基于学习理论分析英国《高级化学》教材设计特点
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摘要
教材改革是教学改革的重要组成部分,教学改革在教育改革中居于核心地位。教材的“学材化”又是教材改革的必然趋势。本文基于学习理论对英国高中《高级化学》教材知识结构设计特点和教材栏目设计特点进行分析研究,为我国化学教材建设和教学设计优化提供一定的启示。本论文主要由四章内容组成。
第一章在对国内外学习理论运用于化学教材和教学文献进行分析的基础上,阐明了本论文选题的目的及意义。随着心理学的发展,教育工作者越来越重视心理学研究成果在教学中的应用。当前,世界课程与教学改革的主旋律是充分发挥学生作为学习者的主体作用,使教学过程从以“教”为中心转为以“学”为中心,突出学生的“学”。教材作为课程理念的载体,也正经历着从“教材”向“学材”转变。学习理论在教材建设和教学设计中的地位日益明确。对国外优秀教材教学内容设计特点进行研究,为我国化学教材建设和教学设计优化大有裨益。
第二章在简介行为主义、认知主义和建构主义学习理论的基础上对其在教材设计上的基本应用进行了阐述,重点从“学”的角度论述了学习理论应用于教材建设和教学设计的意义和作用。
第三章从化学学科知识结构、物理化学、无机化学和有机化学四个方面对学习理论在《高级化学》知识结构设计中的应用进行具体分析,指出了该教材编著者充分运用认知主义“学科基本结构原则”设计化学学科知识结构,章节内容设计主要运用“认知结构”学习理论,具体教学内容设计则用到行为主义、认知主义、建构主义。
第四章对学习理论在《高级化学》教材栏目中的体现进行分析,从学生“学”的角度指出了教材栏目中设计主题中的学习目标有利于学习者在学习开始时的预备定势,主题小结可以起到“及时强化”和“巩固”的作用,探究实验有利于学生“意义建构”,习题能够影响学生的认知结构,附录则既尽可能避免了难点集中又增加了教材本身的趣味。
结论部分在上述分析的基础上结合我国基础教育课程改革和化学课程改革“以人为本”、“突出学生主体地位”和突出学生“学”的教育理念,对我国教材建设和教学设计优化提出以下建议:
(1)力求心理学研究成果与化学学科的有机结合。在保证化学学科知识体系完整的基础上充分考虑学生的身心发展规律,突出学生的主体地位,使教材教学内容设计更符合学生的认知规律,便于学生自主学习,有利于学生意义建构化学知识体系,完善学生的认知结构。
(2)加强基本概念和基础理论在教材中的地位,重视基本概念和基础理论在化学学科知识体系中,甚至在基础教育中的作用。帮助学生了解化学科学发展的主要线索,理解基本的化学概念和原理,认识化学现象的本质,理解化学变化的基本规律,形成有关化学科学的基本观念。
(3)教材教学内容设计有利于引导学生利用已有的知识与经验主动探索知识的发生与发展,同时也应有利于教师创造性地进行教学。
本论文所做的创新工作主要有两点:
(1)全面深入地分析了学习理论在《高级化学》知识结构设计中的应用。
(2)基于学习理论分析了《高级化学》教材栏目设计特点。
论文的主要研究方法主要有文献法、案例法、比较法。
Teaching materials reform is an important component of teaching reform, and teaching reform is at the center position of the education reform. Based on learning theory, this paper studies the the whole knowledge structure and designing characteristic of U.K. high school teaching material "Advanced CHEMISTRY". It will provide certain enlightenment for the chemical teaching materials building and teaching design optimizing of China. This paper consists of four chapters.
The first chapter showed the reason and significance of selecting this topic clearly basing on the analysis of domestic and foreign literature of using learning theory to the chemical teaching materials and teaching process. With the development of psychology, the educators attach more and more importance to using psychological research production in teaching. Currently, the main tune of the worldwide curriculum and teaching reform is exerting the principal function of students as learners, transforming the focus of teaching process from "teaching" to "learning", and giving prominence to students' "learning". As the carrier of curriculum ideas, teaching materials are experiencing a transit from "teaching material" to "learning material". The status of learning theory in teaching materials building and teaching design is increasingly clear. Studying the content designing characteristics of foreign excellent teaching materials is very benefit to our teaching material building and teaching design optimizing.
