流溪河水库氮磷营养盐动态与收支分析
摘要
流溪河水库是一座位于北回归线上的典型峡谷型深水水库。本论文基于2000-2008年调查,分析了该水库营养盐的长期变化和时空分布动态;于2007年9月-2008年12月开展了水库营养盐收支的观测与监测,现场测定了水库悬浮颗粒物的沉降速度和表层底泥的营养盐释放速率,估算了水库全年的营养盐收支,并利用模型对水体营养盐浓度进行预测。
流溪河年均降雨量超过2000mm,其中80%的降雨量集中在丰水期。水库水动力学具有热带亚热带地区的特征,水库入流基本来自上游流域集水后的汇入,入流量与降雨量时间分布基本一致。全年水力滞留时间约170d,受入库流量和发电出流的影响,丰水期与枯水期差别明显,丰水期滞留时间是枯水期的1/4。作为深水水库,水体分层现象明显,水体分层与混合为单循环模式,仅在冬季发生短期的混合,不利于底层-表层的水体交换。
TN、TP和Chla多年平均浓度分别是0.6mg/L和0.02mg/L和1.93 mg/m~3,SD多年平均值为2.9m,属贫中营养水体;从长期变化趋势判断可见水质略有下降。N/P的质量比为30:1,DIN/DIP的质量比为78:1,该水库浮游植物生长为强烈的磷限制性水体,较高的N/P比是由流域中热带亚热带红壤中营养盐组成特点和流域较高的森林覆盖率、较低的人口密度所决定。
营养盐浓度等水质变量的分布具有明显的时空异质性,丰水期初期(4-5月)营养盐、Chla浓度显著地高于其它月份。沿入库河流至水库大坝方向,营养盐和Chla具有递减规律,即:河流区>过渡区>湖泊区,透明度则相反。通过水库三个特征区域:吕田、汇水、大坝的环境变量相关性分析来看,反应了环境因子在流溪河水库的分布规律和信息,并且能很好的作为该水库湖沼学特征的证明。水库的纵向特征主要受季风气候的影响,丰水期的降水集中加上水库的本身形态特征,是导致流溪河水库湖沼学特征呈显著的季节性和空间梯度的关键因素。
水库悬浮颗粒物沉降受水文因素影响大:过渡区沉降速率与入库流量有较好的一致性,外来悬浮颗粒物沉降主要在该区发生;湖泊区沉降受外来性悬浮颗粒物影响减小,而内生悬浮物的影响明显。沉降物磷形态特点表明了悬浮物来源信息和沉降特征。该水库的内源释放较强,该深水水库的大部分时间水底处于厌氧环境,加之热带亚热带较高的水温有利于底质磷释放。内源释放对上覆水体的营养盐输入是水体负荷的重要部分。
2008年输入硝氮382456kg,总氮792177kg,正磷3780kg,总磷318645kg。根据输入量估算水库营养盐负荷。硝氮年面积负荷33.3g/m~2·a;总氮68.9 g/m~2·a;正磷0.33g/m~2·a:总磷2.8 g/m~2·a。最后估算的营养盐滞留率情况是:硝氮滞留率3.2%;总氮滞留率32.1%;正磷滞留率-62.9%;总磷滞留率11%。总氮和总磷滞留率高于离子态营养盐,其中正磷更是较高的负滞留,说明生物可利用营养盐在该贫营养水体的利用率很高。流溪河水库水质得以保持较好的原因,一是流域的水土保持较好,营养盐负荷水平低;二是该水库的湖沼学特征,利于营养盐排放,使得营养盐在水库的滞留率较低。
应用OECD模型和Vollenweider模型模拟该水库总磷的负荷-响应,结果说明基于温带水体的预测模式也适合流溪河水库这一热带亚热带水体。
Liuxihe Reservoir,located at the Tropic of Cancer,is a typical large valley-type reservoir. This master thesis studied the nutrient dynamics and distribution last from 2000 to 2008 and estimated the annual nutrient budget including input by dryfall and wetfall,inflow,outflow, internal release and sedimentation.The predictive model by OECD and Vollenweider was applied to estimate phosphorus concentration in the reservoir.
The hydrodynamics of Liuxihe Reservoir is drived precipitation with moonson.The annual precipitation is on average 2000 mm,most of which occurred in the summer,a typical flooding seasons in tropics.Main inflows to the reservoir come from two feeding streams,and the inflow dynamics is consistent with coming flooding season.The mean water residence time was about 170 days with a great variation between flooding season and dry season. Water residence time in the flooding season was only one-quarter of that in the dry season. The thermal stratification was monomictic,a short mixing happened in winter,which promotes the nutrient flux from surface sediment.
