertlein, M. Andaloro, J. T. Boykin, R. and Shelton, A. M. 2006. Monitoring of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad, indoxacarb, and emamectin benzoate. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(1): 176-181
Zhou, Y. H. Han, Z. J. Zhang, X. M. and Pan, G. C. 2003. Influence of rice varieties on the metabolizing enzymes of nilaparvata lugens stl. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 26 (2): 24-28 (in Chinese).
Zhu, Y. Y. Chen, H. R. Fan, J. H. Wang, Y. Y Yan, L. Chen, J. B. Fan, J. X. Yan, S. S. Hu, L. P. Leung, H. Mew, T. W. Teng, P. S. Wang, Z. H. and Mundt, C. C. 2000. Genetic diversity and disease control in rice. Nature, 406: 718-772.
Ahern, R. G and Brewer, M. J. 2002. Effect of different wheat production systems on the presence of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae; Braconidae) of the Russian wheat aphid in the North American Great Plains. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 92(2): 201-210.
Alia, M. M. N. and Hassan, N. M. 2006. Changes of antioxidants levels in two maize lines following atrazine treatments. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(4): 202-210.
Altieri, M. A. 1984. Patterns of insect diversity in monoculture and polycultures of Brussels sprouts. Protection Ecology, 6:227-232.
Altieri, M. A. 1994. Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems. Haworth Press, New York.
Altieri, M. A. 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 74(1): 19-31.
Altieri, M. A. and Doll, J. D. 1978. Some limitations of weed biocontrol in tropical ecosystems in Columbia. In: Freeman T. E. (eds.), Proceeding IV international symposium on biological control of weeds. University of Florida, Gainesville, pp: 74-82.
Altieri, M. A. and Gliessman, S. R. 1983. Effects of plant diversity on the density and herbivory of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goez, in California collard (Brassica oleracea) cropping systems. Crop Protection, 2(4): 497-501.
Altieri, M. A. and Letourneau, D. K. 1982. Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems. Crop Protection, 1(4): 405-430.
Altieri, M. A. and Schmidt, L. L. 1986. The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 16: 29-43.
Altieri, M. A. Wilson, R. C. and Schmidt, L. L. 1985. The effects of living mulches and weed cover on the dynamics of foliage- and soil-arthropod communities in three crop systems. Crop Protection, 4(2): 201 -213.
Amin, S. M. R. Kundu, R. Rahman, M. M and Islam, M. S. 2005. Effect of intercropping on the diversity of insect community in Brinjal. Bulletin of The Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kyushu University, 28(2): 25-31.
Andow, D. A. 1991. Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology, 36: 561-586.
Andow, D. A. and Risch, S. J. 1985. Predation in diversified agroecosystems: relations between a coccinellid predator Coleomegilla mmaculata and its food. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22: 357-372.
Andrews, K. L. Sanchez, R. J. and Cave, R. D. 1992. Management of diamondback moth in Central America. In: Talekar, N. S. (Eds.), Management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Shanhua, Taiwan.Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, pp. 487-497.
Armstrong, G and McKinlay, R. G 1997. Vegetation management in organic cabbages and pitfall catches of carabid beetles. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 64(3):267-276.
Asman, K. and Ekbom, B. 2006. Responses of ovipositing moths to host plant deprivation: life history aspects and implications for intercropping. Agriculture and Forest entomology, 8(3):213-217.
Asman, K. Ekbom, B. and Ramert, B. 2001. Effect of intercroppingon oviposition and emigration behabior of the leek moth (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) and the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Environmental Entomology, 30(2): 288-294.
Awmack, C. S. and Leather, S. R. 2002. Host plant quality and fecundity in herbivorous insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: 817-844.
Azevedo, R. A. Alas, R. M. Smith, R. J. and Lea, P. J.1998. Response of antioxidant enzymes to transfer from elevated carbon dioxide to air and ozone fumigation, in the leaves and roots of wild-type and a catalase-deficient mutant of barley. Physiologia Plantarum, 104: 280-292.
Bach, C. E. 1981. Host plant growth form and diversity: effects on abundance and feeding preference on a specialist herbivore, Acalymma vittata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Oecologia, 50: 370-375
Bach, C. E. and Tabashnik, B. E. 1990. Effects of nonhost plant neighbors on population densities and parasitism rate of diamondback moth, Lepidoptera plutellidae. Environmental Entomology, 19(4): 987-994.
Badenes, P. F. R. Nault, B. A. and Shelton, A. M. 2005. Manipulating the attractiveness and suitability of hosts for diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 98(3): 836-844.
Badenes-Perez, F. R. Shelton, A. M. and Nault, B. A. 2004. Evaluating trap crops for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97(4): 1365-1372.
Baeka, J. H. Kima, J. JX Leea, D. Chungb, B. K. Miyatac, T. and Leea, S. H. 2005. Identification and characterization of acel-type acetylcholinesterase likely associated with organophosphate resistance in Plutella xylostella Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 81:164-175.
Baggen, L. R. and Gurr, G M. 1998. The influ ence of food on Copidosoma koehleri (Hymenoptera: Encyritdae ), and the use of flowering plants as a habitat management tool to enhance biological control of potato moth, Phthorimaea opercullella (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae). Biological Control, 11: 9-17.
Baggen, L. R. Gurr, G M. and Meats, A. 1999. Flowers in tri-trophic systems: mechanisms allowing selective exploitation by insect natural enemies for conservation biological control. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91(1): 155-161.
Baker, M. B. Ferro, D. N. and Porter, A. H. 2001. Invasions on large and small scales: management of a well-established crop pest, the Colorado potato beetle. Biological Invasions, 3(3): 295-306.
Bardford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of mic rogram quantities of protein using the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254
Barnes, J.D. Balaguer L. Manrique, E. Elvira, S. and Davison, A.W.1992. A reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophylls a and b in lichens and higher plants. Environmental and experimental botany. 32(2):85-100
Baudry, J. 1984. Effects of landscape structure on biological communities: the case of hedgerows network landscapes, 1:55-56. In: Brandt, J. and Agger, P. (eds.), Methodology in landscape ecological reserch and planning. Poskide university center, Rpskide, Denmark.
Baumann, D. T. Bastiaans, L. Goudriaan, J. van Laar, H. H. and Kropff, M. J. 2002. Analysing crop yield and plant quality in an intercropping system using an eco-physiological model for interplant competition. Agriculture Systems, 73(2): 173-203
Berggren, A. Carlson, A. and Kindval, O. 2001. The effect of landscape composition on colonization success, growth rate and dispersal in introduced bush-crickets Metrioptera roeseli. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70(4): 663-670.
Berndt, L. A. Wratten, S. D. and Hassan, P. 2002. Effects of buckwheat flowers on leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids in a New Zealand vineyard. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 4: 39-45.
Bider, J. R. 1968. Animal activity in uncontrolled terrestrial communities as determined by a sand transect technique. Ecological Monographs, 38: 269-308.
Birkett, M. A. Chamberlain, K. Guerrieri, E. Pickett, J. A. Wadhams, L. J. and Yasuda, T. 2003. Volatiles from whitefly-infested plants elicit a host-locating response in the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(7): 1589-1600.
Bommarco, R. and Fagar, W. F. 2002. Influence of crop edges on movement of generalist predators: a diffusion approach. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 4(1): 21-30.
Boucher, S. and Varady-Szabo, H. 2005. Effects of different diets on the survival, longevity and growth rate of the Annam stick insect, Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 14(1): 115-118.
Bradshaw, W. E. 1986. Pervasive themes in insect life cycles strategies. In: Taylor, F. and Karban. R. (eds.), The evolution of insect life cycles. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp: 261-275.
Braganca, M. A. L. Zanuncio, J. Picanco, M. and Laranjeiro, A. J. 1998. Effects of environmental heterogeneity on Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera populations in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 103 (2): 287-292.
Brown, P. E. and Anderson, M.1999. Factors affecting ovipositor probing in Trybliographa rapae, a parasitoid of the cabbage root fly. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 93: 217-225.
Buckingham, J. 1993. Dictionary of natural products, Chapman & Hall Press, London. Bukovinszky, T. Tréfás, H. van Lenteren, J. C. Vet L. E. M. and Fremont, J. 2004. Plant competition in pest-suppressive intercropping systems complicates evaluation of herbivore responses. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 102(2): 185-196.
Buranday, R. P. and Raros, R. S. 1973. Effects of cabbage-tomato intercropping on the incidence and oviposition of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Philippine Entomologist, 2:369-374.
Calcagno, M. P. Avila, J. L. Rudman, I. Otero, L. D. and Alonso, A. M. 2004. Food-dependent regurgitate effectiveness in the defence of grasshoppers against ants: the case of bracken-fed Abracris flavolineata (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Physiological Entomology, 29(2): 123-128.