The second chapter described the basic application of learning theory to teaching material design on the basis of introduction of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism learning theory. It paid much attention to the significance and effect of using learning theory to teaching materials building and teaching design.
The third chapter analyzed the using of learning theory to the knowledge structure of "Advanced CHEMISTRY" concretely by four aspects of knowledge structure of chemical subject, physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. It showed that the writers of the book used the principle of subject basic structure to design the structure of chemical knowledge, used cognitive structure to design the content of chapter and section, used behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism to concrete material.
The fourth chapter analyzed the using of learning theory to the columns of "Advanced CHEMISTRY". From the view of students' learning, it pointed out that the objectives are benefit for learners to prepare, the summary can "strengthen in time" and "consolidate", exploring experiments are benefit for learners to construct significantly, exercise can influence the cognitive structure of students, appendices can not only decentralize the difficulties but can add interests to the book.
Combining the analysis above with the education idea of "people foremost", "giving prominence to the principal status of students" and giving prominence to "students' learning", the conclusion put forward some suggestions for our teaching materials building and teaching design optimizing as following:
1. We should strive to combine psychological research production with chemistry subject organically. On the basis of ensuring the integrity of knowledge system of chemistry subject, we should take the development law of students' body and mind into account adequately, give prominence to the principal status of students, accord the teaching content design of the teaching material with the cognitive law of students, convenient for students to learn independently, avail students to construct chemistry knowledge system, consummate the cognitive structure of students.
2. We should enhance the position of basic concepts and basic theories in teaching materials, and attach much more importance to the function of basic concepts and basic theories in the knowledge system of chemistry subject, even in basic education. And we should help students to comprehend the main clue of chemical science development, to apprehend the fundamental chemistry concepts and principles, to understand the essence of chemical phenomena, to apprehend the fundamental law of chemical change, to form basic ideas about chemical science.
3. The teaching material content design should be propitious to guide students using the knowledge and experience they have acknowledged to probe into the occurrence and development of knowledge, at the same time, it should be convenient for facilitators to teach creatively too.
The innovative works in this paper include:
1. This paper studies the using of learning theory to the knowledge structure of "Advanced CHEMISTRY".
2. This paper studies the using of learning theory to the columns of "Advanced CHEMISTRY".
The main study methods of the paper: literature, cases, comparison and so on.
第一章在对国内外学习理论运用于化学教材和教学文献进行分析的基础上,阐明了本论文选题的目的及意义。随着心理学的发展,教育工作者越来越重视心理学研究成果在教学中的应用。当前,世界课程与教学改革的主旋律是充分发挥学生作为学习者的主体作用,使教学过程从以“教”为中心转为以“学”为中心,突出学生的“学”。教材作为课程理念的载体,也正经历着从“教材”向“学材”转变。学习理论在教材建设和教学设计中的地位日益明确。对国外优秀教材教学内容设计特点进行研究,为我国化学教材建设和教学设计优化大有裨益。
第二章在简介行为主义、认知主义和建构主义学习理论的基础上对其在教材设计上的基本应用进行了阐述,重点从“学”的角度论述了学习理论应用于教材建设和教学设计的意义和作用。
第三章从化学学科知识结构、物理化学、无机化学和有机化学四个方面对学习理论在《高级化学》知识结构设计中的应用进行具体分析,指出了该教材编著者充分运用认知主义“学科基本结构原则”设计化学学科知识结构,章节内容设计主要运用“认知结构”学习理论,具体教学内容设计则用到行为主义、认知主义、建构主义。
第四章对学习理论在《高级化学》教材栏目中的体现进行分析,从学生“学”的角度指出了教材栏目中设计主题中的学习目标有利于学习者在学习开始时的预备定势,主题小结可以起到“及时强化”和“巩固”的作用,探究实验有利于学生“意义建构”,习题能够影响学生的认知结构,附录则既尽可能避免了难点集中又增加了教材本身的趣味。
结论部分在上述分析的基础上结合我国基础教育课程改革和化学课程改革“以人为本”、“突出学生主体地位”和突出学生“学”的教育理念,对我国教材建设和教学设计优化提出以下建议:
(1)力求心理学研究成果与化学学科的有机结合。在保证化学学科知识体系完整的基础上充分考虑学生的身心发展规律,突出学生的主体地位,使教材教学内容设计更符合学生的认知规律,便于学生自主学习,有利于学生意义建构化学知识体系,完善学生的认知结构。
(2)加强基本概念和基础理论在教材中的地位,重视基本概念和基础理论在化学学科知识体系中,甚至在基础教育中的作用。帮助学生了解化学科学发展的主要线索,理解基本的化学概念和原理,认识化学现象的本质,理解化学变化的基本规律,形成有关化学科学的基本观念。
(3)教材教学内容设计有利于引导学生利用已有的知识与经验主动探索知识的发生与发展,同时也应有利于教师创造性地进行教学。
本论文所做的创新工作主要有两点:
(1)全面深入地分析了学习理论在《高级化学》知识结构设计中的应用。
(2)基于学习理论分析了《高级化学》教材栏目设计特点。
论文的主要研究方法主要有文献法、案例法、比较法。
Teaching materials reform is an important component of teaching reform, and teaching reform is at the center position of the education reform. Based on learning theory, this paper studies the the whole knowledge structure and designing characteristic of U.K. high school teaching material "Advanced CHEMISTRY". It will provide certain enlightenment for the chemical teaching materials building and teaching design optimizing of China. This paper consists of four chapters.