The mean concentrations of TN,TP,Chlorophyll a and SD were 0.6 mg/L,0.02 mg/L, 1.93 mg/m~3 and 2.9 m,respectively,indicating the reservoir was oligo-mesotrophic.However, there is a tendency of eutrophication through last nine years observation.Mass ratio of TN/TP and DIN/DIP were 30:1 and 78:1,respectively,the high ratios mean that growth of phytoplankton is surely limited by phosphorus.The high N/P ratio was attributed to red soil which high iron content combines tightly phosphorus,and well-vegetated watershed and low human population activity.
The nutrients as well as other water quality variables show a significant temporal and spatial variation.In the early phase of the flooding season(April to May),nutrients and Chlorophyll a concentration was remarkedly higher than the other periods,and it decreases from the riverine zone to lacustrine zone as:riverine zone＞transition zone＞lacustrine zone, with a converse tendency for water transparency.The nutrient variability in these three zones shows a typically longitudual gradient.The longitudinal pattern of nutrients in the Liuxihe Reservoir was mainly due to the precipitation with monsoon and morphology of the water basin.
Sedimentation was mostly affected by hydrodynamic factors such as inflow.The sedimentation rate in the transition zone is in consistency with the inflows.Sedimentation in the lacustrine zone is hardly affected by allochthonous particles from the inflow but by autochthonous particles.Phosphorous concentration in sediment indicates the information and sediment character.This reservoir has a certain phosphorus releasing rate,for the mostly anaerobic conditions of the sediments and high sub-tropical water temperature.Entogenous release to the overlying water is an important part of nutrients loading to the water body.
In 2008,the total input of NO_3-N(382456kg),TN(792177kg),PO_4-P(3780kg),TP (318645kg),using the formula inputs-outputs=change in storage,retention rates are NO_3-N (3.2%),TN(32.1%),PO_4-P(-62.9%),TP(11%).Retention rates of TN and TP are much higher than the ion nutrients,and PO_4-P has high negative storage,which indicates a high utilization rate by the plankton in the oligotrophic water body.
OECD and Vollenweider's models are applied to predict total phosphours concentration of the reservoir.The results showed that predictive models were suitable for Reservoir Liuxihe which was located between tropics and subtropics,although the models reserach was based on temperate waterbody.
流溪河年均降雨量超过2000mm,其中80%的降雨量集中在丰水期。水库水动力学具有热带亚热带地区的特征,水库入流基本来自上游流域集水后的汇入,入流量与降雨量时间分布基本一致。全年水力滞留时间约170d,受入库流量和发电出流的影响,丰水期与枯水期差别明显,丰水期滞留时间是枯水期的1/4。作为深水水库,水体分层现象明显,水体分层与混合为单循环模式,仅在冬季发生短期的混合,不利于底层-表层的水体交换。
TN、TP和Chla多年平均浓度分别是0.6mg/L和0.02mg/L和1.93 mg/m~3,SD多年平均值为2.9m,属贫中营养水体;从长期变化趋势判断可见水质略有下降。N/P的质量比为30:1,DIN/DIP的质量比为78:1,该水库浮游植物生长为强烈的磷限制性水体,较高的N/P比是由流域中热带亚热带红壤中营养盐组成特点和流域较高的森林覆盖率、较低的人口密度所决定。
营养盐浓度等水质变量的分布具有明显的时空异质性,丰水期初期(4-5月)营养盐、Chla浓度显著地高于其它月份。沿入库河流至水库大坝方向,营养盐和Chla具有递减规律,即:河流区>过渡区>湖泊区,透明度则相反。通过水库三个特征区域:吕田、汇水、大坝的环境变量相关性分析来看,反应了环境因子在流溪河水库的分布规律和信息,并且能很好的作为该水库湖沼学特征的证明。水库的纵向特征主要受季风气候的影响,丰水期的降水集中加上水库的本身形态特征,是导致流溪河水库湖沼学特征呈显著的季节性和空间梯度的关键因素。
水库悬浮颗粒物沉降受水文因素影响大:过渡区沉降速率与入库流量有较好的一致性,外来悬浮颗粒物沉降主要在该区发生;湖泊区沉降受外来性悬浮颗粒物影响减小,而内生悬浮物的影响明显。沉降物磷形态特点表明了悬浮物来源信息和沉降特征。该水库的内源释放较强,该深水水库的大部分时间水底处于厌氧环境,加之热带亚热带较高的水温有利于底质磷释放。内源释放对上覆水体的营养盐输入是水体负荷的重要部分。
2008年输入硝氮382456kg,总氮792177kg,正磷3780kg,总磷318645kg。根据输入量估算水库营养盐负荷。硝氮年面积负荷33.3g/m~2·a;总氮68.9 g/m~2·a;正磷0.33g/m~2·a:总磷2.8 g/m~2·a。最后估算的营养盐滞留率情况是:硝氮滞留率3.2%;总氮滞留率32.1%;正磷滞留率-62.9%;总磷滞留率11%。总氮和总磷滞留率高于离子态营养盐,其中正磷更是较高的负滞留,说明生物可利用营养盐在该贫营养水体的利用率很高。流溪河水库水质得以保持较好的原因,一是流域的水土保持较好,营养盐负荷水平低;二是该水库的湖沼学特征,利于营养盐排放,使得营养盐在水库的滞留率较低。
应用OECD模型和Vollenweider模型模拟该水库总磷的负荷-响应,结果说明基于温带水体的预测模式也适合流溪河水库这一热带亚热带水体。