Calvo-Gómez, O. Morales-Lopez, J. and Lopez, M. G 2004. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of garlic oil obtained by hydrodistillation. Journal of Chromatography A, 1036(1): 91 -93.
Cameron, P. J. Allan, D. J. Walker, G. P. and Wightman, J. A. 1983. Management experiments on aphids (Acyrthosiphon spp.) and beneficial insects in lucerne. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 11:343-49.
Campbell, W. H. 1999. Nitrate reductase structure, function and regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and physiology. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular biology, 50: 277-303
Carroll, M. J. and Berenbaum, M. R. 2002. Behavioral responses of the parsnip webworm to host plant volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28(11): 2191-2201.
Charleston, D. S. and Kfir, R. 2000. The possibility of using Indian mustard, Brassica juncea, as a trap crop for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in South Africa. Crop Protection, 19(7): 455-460.
Chen, C. C. Chang, S. J. Cheng, L.L. and Hou, R. F. 1996. Effects of chinaberry fruit extract on feeding, growth and fecundity of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lep., Yponomeutidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 120(6): 341-345.
Chen, F. Y. Chen, Z. H. Song, S. Q. and Xu, H. Z. 2004. Review on the investigation and protection measurement of spiders in Chinese tea gardens. Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 2: 62-65 (in Chinese).
Chen, Y. Q. and Sun, G Q. 1992. Pest insect resistance and management. Tianze publishing company. Shanxi, China, p: 163-170 (in Chinese)
Chew, F. S. 1988. Searching for defensive chemistry in the Cruciferae, do glucosinolates always control interactions of Cruciferae with their potential herbivores and symbionts? No! In: Spencer, K. S. (eds.), Chemical mediation of coevolution. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp: 81-112.
Chiang, F. M. and Sun, C. N. 1993. Glutathione transferase isozymes of diamondback moth larvae and their role in the degradation of some organophosphorus insecticides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 45: 7—14.
Choh, Y. Shimoda, T. Ozawa, R. Dicke, M. and Takabayashi, J. 2004. Exposure of lima bean leaves to volatiles from herbivore-induced conspecific plants results in emission of carnivore attractants: active or passive process? Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30(7): 1305-1317.
Chu, G. X. Shen, Q. R. and Wang, S. Q. 2004. Effects of N levels on biological N fixation and N transfer in intercropping system of groundnut with rice cultivation in aerobic soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 41(5): 789-794 (in Chinese)
Coelho, F. C. Vieira, C. Mosquim, P. R. and Cassini, S. T. A. 1998. Nitrogen and molybdenum for sole-cropped maize and beans. I. Effects on beans. Revista Ceres, 45(260): 393-407
Cohen, E. 2006. Pesticide-mediated homeostatic modulation in arthropods. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 85: 21-27.
Cohen, E. and Joseph, T. 1992. Phagodeterrent response of the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini to various pyrethroids and some of their cleavage products. Pesticide Science, 35:125-129.
Collins, F. L. and Johnson, S. J. 1985. Reproductive response of caged adult velvetbean caterpillar and soybean looper to the presence of weeds. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 14:139-149.
Costello, M. J. and Altieri, M. A. 1995. Abundance, growth rate and parasitism of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on broccoli grown in living mulches. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 52(2): 187-196.
Dale, D. 1988. Plant-mediated effects of soil mineral stresses on insects. In: Heinrichs, E. A. (eds). Plant stress - insect interactions. John & wiley & Sons. Danell, K. and Huss-Danell, K.1985.Feeding by insects and hares on birches earlier affected by moose browsing. Oikos, 44: 75-81.
Davidson. J. 1922. Biological studies of Aphis ruminis Linn.reproductio on varieties of Vicia faba. Annual of Applied Biology, 9:135-142.
Debinski, D. M. and Holt, R. D. 2000. A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology, 14(2): 342-355.
Delettre, Y. R. and Morvan, N. 2000. Dispersal of adult aquatic Chironomidae (Diptera) in agricultural landscapes. Freshwater Biology, 44(3): 399-411.
Deng, S. D. 2001. Effects of the Transgenic Bt (Bacillus Thuringiensis) Cotton on Insect Community. Master thesis of Huazhong Agriculture University (in Chinese).
Deng, S. D. Yun, G. L. Zhang, Q. W. Xu, H. L. and Cai, Q. N. 2004. Effect of false flax (Camelina sativa) on larval feeding and adult behavioral response of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Acta Entomologica Sinica. 47: 474-478.
Dewir, Y. H. Chakrabarty, D. Ali, M. B. Hahn, E. J. and Paek, K. Y. 2006. lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities of Euphorbia millii hyperhydric shoots. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 58(1): 93-99.
Dicke, M. Takabayashi, J. Posthumus, M. A. Schutte, C. and Krips, O. E. 1998. Plant - Phytoseiid interactions mediated by herbivore-induced plant volatiles: variation in production of cues and in responses of predatory mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 22(6): 311-333.
Dobson, H. E. M. 1994. Floral volatiles in insect biology, pp. 48-70, In: Bernays, E. A. (eds.). Insect -Plant Interactions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Doring, T. F. Kirchner, S. M. Kühne, S. and Saucke, H. 2004. Response of alate aphids to green targets on coloured backgrounds. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 113(53): 53-61.
Dover, J. W. 1985. The response of some Lepidoptera to labiate herb and white clovers extracts. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 39(2): 177-182.
Dover, J. W. 1986. The effect of labiate herbs and white clover on Plutella xylostella oviposition. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42(3):243-247.
Drechsler, M. and Settele, J. 2001. Predator-prey interactions in rice ecosystems: effects of guild composition, trophic relationships, and land use changes — a model study exemplified for Philippine rice terraces, Ecological Modelling, 137 (2):135-159.
Dubois, M. Gilles, K. A. Hamilton, J. K. Rebers, P. A. and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric methodfor determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28(3): 350-356.
Dyer, S. J. O'Neill, J. P. Wasel, S. M. and Boutin, S. 2001. Avoidance of industrial development by woodland caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65:531-542.
Edwards, P. B. Wanjura, W. J. Brown, W. V. and Dearn, J. M. 1990. Moasic resi stance in plants. Nature, 347-434.
English-Loeb, G Rhainds, M. Martinson, T. and Ugine, T. 2003. Influence of flowering cover crops on Anagrus parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Erythroneura leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in New York vineyards. Agriculture and Forestry Entomology, 5(2): 173-181.
Eoutley, R. Lynch, B. and Conway, M. 2006. The effect of sorghum row spacing on fallow cover distribution and soil water accumulation in central Queensland. Australian Society of Agronomy Conferences, In press.
Ercoli, L. Mariotti, M. and Masoni, A. 1997. Light interception in an oat/vetch intercrop. Rivista Di agronomia, 31(3): 658-665 (in Italian with English abstract).
Ewers, R. M. and Didham, R. K. 2006. Continuous response functions for quantifyin g the strength of edge effects. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(3): 527-5361.
Fagan, W. F. Cantrell, R. S. and Cosner, C. 1999. How habitat edges change species interactions. American Naturalist, 153:165-182.
Feeny, P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, 10: 1-49.
Feeny, P. 1977. Defensive ecology of the cruciferae. Annuals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 64: 221-234.
Ferguson, S. H. 2000. Distance to edge and predator size: is bigger better? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78: 713-720.
Ferguson, S. H. 2004. Does predation or moisture explain distance to edge distribution of soil arthropods? The American Midland Naturalist, 152(1): 75-87.
Ferre, J. and Van Rie, J. 2002. Biochemistry and genetics of insect resistance to B acillus thuringiensis. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: 501-533.
Finch, S. 1991. Influence of trap surface on the numbers of insects caught in water traps in brassica crops. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 59(2): 169-173.
Finch, S. 1993. Integrated pest management of the cabbage root fly and the carrot fly. Crop Protection, 12(6) :423-430.
Finch, S. 1996. 'Appropriate/inappropriate landings', a mechanism for describing how undersowing with clover affects host plant selection by pest insects of brassica crops. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 19 (11): 102-106.
Finch, S. and Collier, R. H. 2000. Host-plant selection by insects- a theory based on 'appropriate / inappropriate landings' by pest insects of cruciferous plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 96(2): 91-102.
Fough, L. and Kuc, J. A. 1996. Lack of specificity in plant extracts and chemicals as inducers of systemic resistance in cucumber plants to anthracnose. Journal of Phytopathology (Berlin), 144(1): 1-6.
Frank, T. 1999. Density of adult hoverflies (Dipt., Syrphidae) in sown weed strips and adjacent fields. Journal of Applied Entomology, 123(6): 35]1-355.