The first chapter showed the reason and significance of selecting this topic clearly basing on the analysis of domestic and foreign literature of using learning theory to the chemical teaching materials and teaching process. With the development of psychology, the educators attach more and more importance to using psychological research production in teaching. Currently, the main tune of the worldwide curriculum and teaching reform is exerting the principal function of students as learners, transforming the focus of teaching process from "teaching" to "learning", and giving prominence to students' "learning". As the carrier of curriculum ideas, teaching materials are experiencing a transit from "teaching material" to "learning material". The status of learning theory in teaching materials building and teaching design is increasingly clear. Studying the content designing characteristics of foreign excellent teaching materials is very benefit to our teaching material building and teaching design optimizing.
The second chapter described the basic application of learning theory to teaching material design on the basis of introduction of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism learning theory. It paid much attention to the significance and effect of using learning theory to teaching materials building and teaching design.
The third chapter analyzed the using of learning theory to the knowledge structure of "Advanced CHEMISTRY" concretely by four aspects of knowledge structure of chemical subject, physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. It showed that the writers of the book used the principle of subject basic structure to design the structure of chemical knowledge, used cognitive structure to design the content of chapter and section, used behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism to concrete material.
The fourth chapter analyzed the using of learning theory to the columns of "Advanced CHEMISTRY". From the view of students' learning, it pointed out that the objectives are benefit for learners to prepare, the summary can "strengthen in time" and "consolidate", exploring experiments are benefit for learners to construct significantly, exercise can influence the cognitive structure of students, appendices can not only decentralize the difficulties but can add interests to the book.
Combining the analysis above with the education idea of "people foremost", "giving prominence to the principal status of students" and giving prominence to "students' learning", the conclusion put forward some suggestions for our teaching materials building and teaching design optimizing as following:
1. We should strive to combine psychological research production with chemistry subject organically. On the basis of ensuring the integrity of knowledge system of chemistry subject, we should take the development law of students' body and mind into account adequately, give prominence to the principal status of students, accord the teaching content design of the teaching material with the cognitive law of students, convenient for students to learn independently, avail students to construct chemistry knowledge system, consummate the cognitive structure of students.
2. We should enhance the position of basic concepts and basic theories in teaching materials, and attach much more importance to the function of basic concepts and basic theories in the knowledge system of chemistry subject, even in basic education. And we should help students to comprehend the main clue of chemical science development, to apprehend the fundamental chemistry concepts and principles, to understand the essence of chemical phenomena, to apprehend the fundamental law of chemical change, to form basic ideas about chemical science.
3. The teaching material content design should be propitious to guide students using the knowledge and experience they have acknowledged to probe into the occurrence and development of knowledge, at the same time, it should be convenient for facilitators to teach creatively too.
The innovative works in this paper include:
1. This paper studies the using of learning theory to the knowledge structure of "Advanced CHEMISTRY".
2. This paper studies the using of learning theory to the columns of "Advanced CHEMISTRY".
The main study methods of the paper: literature, cases, comparison and so on.
引文
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