Liuxihe Reservoir,located at the Tropic of Cancer,is a typical large valley-type reservoir. This master thesis studied the nutrient dynamics and distribution last from 2000 to 2008 and estimated the annual nutrient budget including input by dryfall and wetfall,inflow,outflow, internal release and sedimentation.The predictive model by OECD and Vollenweider was applied to estimate phosphorus concentration in the reservoir.
The hydrodynamics of Liuxihe Reservoir is drived precipitation with moonson.The annual precipitation is on average 2000 mm,most of which occurred in the summer,a typical flooding seasons in tropics.Main inflows to the reservoir come from two feeding streams,and the inflow dynamics is consistent with coming flooding season.The mean water residence time was about 170 days with a great variation between flooding season and dry season. Water residence time in the flooding season was only one-quarter of that in the dry season. The thermal stratification was monomictic,a short mixing happened in winter,which promotes the nutrient flux from surface sediment.
The mean concentrations of TN,TP,Chlorophyll a and SD were 0.6 mg/L,0.02 mg/L, 1.93 mg/m~3 and 2.9 m,respectively,indicating the reservoir was oligo-mesotrophic.However, there is a tendency of eutrophication through last nine years observation.Mass ratio of TN/TP and DIN/DIP were 30:1 and 78:1,respectively,the high ratios mean that growth of phytoplankton is surely limited by phosphorus.The high N/P ratio was attributed to red soil which high iron content combines tightly phosphorus,and well-vegetated watershed and low human population activity.
The nutrients as well as other water quality variables show a significant temporal and spatial variation.In the early phase of the flooding season(April to May),nutrients and Chlorophyll a concentration was remarkedly higher than the other periods,and it decreases from the riverine zone to lacustrine zone as:riverine zone＞transition zone＞lacustrine zone, with a converse tendency for water transparency.The nutrient variability in these three zones shows a typically longitudual gradient.The longitudinal pattern of nutrients in the Liuxihe Reservoir was mainly due to the precipitation with monsoon and morphology of the water basin.
Sedimentation was mostly affected by hydrodynamic factors such as inflow.The sedimentation rate in the transition zone is in consistency with the inflows.Sedimentation in the lacustrine zone is hardly affected by allochthonous particles from the inflow but by autochthonous particles.Phosphorous concentration in sediment indicates the information and sediment character.This reservoir has a certain phosphorus releasing rate,for the mostly anaerobic conditions of the sediments and high sub-tropical water temperature.Entogenous release to the overlying water is an important part of nutrients loading to the water body.
In 2008,the total input of NO_3-N(382456kg),TN(792177kg),PO_4-P(3780kg),TP (318645kg),using the formula inputs-outputs=change in storage,retention rates are NO_3-N (3.2%),TN(32.1%),PO_4-P(-62.9%),TP(11%).Retention rates of TN and TP are much higher than the ion nutrients,and PO_4-P has high negative storage,which indicates a high utilization rate by the plankton in the oligotrophic water body.
OECD and Vollenweider's models are applied to predict total phosphours concentration of the reservoir.The results showed that predictive models were suitable for Reservoir Liuxihe which was located between tropics and subtropics,although the models reserach was based on temperate waterbody.
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