Fraver, S. 1994. Vegetation responses along edge-to-interior gradients in the mixed hardwood forests of the Roanoke River basin, North Carolina. Conservation Biology, 8: 822-832.
Fu, J. W. 2004. Studies on the susceptibility of striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius), to insecticides in the vegetable Field. Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor. Agriculture and Forestry University, pp: 68-69 (in Chinese).
Fu, J. W. and You, M. S. 2004. Effects of host plants on the activity of enzymes related to pesticide resistance of striped flea beetle. Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomel idae). Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 33(2):153-157 (in Chinese).
Fujii, Y. 2003. Potent allelochemicals from velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). Biological Science in Space, 17(1): 6-13.
Fukushima, J. Kainoh, Y. Honda, H. Takabayashi, J. 2001. Learning of host-infested plant volatiles in the larval parasitoid Cotesia kariyai. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 99(3): 341-346.
Furlong, B. E. and Wright, D. J. 1994. Examination of stability of resistance and cross resistance patterns to acylurea insect regulators in field populations of the diamondbackmoth, Plutella xylostella, from Malaysia. Pest Management Science, 42: 315-326.
Gao, L. 2002. The controlling effects of emulsion of stemona, chinaberry alkali and tobacco alkali on myzus persicae and their residual test in lettuce. China Vegetables, 4:14-16 (in Chinese).
Garcia, M. A. and Altieri, M. A.1992. Explaining differences in flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze densities in simple and mixed broccoli cropping systems as a function of individual behavior. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 62(3): 201-209.
Gataldo, D. A. Harsoon, M. and Schrader, L E. 1975. Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, (1):47-49.
Ge, F. Men, X.Y. Su, J. W. Liu, X. H. and Ding, Y. X. 2004. Edge effect on the dyanmics of pests and natural enemies in cotton agroecosystems. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 15(1): 91-94 (in Chinese).
Ghanbari-Bonjar, A and Lee, H. C. 2002. Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality. Journal of Agricultural Science, 138: 311-315.
Ghosh, P. K. Bandyopadhyay, A. K. K. Manna, M. C. Mandal, K. G. Misra, A. K. and Hati, K. M. 2004. Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. II. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology, 95(1): 85-93
Ghosh, P. K. Manna, M. C. Bandyopadhyay K. K. Ajay, Tripathi, A. K. Wanjari, R. H. Hatib, K. M. Misra, A. K. Acharya, C. L. and Subba Roab, A. 2006 a. Interspecific interaction and nutrient use in soybean/sorghum intercropping system. Agronomy Journal, 98:1097-1108.
Glassner, D. Hettenhaus, J. and Schechinger, T. 1999. Corn stover potential: Recasting the corn sweetener industry.In: Janick, J. (eds.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. pp. 74-82.
Gols, R. Bukovinszky, T. Hemerik, L. Harvey, J. A. Van -Lenteren, J. C. and Vet, J. E. M. 2005. Reduced foraging efficiency of a parasitoid under habitat complexity: implications for population stability and species coexistence. Journal of Animal Ecology, 74(6): 1059-1068.
Gray, P. A. and Tuzun, S. 2000. Temporal and spatial assessment of defense responses in resistant and susceptible cabbage varieties during infection with Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 57(5): 201-210.
Grez, A. A. and Prado, E. 2000. Effect of plant patch shape and surrounding vegetation on the dynamics of predatory coccinellids and their prey Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera, Aphididae). Environomtal Entomology, 29(6): 1244-1250.
Guo, Y. J. Wang, N. Y. Jiang, J. W. Chen, J. W. and Tang, J. 1995. Ecological significance of neutral insects as nutrient bridge for predators in irrigated rice arthropod community. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 1: 6-10 (in Chinese).
Gurr, G M. and Nicol, H. I. 2000. Effect of food on longevity of adults of Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto and Trichogramma nr brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 39:185-187.
Haby, V. A. Stout, S. A. Hons, E M. and Leonard, A. T. 2006. Nitrogen fixation and transfer in a mixed stand of alfalfa and bermudagrass. Agronomy Journal, 98: 890-898.
Han, Z. J. Moores, G. D. Denholra, I. and Devonshire, A. L. 1998. Association between biochemical markers and insecticide in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 62: 164-171.
Harcourt, D. G. 1956. Biology of the diamondbackmoth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in eastern Ontario. I. Distribution, economic history, synonomy and general description.37th Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, pp. 155-160.
Harkin, J. M. and Obst, J. R. 1973. Lignification in trees: indication of exclusive peroxidase participation. Science, 180: 296-298.
Harvey, C. T. and Eubanks, M. D. 2004. Effect of habitat complexity on biological control by the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in collards. Biological Control, 29(3): 348-358.
Hausmmann, A. 1996. The effects of weed strip-management on pests and beneficial arthropods in winter wheat fields. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz, 103: 70-81.
Honda, K. 1976. The role of olfactory and color senses in the feeding behavior in the adult of Nymphalis xanthomelas japonica Stichel (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with description of the preference on colors of flowers in the flower -visiting behavior (in Japanese with English summary). Transactions of the Lepidopterological society of Japan, 27: 52-58.
Honda, K. Omura, H., and Hayashi, N. 1998. Identification of floral volatiles from Ligustrum japonicum that stimulate flower - visiting by cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24: 2167-2180.
Hooks, C. R. R. and Johnson, M. W. 2003. Impact of agriculture diversification on the insect community of cruciferous crops. Crop Protection, 22: 223-238.
Hooks, C. R. R. and Johnson, M. W. 2006. Population densities of herbivorous lepidopterans in diverse cruciferous cropping habitats: Effects of mixed cropping and using a living mulch. Biocontrol, 51(4): 485-506.
Hooks, C. R. R. Valenzuela, H. R. and Defrank, J. 1998. Incidence of pests and arthropod natural enemies in zucchini grown with living mulches. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 69(3): 217-231.
Horn, D. J. 1988. Parasitism of cabbage aphid and green peach aphid (Homoptera, Aphididae) on collards in relation to weed management. Environmental Entomology, 17: 354-358.
Horton, D. R. Broers, D. A. Lewis, R. R. Granatstein, D. Zack, R. S. Unruh, T. R. Moldenke, A. R. and Brown, J. J. 2003. Effects of mowing frequency on densities of natural enemies in three Pacific Northwest pear orchards. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 106 (2): 135-145.
Hou, Y. M. 1999. Vegetable biology community and pest ecological management of leaf vegetable. Dissertation of Huanan Agriculture University (in Chinese).
Hou, Y. M. Pang, X. F. Liang. G W. and You, M. S. 2001. Effect of chemical insecticides on the diversity of arthropods in vegetable fields. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 8: 48-54 (in Chinese).
House, G J. and Stinner, B. R. 1983. Arthropods in no-tillage soybean agroecosystems: Community composition and ecosystem interactions. Environmental Management, 7:23-28.
Hoyle, M. C. 1977 High resolution of peroxidase-indolacetic acid oxidase isoenzynies from horseradish by isoelectric focusing, Plant Physiology, 60: 787-793.
Huang, H. S. Hu, N. T. Yao, Y. E. Wu, C. Y. Chiang, S. W. and Sun, C. N. 1998. Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of a glutathione S-transferase involved in insecticide resistance from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 28(9): 651-658.
Huang, J. McAuslane, H. J. and Nuessly, G S. 2003. Effect of leaf surface extraction on palatability of romaine lettuce to Diabrotica balteata. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 106(3): 227-234.
Huang,Y. Z. 2003. The research on insect community development of lic hee orchard in shenzhen city. Master thesis of Huangzhong Agriculture University (in Chinese).
Hummel, R. L. Walgenbach, J. F. Hoyt, G D. and Kennedy, G G 2002. Effects of vegetable production system on epigeal arthropod populations. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 93:177-188.
Hung, C. F. and Sun, C. N. 1989. Microsomal monooxygenases in diamondback moth larvae resistant to fenvalerate and piperonyl butoxide. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 33: 168-175.
Hurlbert, S. H. 1978. The measurement of niche overlap and some relatives. Ecology, 59: 66-77.
Iftner, D. C. Hall, F. R. and Sturm, M. M. 1986. Effects of residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on the feeding behaviour of Tetranychus urticae (Koch), Pesticide Science, 17: 242-248.
Irvin, N. A. Wratten, S. D. and Frampton, C. M. 2000. Understory management for the enhancement of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) in orchards at Canterbury, New Zealand, pp. 396-403. In: Austin, A. D. and Dowton, M. (eds). Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.
Islam, M. T. Kubota, F. and Mollah, M. F. H. 1993. Effects of shading on the growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 171(4): 274-278.
Ismail, F. and Wright, D. J. 1991. Cross-resistance between acylurea insect growth regulators in a strain of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) from Malaysia. Pesticide Science, 33: 359-370.
Ivey, P. and Johnson, P. 1998. Integrating control tactics for managing cabbage lopper (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on cabbage. Tropical Agriculture, 75(3): 369 -374.
Iwashina, T. 2003. Flavonoid function and activity to plants and other organisms. Biological Science in Space, 17(1): 24-44.
Jabin, M. Mohr, D. Kappes, H. and Topp, W. 2004. Influence of deadwood on density of soil macro-arthropods in a managed oak-beech forest. Forestry Ecology and Management, 194(1): 61-69.
Javier, E. Q. 1992. Foreword. In: Talekar, N.S. (Ed.), Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, 10-14 December 1990. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Tainan, Taiwan, p: 11.
Jia S. X. 1982. Qi Min Yao Shu. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Jiang, Y. H. 2001. Spatial niche of rice arthropod community and predation of spider to planthopper in rice field. Master thesis of Yangzhou University (in Chinese).
Johnson, D. R. 1953. Plutella maculipennis resistance to DDT in Java. Journal of Economic Entomology, 46:176.
Joia, B. S. Udeaan, A. S. and Chawla, R. P. 1996. Toxicity of cartap hydrochloride and other insecticides to multi-resistant strains of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in the Punjab. International Pest Control, 38:158-1159.
Jones, D. 1984. Use, misuse, and role of multiple-comparison procedures in ecological and agricultural entomology. Environment Entomology. 13: 635-649.
Josan, A. and Singh, G 2000. Sublethal effects of lufenuron o n the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus). Insect Science and Application. 20: 303-308.
Jupe, D. S. C. and Scott, I. M. 1992. Gibberellin and the pro gene suppress peroxidase activity in elongating tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) stem tissues. Annual of Botany, 69:33-37.
Justyna, R. and Pawlikowski, T. 1998. Structure of anthophilous hoverfly communities (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the agricultural landscape. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 67: 143-150.
Kagata, H. Hakamura, M and Ohgushi, T. 2005. Bottom-up cascade in a tri-trophic system: different impacts of host-plant regeneration on performance of a willow leaf beetle and its natural enemy. Ecological Entomology, 30: 58-62.
Kandel, H. J. Johnson, B. L. and Schneiter, A. A. 2000. Hard red spring wheat response following the intercropping of legumes into sunflower. Crop Science, 40(3): 731-736.
Kareiva, P. 1983. Experimental and mathematical analyses of herbivore movement: quantifying the influence of plant spacing and quality of foraging discrimination. Ecological Monographs, 52: 261-282.
Kareiva, P. 1987. Habitat fragmentation and the stability of predator-prey interactions. Nature, 326:388-390.
Kennedy, J. S. Booth, C. O. and Kershaw, W. J. S. 1959. Host finding by aphids in the field. II Aphis fabae Scop. (Gynoparae) and Brevicoryne brassicae L., with a reappraisal of the role of host finding behavior in virus spread. Annuals of Applied Biology, 47: 424-444.
Khan, M. R. F. R. Griffin, R. P. Carner, G R. and Gorsuch, C. S. 2005. Susceptibil ity of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae), from collard fields in South Carolina to Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 22(1): 19-26
Kimball, B. A. 1996. Evolutionary plant defense strategies: Life histories and contributions to future generations. Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomo Iogy/courses/en570/papers_1996/kimball.ht ml
Kinzer, R. E. Cowan, C. B. Ridgway, R. L. Davis Jr., J. W. Coppedgeand, J.R. Jones, S. L. 1977. Populations of arthropods predator and Heliothis spp. after application of aldicarb and monocrotophos to cotton. Environmental Entomology, 6:13 -16.
Kloen, H. and Altieri, M. A. 1990. Effect of mustard (Brassica hirta) as a non-crop plant on competition and insect pests in broccoli (Brassica oleracea). Crop Protection, 9(2): 90-96.
Kozar, F. Brown, M. W. and Lightner, G. 1994. Spatial distribution of homopteran pests and beneficial insects in an orchard and its connection with ecological plant protection. Journal of Applied Entomology, 117(5): 519-529.
Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, Publishers. New York. 654 pp.
Kring, J. B. 1972. Flight behaviour of aphids. Annual Review of Entomo logy, 17: 461-492.
Kromp, B. 1999. Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 74:187-228
Kruess, A. and Tscharntke, T. 1994. Habitat fragmentation species loss and biological control. Science, 264:1581-84.
Krysan, J. L. 1993. Adaptations of Diabrotica to habitat manipulations.In: Kim, K. C. and McPheron, B. A. (eds.), Evolution of Insect Pests. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 361-373.
Kubo, A. Saji, H. Tanaka, K. and Kondo, N. 1995. Expression of arabidopsis cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase gene in response to ozone or sulfur dioxide, Plant Molecular Biology, 29: 479-489.
Lagrimirii, L. M. Burkhart, W. Moyer, M. Rothstein, S. 1987. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the lignin-fonning peroxidase from tobacco: molecular analysis and tissue specific expression. Proceedings of the National Academic Science USA 84 7542-7546.
LaMondiaa, J. A. Elmera, W. H. Mervoshb, T. L. and Cowles, R. S. 2002. Integrated management of strawberry pests by rotation and intercropping. Crop Protection, 21: 837- 846.
Langer, A. and Hance, T. 2004. Enhancing parasitism of wheat aphids through apparent competition: a tool for biological control. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 102: 205-212.
Langer, V. 1996. Insect-crop interactions in a diversified cropping system, parasitism by Aleochara bilineata and Trybliographa rapae of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, on cabbage in the presenct of white clover. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 80: 365-374.
Laurance, W. F. Lovejoy, T. E. Vasconcelos, H. L. Bruna, E. M. Didham, R. K. Stouffer, P. C. Gascon, C. Bierregaard, R. O. Laurance, S. G. and Sampaio, E. 2002. Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology, 16: 605-618.
Lawrence, K. L and Wise, D. H. 2000. Spider predation on forest -floor Collembola and evidence for indirect effects on decomposition. Pedobiologia 44: 33-39 (in Chinese).
Leong, A. C. and Lee, C. S. 1993. Study on intercropping cabbage with four leafy vegetables on peat. Mardi Research Journal, 21(1): 35-41
Leong, A.C. Zaharah, A. and Lim, H. J. 1996. The potential on intercropping cabbage with a legume vegetable on peat and birs. Mardi Research Journal,24(1): 19-26.
Leopold, A. 1933. Game Management. 1986 edn. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp: 481.
Leslie, A. W. 2005. History and current trends in the use of allelopathy for weed management. Hort Technology, 15(3): 529-534.
Lev-Yadun, S. Dafni, A. Flaishman, M. A.Inbar, M. Izhaki, I. Katzir, G and Ne'eman, G 2004. Plant coloration undermines herbivorous insect camouflage. Bioessays, 26: 1126-1130.
Li, F. Han, Z. K. and Wu, Z. F. 2002. Comparison of esterase and acetylcholinesterase of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover reared on different host plants. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 25 (2): 57-60 (in Chinese).
Li, H. S. 2000. Principle and technology of plant physiology and biochemistry. Higher Education Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Li, J. Q. 2001. Ecology of spider community in rice field. Master thesis of Southwest Agricultural University (in Chinese).
Li, T. W. Shen, F. Y. Zhao, X. Z. Ji, J. M. and Gao, X. W. 2005. Study on the characters of acetylcholinesterase in different population of Plutella xylostella. Plant protection, 25(4): 5-7 (in Chinese)
Li, T. W. Zong, J. Gao, X. W. and Zheng, B. Z. 1997. Induction of host plants on Carboxyiesterase and acetylaholinesterase activity in green peach aphid. Plant Protection, 23(2):14-16 (in Chinese)
Li, Y. S. Lou, W. C. and Zhao, S. H. 1996a. Effects of cruciferous hosts on susceptibility of deltamethrin and cypermethrin in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: plutellidae). Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, (3): 269-275 (in Chinese)
Li, Y. S. Lou, W. C. and Zhao, S. H. 1996b. Effects of food plants on the activity of carboxylesterase of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L.(Lepidoptera:Plutellidae). Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, 27(2):147-151 (in Chinese).
Li, Y. S. Lou, W. C. Mu, L. Y. and Zhao, S. H. 1997. The inhibition of dichlorvos to the carboxylesterase from the larvae of diamondback moth feeding on different host plants in vivo. Entomological Journal of East China, 6(2): 28-31 (in Chinese)
Li, Z. S. 2005. Effects of the fertilization application on the arthropod community in rice field. Dissertation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.
Lian, Z. M. and Yu, G Z. 2001. Ananlysis on the edge responses of grasshoppers to the edge zone between fieldland and wasteland. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 21(8): 1269-1275.
Lima, S. L. and Zollner, P. A. 1996. Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11:131-135.
Liu, M. Y. Tzeng, Y. J. and Sun, C. N. 1982. Insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Journal of Economical Entomology, 75:153-155.
Liu, W. X. Hou, M. L. Wang, F. H. and Wang, F. L. 2003. Temporal and spatial niche dynamics of spiders and their control effects on cotton bollworms in transgenic Bt cotton fields. Entomological Knowledge, 40(2): 65-68 (in Chinese).
Liu, X. and You, M. S. 2000. Toxicity and effects of dichlorvos, alphacypermethrin and their mixture on diamondback moth. Journal of Fujian Agricultural University, 29(2): 205-209(in Chinese).
Liu, Y. F. 2000. Study on the arthropod communities in rice ecosystem. Dissertation of Zhongshan University (in Chinese).
Liu, Y. F. and Gu, D. X. 2002. The diversity and the ecological significance ana lysis of neutral insects in irrigated rice fields. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 4:7-10 (in Chinese).
Liu, Y. F. Zhang, G R. and Gu, D. X. 1999. Study of arthropod community in rice fields by refit suction sampler. Plant Protection, 25(6): 39 -40 (in Chinese).
Loreau, M. Naeem, S. Inchausti, P. Bengtsson, J. Grime, J. P. Hector, A. Hooper, D. U. Huston, M. A. Raffaelli, D. Schmid, B. Tilman, D. Wardle, D. A. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 294: 804-808.
Lou, Y. G. and Cheng, J. A. 2003. Role of rice volatiles in the foraging behaviour of the predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis for the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Biological Control, 48(1): 73-86.
Lu, D.G Li, X. R. and Zhang, Q. W. 2005. Recent advances in odorant binding protein of insects. Proceedings of the fifth national symposium on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in china. Beijing science technology press, Beijing.
Lv, J. L. 2001. Vegetable planting. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing (in Chinese).
Major, R. E. Gowing, G Christie, F. J. Gray, M. and Colgan, D. 2006. Variation in wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae) distribution and abundance in response to the size and shape of woodland fragments. Biological Conservation, 132(1): 98-108.
Mancini, A. Buschini, A. Restivo, F. M. Rossi, C. and Poli, P. 2006. Oxidative stress as DNA damage in different transgenic tobacco plants. Plant Science, 170(4): 845-852.
Mann, R. K. and Singh, G 2004. Sub lethal influences of cartap hydrochloride on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostelia (Linn.). Pesticide Research Journal, 16(2): 6-37
Marino, P. C. and Landis, D. A. 1996. Effect of landscape structure on parasitoid diversity and parasitism in agroecosystems. Ecological Applications, 6 (1): 276-284.
Matthew, D. J. and Thomas, W. S. 2001. Effects of food availability on the distribution of migratory warblers among habitats in Jamaica. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70(4): 546-560.
Mayse, M. A. and Price, P. W. 1978. Seasonal development of soybean arthropod communities in east central Illinois. Agro-ecosystems, 4(3): 387-405.
McKee, M. J. and Knowles, C. O. 1984. Effects of pyrethroids on respiration in the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of Economical Entomology, 77: 1376-1380.
Meena, R. K. and Lai, O. P. 2002. Effect of intercropping on the incidence of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostelia (L.) on cabbage. Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi). 26(2): 141-144.
Merrington, G Miller, D. McKaughlin, M. J. and Kerller, M. A. 2001. Trophic barriers to fertilizer Cd bioaccumulation through the food chain: A case study using a plant-insect predator pathway. Archives of Environmental Contaminationand Toxicology, 41(2): 151-156.
Micky, D. E. David, E. C. and John F. M. 2005. Effects of virus infection of mimulus guttatus (phrymaceae) on host plant quality for meadow spittlebugs, Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). Environmental entomology, 34(4):891-898
Milbrath, L.R. Weiss, M. J. and Schatz, B. G. 1995. Influence of tillage system, planting date, and oilseed crucifers on flea beetle populations (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 127: 289-293.
Miller, J. C. 1980. Niche relationships among parasitic insects occurring in a temporary habitat. Ecology, 61(2): 270-275.
Moericke, V. 1952. Farben als Landereize fur geflügelten Blattlausen (Aphidoidea). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, 7: 304-324.
Mogahed, M. 2003. Influence of intercropping on population dynamics of major insect-pests of potato (Solarium tuberosum) in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 73(10): 546-549.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G. T. 2003. Characterization and comparison of midgut proteases of Bacillus thuringiensis susceptible and resistant diamondback moth (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 82:1-11.
Mohan, M. and Gujar, G T. 2005. Local variation in susceptibility of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to insecticides and role of detoxification enzymes. Crop Protection, 22: 495-504.
Muhamad, O. Tsukuda, R. Oki, Y. Fujisaki, K. and Nakasuji, F. 1994. Influence of wild crucifers on life history traits and flight ability of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Researches on Population Ecology, 36(1): 53-62.
Munyuli, M. B. T. Luther, G C. and Kyamanywa, S. 2006. Effects of cowpea cropping systems and insecticides on arthropod predators in Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Crop Protection, In Press.
Nakamura, M. Miyamoto, Y. and Ohgushi, T. 2003. Gall initiation enhances the availability of food resources for herbivorous insects. Functional Ecology, 17: 851-857.
Nansen, C. Weaver, D. K. Sing, S. E. Runyon, J. B. Morrill, W. L. Grieshop, M. J. Shannon, C. L. and Johnson, M. L. 2005. Within-field spatial distribution of Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera : Cephidae) larvae in Montana wheat fields. The Canadian Entomologist, 137(2): 202-214.
Nicholls, C. I. Parrela, M. and Altieri, M. A. 2001. The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard. Landscape Ecology, 16:133-146.
Nielsen, K. L. and Thorup-Kristensen, K. 2001. Root growth and nitrogen utilization of a leek crop and an undersown catch crop. Paper presented at Plant Nutrition - Food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems through basic and applied research; In Horst, Dr. W.J., Eds. Plant Nutrition - Food security and sustainability of agro-ecosystems through basic and applied research, page pp. 1010-1011. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Noppun, V. Saito, T. and Miata, T. 1989. Cuticular penetration of S -fenvalerate in envalerate-resistant and susceptible strains of the diamondbackmoth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 33(1): 83-87.
Nottingham, S. R 1987. Effects of nonhost-plant odors on anemotactic response to host-plant odor in female cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, and carrot rust fly, Psila rosae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 13 (5):1313-1318.
Nyffeler, M. and Sunderland, K. D. 2003. Composition, abundance and pest control potential of spider communities in agroecosystems: a comparison of European and US studies. Agricutlure, ecosystems and environment, 95(2): 579-613.
Nykanen, H. and Koricheva, J. 2004. Damage-induced changes in woody plants and their effects on insect herbivore performance: a meta-analysis. Oikos, 104(2): 247-268.
Odunze, A. C. Iwuafor, E. N. O and Chude, V. O. 2002. Maize/herbaceous legume inter-crops and soil properties in the Northern Guinea Savanna zone, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 20(1): 15-25.
Ohgushi, T. 2005. Indirect interaction webs: herbivore-induced effects through trait change in plants. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 36: 81-105.
Oke, O. L. 1966. Nitrite toxicity to plants. Nature, 212:528.
Omura, H. Honda, K. and Hayashi, N. 1999. Chemical and chromatic bases for preferential visiting by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, to rape flowers. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 25: 1895-1906.
Omura, H. Honda, K. and Hayashi, N. 2000. Floral Scent of Osmanthus fragrans Discourages Foraging Behavior of Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapa. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26(3): 655-666
Onstad, D. W. Spencer, J. L. Gusel, C. A. Levine, E. and Isard, A. 2002. Modeling evolution of behavioral resistance by an insect to crop rotation. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 100:195-201.
Pang, X. F. and You, M. S. 1996. Community Ecology of Insect. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing (in Chinese).
Parker, T. H. Stansberrry, B. M. Becker, C. D. and Gipson, P. S. 2005. Edge and area effects on the occurrence of migrant forest songbirds. Conservation Biology, 19(4): 115-1167.
Patil, J. D. Ranpise, S. A. and Kakade, D. S. 2004. Inter-cropping studies in cabbage during kharif season. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 29(1): 39-41
Patt, J. M. Hamilton, G. C. and Lashomb, J. H. 1997. Impact of strip-insectary intercropping with flowers on conservation biological control of the Colorado potato beetle. Advances in Horticultural Science, 11: 175-181.
Peairs, F. B. Bean, B. and Gossen, B. D. 2005. Pest management implications of reduced fallow periods in dryland cropping systems in the great plains. Agronomy Journal, 97:373-377.
Pelosi, P. Calvello, M and Ban, L. 2005. Diversity of odorant -binding proteins and chemosensory proteins in insects. Chemical senses, 30 (supplement 1): 291-291.
Penagos, D. I. Magallanes, R. Valle, J. Cisneros, J. Martinez, A. M. Goulson, D. Chapman, J. W. Caballero, P. Cave, R. D. and Williams, T. 2003. Effect of weeds on insect pests of maize and their natural enemies in Southern Mexico. International Journal of Pest Management, 49(2): 155-161.
Peng, J. J. Tang, A. R. Yu, X. Y. Xiao, H. H. and Song J. J. 2002. Effects of shading treatment on the photosynthesis in osmanthus fragans var. semperflorens. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University, 3: 38-39 (in Chinese).
Perfecto, I. and Vet, L. E. M. 2003. Effect of a nonhost plant on the location behavior of two Parasitoids: The Tritrophic System of Cotesia spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and Brassica oleraceae. Environmental Entomology, 32(1): 163-174.
Perrin, R. M. 1977. Pest management in multiple cropping systems. Agro -ecosystems, 3: 93-118.
Phani Kumar, K. and Gujar, G. T. 2005..Baseline susceptibility of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins in India. Crop Protection, 25: 207-212.
Pielou, E.C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical of Biology, 13: 131-144.
Pimentel, D. 1961. The influence of plant spatial patterns on insect populations. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 54: 61 -69.
Pitre, H. N. Mulrooney, J. E. and Hogg, D. B. 1983. Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) oviposition preferences and egg distribution on plants. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76: 463-466.
Pontoppidan, B. Hopkins, R. Rask, L. Meijer, J. 2005. Differential wound induction of the myrosinase system in oilseed rape (Brassica napus): contrasting insect damage with mechanical damage. Plant Science, 168(3): 715-722.
Qiao, C. L. Wang, J. and Huang, J. 2000. Insecticide resistance and the genotype frequencies of genes in the diamondback moth (Plulellaxylostella, L.) from difference population. Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 12(3): 25-29 (in Chinese).
Rahman, G. K. M. M. and N. Motoyama. 2000. Repellent effect of garlic against stored product pest. Journal of Pesticide Science. 25: 247-252.
Rapusas, H. R. Bottrell, D. G. and Coll, M. 1996.Intraspecific variation in Chemical attraction of rice to insect predators. Biological Control, 6(3): 394-400.
Ratzka, A. Vogel, H. Kliebenstein, D. J. Mitchell-Olds, T. and Kroyann, J. 2002. Disarming the mustard oil bomb. Ecology, 99 (17): 11223-11228.
Reddy, M. T. Syed, Land Reddy, Y. N. 2000. Performance of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under graded levels of nitrogen in ber-based intercropping. Journal of Research of Angrau, 29(4): 19-24.
Reddy, Y. G. V. P. and Urs, K. C. D. 1991. Growth regulator activity of the xerophytic perennial plant agave-cantala roxb. on diamondback moth plutella xylostella 1. lepidoptera yponomeutidae. Insect Science and Its Application, 12(4): 439-442.
Reed, H. C. Tan, S. H. Haapanen, K. Killmon, M. Reed, D. K. and Elliott, N. C. 1995. Olfactoryresponses of the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) to odor of plants, aphids, and plant-aphid complexes. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 21:407-418.
Renwick, J. A. A. 1999. Phytochemical modification of taste: an insect modelit. In: Cutler, H.C. and Cutler, S.J. (Eds.), Biologically Active Natural Products: Agrochemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp: 221-229.
Rhodes, D. F. and Gates, R. G 1976. Towards a general theory of plant antiherbivore chemistry. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, 10: 168-213.
Ries, L. and Fagan, W. F. 2003. Habitat edges as a potential ecological trap for an insect predator, Ecological Entomology, 28(5): 567-572.
Risch, S. J. 1981. Insect herbivore abundance in tropical monocultures and polycultures: an experimental tests of two hypotheses. Ecology, 62: 1325 -1340.
Risch, S. J. 1991. Intercropping as cultural pest control: Prospects and limitations. Environmental Management, 7: 9-14.
Rodriguez-saona, C. Crafts-brandner, S. J. and Canas, L. A. 2003. Volatile emissions triggered by multiple herbivore damage: beet armyworm and whitefly feeding on cotton plants. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29(11): 2539-2550.
Romeis, J. Babendreier,D. Wackers, F. L. and Shanower, T.G 2005. Habitat and plant specificity of Trichogramma egg parasitoids - underlying mechanisms and implications. Basic and Applied Ecology, 6(3): 215-236.
Root, R. B. 1973. Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monograph, 43: 95-124.
Runyon, J. B. Morrill, W. L. Weaver, D. K. and Miller, P. R. 2002. Parasitism of the Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) by Bracon cephi and B. lissogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in wheat fields bordering tilled and untilled fallow in Montana. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95(6): 1130-1134.
Ryan, J. Ryan, M. F. and McNaeidhe, F. 1980. The effects of interrow plant cover on populations of the cabbage rootfly, Delia brassicae (Wiedemann). Journal of Applied Ecology, 17: 31-40.
Sankar, C. R. and Swamy, S. M. 1988. Influence of light and temperature on leaf area index, chlorophyll content and yield of ginger. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 13(2): 216-21.
Sarfraz, M. and Keddie, B. A. 2005. Conserving the efficacy of insecticides against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 129:149-157.
Sarfraz, M. Keddie, A. E. and Dosdall, L. M. 2005. Biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella: A review. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 15(8): 763-789.
Sarfraza, M. Dosdallb, L. M. and Keddiea, B. A. 2006. Diamondback moth host plant interactions: Implications for pest management. Crop Protection, 25(7): 625-639.
Sayyed, A. H. Cerda, H. and Wright, D. J. 2003. Could Bt transgenic crops have nutritionally favourable effects on resistant insects? Ecology Letters, 6:167-169.
Schoonhoven, L. M. Jermy, T. and van Loon, J. A. 1998. Insect -plant biology from physiology to evolution.Chapman and Hall Press, London.
Seal, A. N. Pratley, J. E. Haig, T. and An, M. 2004. Identification and quantitation of compounds in a series of allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice root exudates. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30(8): 1647-62.
Senaratne, R. Liyanage, N. D. L. and Soper, R. J. 1995. Nitrogen fixation of and N transfer from cowpea, mungbean and groundnut when intercropped with maize. Nitrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 40(1): 41-48.
Serizawa, H. Shinoda, T. and Kawai, A. 2001. Occurrence of a feeding deterrent in Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), a crucifer unacceptable to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology. 36(4): 465-470.
Shankar, M. A. Jayaramaiah, M. Rangaswamy, B. T. Peter, A. and Lingappa, B. S. and Juna, G B. M. 2002. Intercropping of pulses and oilseed crop in S13 mulberry under irrigated condition. Research on Crops, 3(2): 385 -389.
Shankar, U. Bar, U. K. and Raju, S. V. S. 2005. Impact of intercropping in cauliflower on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 33: 43-47.
Shannon, C. E and Wiener, W. (1949) The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of of Illinois, Urbanna, p. 117.
Sharaiha, R. K. and Haddad, N. I.1985. Potential of row intercropping of cabbage broad bean and corn under Jordan valley conditions. Dirasat, 12(4): 45 -56.
Shelton, A. M. and Badenes-Perez, E R. 2006. Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management. Annual Reviw of Entomology. 51:285-308.
Shelton, A. M. and Nault, B. A. 2003. Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Protection, 23(6): 497-502.
Shelton, A. M. and Nault, B. A. 2004. Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Protection, 23(6): 497-503.
Shelton, A. M. Robertson, J. L. Tang, J. D. Perez, C. Eigenbrode, S. D. Preisler, H. K. Wilsey, W. T. and Cooley, R. J. 1993. Resistance of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies in the field. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86: 697-705.
Sherf, B. A. and Kolattukudy, P. E. 1993. Developmentally regulated expression of the wound- and pathogen-responsive tomato anionic peroxidase in green fruits. The Plant Journal, 3: 829-833.
Shi, Q. H. Bao, Z. Y. Zhu, Z. J. Ying, Q. S. Qian, Q. Q. 2006. Effect differe nt treatments of salicylic acid on heat tolerance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant enzyme activity in seedlings of Cucumis sativa L.. Plant Growth Regulation, 48(2):127-135
Shorrocks, B. Marsters, J. Ward, I. and Evennett, P. J. 1991. The fractal dimension of lichens and the distribution of arthropod body lengths. Functional Ecology, 5: 457- 460.
Simpson, E. H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature, 163: 688.
Simpson, S. J. and Raubenheimer, D. 2001. The geometric analysis of nutrient - allelochemcial interactions: a case study using locusts. Ecology, 82(22): 422-439.
Singh, A. P. Jain, V. and Sawhney, S. K. 2006. Reactivation of nitrate reductase by potassium ferricyanide in water-stressed seedlings of wheat and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) depends on intensity of stress. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 12(2): 139-143
Singh, R. and Singh, R. 2003. Insecticidal properties of garlic, Allium sativum - a review. Journal of Medical Aromatic Plant Science. 25:1024-1038.
Singh, U. P. Prithiviraj, B. Sarma, B. K. Singh, M. and Ray, A. B. 2001. Role of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human and plant diseases. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 39(4): 310-322.
Sisk, T. D. and Battin, J. 2002. Habitat edges and avian ecology: geographic patterns and insights for western landscapes. Studies in Avian Biology, 25: 30-48.
Sivapragasam, A. Loke, W. H. Hussan, A. K. Lim, G. S. 1996. The management of diamondbackmoth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p. 353.
Smith, H. A. and McSorley, R. 2000. Intercropping and pest management: a review of major concepts. American Entomologist, 46: 154-161.
Smith, J. G. 1976. Influence of crop backgrounds on aphids and other phytophagous insects on Brussels sprouts. Annals of Applied Biology, 83:1-13.
Sonoda, S. and Tsumuki, H. 2005. Studies on glutathione 5-transferase gene involved in chlorXuazuron resistance of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 82: 94-101.
Souissi, R. Nénon, J. P. and Le Rü, B. 1998. Olfactory responses of parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi to odor of plants, mealybugs, and plant-mealybug complexes. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24(1): 37-48.
Southwood, T. R. E. and Way, M. J. 1970. Ecological background to pest management. In: Concepts of pest management .R ,L. Rabb and F. E. Guthrie, eds. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Spiller, D. A. and Agrawal, A. A. 2003. Intense disturbance enhances plant susceptibility to herbivory: natural and experimental evidence. Ecology, 84: 890-897.
Srinivasan, K. and Krishna-Moorthy, P. N. 1991. Development and adoption of integrated pest management for major pests of cabbage using Indian mustard as a trap crop In: Talekar, N.S. (eds.), Management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the second international workshop. Taiwan: Asian Vegetable Research and Developement Center, pp: 511-521.
Stamps, W. T. and Linit, M. J. 1997. Plant diversity and arthropod communities: Implications for temperate agroforestry. Agroforestry Systems, 39 (1): 73 -89.
Sun, C. N. 1992. Insecticide resistance in diamondback moth. In: Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Talekar, N. S. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop, Taiwan, December 1990, AVRDC publication, pp: 419-426.
Sunderland, K. and Samu, F. 2000. Effects of agricultural diversification on the abundance, distribution, and pest control potential of spiders, a review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 95(1): 10-13.
Swanton,C. J. Shrestha, A. Chandler, K. and Deen, W. 2000. An economic assessment of weed control strategies in no-till glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 14(4): 755-763.
Szumigalski, A. R. and VanAcker, R. C. 2006. Nirogen yield and land use efficiency in annual sole crop and intercrops. Agronomy Journal, 98:1030-1040.
Tabashnik, B. E. Cushing, N. L. and Johnson, M. W. 1987. Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to insecticides in Hawaii: intra-island variation and cross-resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80: 1091-1099.
Tahvanainen, J. O. and Root, R. B. 1972. The influence of vegetational diversity on the population ecology of a specialized herbivore, Phyllotreta crucifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Oecologia, 10: 321-346.
Talekar, N. S. and Shelton, A. M. 1993. Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 38: 275-301.
Talekar, N. S. and Yang, J. C. 1993. Influence of crucifer cropping system on the parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Yponomeutidae) by Cotesia plutellae (Hym., Braconidae) and Diadegma semiclausum(Hym., Ichneumonidae). Entomophaga, 38: 541-550.
Tan, W. J. Yang, L. M and Gou, Y. Y. 1993. Effects of different host plants on the esterase isoenzymes. Plant protection, 19(1): 6-8 (in Chinese)
Tang, Q. Y. and Feng, M. G. 1997. Practical statistics and DPS data processing system. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, China (in Chinese).
Tang, Z. H. 1993. Insect resistance and management. Agricultural Publishing House of China, Beijing (in Chinese)
Terriere, L. C. 1984. Induction of detoxifing enzyme in insect. Annual Review of Entomology, 29:71-88.
Tew, J. Brose, U. Grimm, V. Tielborger, K. Wichmann, M. C. Schwager, M. and Jeltsch, F. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures. Journal of Biogeography, 31(1): 79-92.
Theunissen, J. 1994. Effects of intercropping on pest populations in vegetable crops. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 17 (8): 153-158.
Thomas, M. B. Sotherton, N. W. Coombes, D. S. and Wratten, S. D. 1992b. Habitat factors influencing the distribution of polyphagous predatory insects between field boundaries. Annals of Applied Biology, 120:197-202.
Thomas, M. B. Wratten, S. D. and Sotherton, N. W. 1991. Creation of island habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and emigration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28: 906-917.
Thomas, M. B. Wratten, S. D. and Sotherton, N. W. 1992a. Creation of "island" habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and species composition. Journal of Applied Ecology, 29: 524-531.
Tim, G. B. David, M. B. Lorna, C. and Humphrey, Q. P. C. 2002. Linking agricultural practice to insect and bird populations: a historical study over three decades. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39(4): 673-687.
Toaima, S. E. A. El-Douby, K. A. and Nafei, A. I. 2001. Effect of different intercropping systems of onion and garlic on sugar beet yield, yield components and chemical analysis. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 79(3): 983-1004.
Trdan, S. Valic, N. nidarcic, D. Vidrih, M. Bergant, K. Zlatic, E. and Milevoj, L. 2005. The role of Chinese cabbage as a trap crop for flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in production of white cabbage. Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 106 (1): 12-24.
Tscharntke, T. Steffan-Dewenter, I. Kmess, A. and Thies, C. 2002. Characteristics of insect populations on habitat fragments: A mini review. Ecological Research, 17(2): 229-239.
Ullyett, G C. 1947. Morality factors in population of Plutella maculipennis Curtis (Tineidae,Lep.) and their relation to the problem of control. Entomology Memoirs Department of Agriculture and Forestry Union of South Africa. 2: 77-202.
Ulmer, B. Gillott, C. Woods, D. and Erlandson, M. 2002. Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) feeding and oviposition preferences on glossy and waxy Brassica rapa (L.) lines. Crop Protection. 21:327-331.
Uvah, I. I.I. and Coaker, T. H. 1984. Effect of mixed cropping on some insect pests of carrots and onions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 36:159-167.
Vakanas, G and Krafft, B. 2004. Regulation of the number of spiders participating in collective prey transport in the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae, Theridiidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies, 327(8):763-772.
Van Asperen, K. A. 1962. A study of housefly esterases by means of a sensitive colorimetric method. Journal of Insect Physiology, 8: 401-416.
Van Emden, H. F. 1965. The role of uncultivated land in the biology of crop pests and beneficial insects. Scientific Horticulture, 17:121-136.
Van Emden, H. F. 1990. Plant diversity and natural enemy efficiency in agroecosystems. In: Mackauer, MEhler, L.E. Roland, J. (Eds.), Critical Issues in Biological Control, ed. p. 63-80. Andover, MA: Intercept. 330 pp.
Van Engelen, F. A. and deVries, S. 1992. Extracellular proteins in plant embryogenesis, Trends in Genetic, 8: 66-70.
Van Habig, W. H. and Jakoby, W. B. 1981. Assays for differentiation of glutathione S-transferases. Methods in Enzymology, 77: 398-405.
van Lenteren, J. C. 1998. Sustainable and safe crop protection: a reality? In: Proceedings of the 50th international symposium on crop protection. 63(2b), Gent, pp: 409-413.
Verma, R. S. Chauhan, R. S. and Singh, R. N. 1985. Studies on row arrangement and population densities of potato cultivars in a sugarcane and potato intercropping systems in north central India. Experimental Agriculture, 21(4): 321-328.
Vistnes, I. and Nellemann, C. 2001. Avoidance of cabins, roads, and power lines by reindeer during calving. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65: 915-925.
Vogt, R. G. Callahan, F. E. Rogers, M. E. and Dickens, J. C. 1999. Odorant binding protein diversity and distribution among the insect orders, as indicated by lap, an OBP-related protein of the true bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Chemical Senses, 24: 481-495.
Vogt, R.G and Riddiford, L.M. 1981. Pheromone binding and inactivation by moth antennae. Nature, 293:161-163.
Vostrikov, P. 1915. Tomatoes as insecticides. The importance of solanaceae in the control of pests of agricultures. Novotcherkassk, 10: 9-12.
Wainhoase, D. and Coaker, T. H. 1981. The distribution of carrot fly(Psila rosae)in relation to the fauna of field boundaries. In: Thresh, J. H. (eds.), Pests, pathogens and vegetation: The role of weeds and wild plants in the ecology of crop pests and disease. Pitman, Bostan. MA. pp. 263-272.
Wan, J. Wilcock, A. and Coventry, M. J. 1998. The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 84(2): 152-158.
Wang, J. Wu, Z. Y. and Li, X. D. 1996. Effects of host plant on the esterase activity and insecticide tolerance of Aphis gossypii Glover. Entomological Knowledge, 33(1): 20-22 (in Chinese).
Wei, H. Zhao, S. X. Hu, J. F. Zhan, Z. X. Wu, W. 2006 a. Influence of host plants on the resistance recession and esterase activity of Plutella xylostella L. field population. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 35(2):138-142 (in Chinese).
Wei, H. You, M. S. Wang, Q. L. Hou, Y. M. and Lin, Z. Y. 2004b. Influence of plant extracts on the pupation rate and pupal weight of Plutella xylostella. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology. 23: 51- 54.
Wei, Q. X. He, Y. X. Yang, X. J. Weng, Q. Y. and Wang, M. M. 2004. Effects of host plants on CarE and AChE activity of Liriomyza huidobrensis. Acta Agriculture Universitatis Jiangxinsis, 26(3):345-347 (in Chinese).
Wei, S. L. Wang, W. Q. Chen, X. H. Qin, S. Y. and Chen, X. T. 2005. Studies on the shade-endurance capacity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2: 21-25.
Weissenberg, M. Klein, M. Meisner, J. and Ascher, K. R. S. 1996. Larval growth inhibition of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana, by some steroidal secondary plant compounds. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 42:213-217.
White, A. J. Wratten, S. D. Berry, N. A. and Weigmann, U. 1995. Habitat manipulation to enhance biological control of Brassica pests by hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Journal of Economical Entomology, 88:1171-76.
Willey, R. W. 1979. Intercropping - its importance and research needs. Part I. Competition and yield advantages. Field Crops Abstracts 32: 1-10. II. Agronomy and research approaches. Field Crop Abstracts. 32: 73-85.
With, K. A. Cadaret, S. J. and Davis, C. 1999. Movement responses to patch structure in experimental fractal landscapes. Ecology, 80(4): 1340—1353.
Wortmann, C. S. Sengooba, T. and Kyamanywa, S. 1992. Banana and bean intercropping: factors affecting bean yield and land use efficiency. Experimental Agriculture, 28(3): 287-294.
Wratten, S. Berndt, L. Gurr, G. Tylianakis, J. Fernando, P. Didham, R. 2003. Adding floral diversity to enhance parasitoid fitness and efficacy. 1st International symposium on biological control of arthropods, pp 211-214.
Wratten, S. D. and Thomas, C. F. G. 1990. Farm-scale spatial dynamics of predators and parasitoids in agricultural landscapes. In: Bunce, R. G. H., Howard, D. C. (eds.), Species Dispersal in Agricultural Landscapes. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 219-237.
Wu, F. B. Zhang, G. P. and Dominy, P. 2003. Four barley genotypes respond differently to cadmium: lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant capacity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 50: 67-78.
Wu, G. and Jiang, S. R. 2004. Seasonal dynamics of the resistance to organophosphorus insecticides and its biochemical mechanism in Plutella xylostella (L.). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24(4): 706-710 (in Chinese).
Wu, G. You, M. S and Zhao, S. X. 2001. The stability of resistance and the strategies for management of insecticide resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science, 3 (1): 83-86 (in Chinese)
Wu, J. C. Hu, G. W. Tang, J. Su, Z. L. Yang, J. S. Wang, Z. N. and Ren, Z. C. 1994. Studies on the regulation effect of neutral insect on the community food web in paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 4: 381-387.
Wu, M. Han, Z. J. Meng, J. Y. and Zhu, B. 2005. Insecticide resistance in Nanjing population of the diamondback moth and the corresponding strategy for pesticide application. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 48(4): 633-636.
Wu, Q. J. Zhang, W. J. and Zhu, G R. 2001. Occurence and insecticides resistances of diamondback moth. China Vegetables. 5: 49-51 (in Chinese)
Xia, J. 1994. An integrated cotton insect pest management system for cotton-wheat intercropping in North China. Proceedings of the world cotton research conference -I: Challenging the future, pp: 617.
Xie, J. Y. He, F. Q. Li, H. Feng, G L. 2002. Influence of host plants on the acetylcholinesterase activity of cotton aphid. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 29(4): 341-345 (in Chinese).
Xiu, W. M. Dong, S. L. Miao H. and Mu L. F. 2005. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of two cdna fragments of pheromone binding protein in male beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 38(7): 1501-1504.
Xu, J. X. and Wu, J. C. 1999. On the significance, role and manipulation of neutral insects in paddy ecosystem. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 18(5): 41-44 (in Chinese).
Xu, Z. Guo, D. Yu, L. Zhao, M. Zhang, X. Li, D. Zheng, K. and Ye,Y. 2003. Molecular biological study on the action mechanism of rice allelochemicals against weeds. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 14(5):829-33(in Chinese).
Yang, G 2001. Relationship among cruciferous vegetables, diamondback moth (Plutella xyllostella) and Cotesia plutella. Disseration of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univrsity.
Yang, G Xu, Q. Y. and You, M. S. 2004. The change of activities of protective enzymes in Chinese cabbage infested by diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Entomological Journal of East China, 1: 51-57 (in Chinese).
Yang, T. and Poovaiah, B. W. 2002. Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis: Activation of plant catalase by calcium/calmodulin. Proceedings of the National. Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99(6): 4097-4102.
Yang, X. M. Margolies, D. C. Zhu, K. Y. and Buschman, L. L. 2001. Host plant -induced changes in detoxification enzymes and susceptibility to pesticides in the two spotted spider mite (Acari: Teranychidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94 (2): 381-387.
Yildirm, E. and Guvenc, I. 2005. Intercropping based on cauliflower: more productive, profitable and highly sustainable. European Journal of Agronomy, 22(1): 11-18.
You, M. S. and Yang, G 2001. Physiological stress reaction of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, infested by diamondback, plutella xylostella. Entomologia Sinica, 2:35-44
You, M. S. Hou, Y. M. Liu, Y. F. Yang, G. Li, Z. S. and Cai H. J. 2004a. Non -crop habitat manipulation and integrated pest management in agroecosystems. Acta Entomologiea Sinica, 47(2): 260-26 (in Chinese).You, M. S. Liu, Y. F. and Hou, Y. M. 2004b. Biodiversity and integrated pest management in agroecosystems. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24(1): 117-122(in Chinese).
You, M. S. Hou, Y. M. and Yang, G. 2004c. Control of the population system of diamondback moth. Fujian Publishing House of Science and Technology.
You, M. S. Xu, D. M. Cai, H. J. and Vasseur, L. 2005. Practical importance for conservation of insect diversity in China. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14: 723-737.
Yu, S. J. and Nguyen, S. N. 1992. Detection and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 44: 74-81.
Yu, S. J. and Nguyen, S. N. 1996. Insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzyme activities in permethrin-selected diamondback moths. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 56: 69-77.
Zhang, J. F. and Xue, Q. Z. 2004. The Activity Dynamics of Main Protective Enzymes in Rice Plants Under Feeding Stresses of Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens. Scientia Agriculture Sinica, 10: 87-91(in Chinese).
Zhang, Y. G. Huang, D. Z. Wang, Z. G. Yan, Y. H. and Yin, J. F. 2001. Effects of secondary metabolites of poplar trees on the carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase in Anoplophora glabripennis. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 37(6): 123-128 (in Chinese).
Zhao, J. Z. Collins, H. L. Li, Y. X. Mau, R. F. L. Thompson, GD. Hertlein, M. Andaloro, J. T. Boykin, R. and Shelton, A. M. 2006. Monitoring of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) resistance to spinosad, indoxacarb, and emamectin benzoate. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(1): 176-181
Zhou, Y. H. Han, Z. J. Zhang, X. M. and Pan, G. C. 2003. Influence of rice varieties on the metabolizing enzymes of nilaparvata lugens stl. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 26 (2): 24-28 (in Chinese).
Zhu, Y. Y. Chen, H. R. Fan, J. H. Wang, Y. Y Yan, L. Chen, J. B. Fan, J. X. Yan, S. S. Hu, L. P. Leung, H. Mew, T. W. Teng, P. S. Wang, Z. H. and Mundt, C. C. 2000. Genetic diversity and disease control in rice. Nature, 406: 718-772.