重庆自然保护区及生物多样性保护调查研究
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摘要
通过收集自然保护区及相关资料，整理编制完成《重庆动植物名录》，明确了重庆物种多样性现状，尤其明确了重庆珍稀濒危动植物种类以及分布情况。同时，对重庆种子植物的地理分布及区系成分作了详细分析，并对重庆珍稀濒危植物的分布与水热关系进行了初步研究，指出了濒危原因，提出了保护对策。另外，通过收集自然保护区资料和实地考察，对重庆自然保护区现状进行了全面调查和评估，指出了自然保护区目前存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了相应的对策和建议；在参考国内外有关自然保护区评价资料的基础上，构建了重庆自然保护区评价体系，以便为重庆的自然保护区建设和管理提供科学依据。
1．根据所编制的《重庆动植物名录》的记载统计，重庆有植物342科1769属6949种，其中，被子植物175科1310属5236种，裸子植物10科33属81种，蕨类植物41科115属712种，苔藓植物64科180属404种，地衣植物8科8属25种，藻类植物44科123属491种；动物有16纲88目390科2685种，其中，原生动物3纲11目18科36种，轮虫动物1纲2目7科31种，环节动物2纲2目2科7种，软体动物2纲3目4科9种，节肢动物4纲30目242科1813种，脊椎动物4纲40目117科789种；该名录还记载了部分微生物。这说明了重庆动植物资源的丰富性。
综合《中国植物红皮书》(第一、二册)、《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(1996)和
重庆自然保护区及生物多样性保护调查研究
《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)))(1999)的统计，重庆有珍稀濒危植物133种
(除去重复部分)，隶属于62科105属;综合《国家重点保护野生动物名录》(1988)
和《中国濒危动物红皮书》(1998)的统计，重庆有珍稀濒危动物82种(除去重复部分)，
隶属于5纲17目犯科。可见，重庆珍稀濒危物种丰富。
2.对重庆种子植物区系分析，植物区系特征如下:
(l)重庆种子植物种类丰富。已知有185科、1343属、5317种，分别占中国种子
植物科、属、种的51.82%、41.97%和19.64%。单种或寡种的古老科属丰富，50种以
上的大科和较大科以及含6种以上的多种属是区系的主体和基础。
(2)植物区系起源古老，区系成分丰富、复杂。在属级水平上，重庆种子植物可
划分为巧大分布区类型以及25种变型，说明了重庆植物区系成分的丰富性，同时反映
了植物区系的形成与起源较为复杂。
(3)科的分布区类型表明热带性质的科在重庆占优势，温带科也占较高比例;属
的分布区类型反映出重庆植物区系典型的亚热带特征，这一结果和该地区所处的亚热带
气候相吻合。
(4)优势现象突出。占总科数18.92%的优势科包含了区系60%以上的属种，占总
属数2.61%的优势属包含了区系20%以上的种。表征科表现为亚热带性质，而表征属则
为温带性质。
(5)特有类群丰富。亚洲特有科7科，占我国同类型科数的38.89%，而中国特有
属66属，占我国特有属总数的26.29%。
(6)重庆种子植物区系与全球有广泛而密切的联系，但主要与东亚联系更密切。
它不但是我国热带亚热带植物区系的典型代表，对东亚植物区系也具有代表性。
3.通过对重庆国家重点保护植物的分布与水热关系的研究，确定了这些植物种分
布的水热幅度，并利用温暖指数(Wl)、寒冷指数(CI)和湿润指数(Hl)对这些植物
种进行聚合分类，结果可将这些植物种分为6个水热分布类群:I高温湿润型，H高中
温湿润型，Hl中温湿润型，IV低中温湿润型，V低温湿润型，以及VI特低温湿润型。
另外，本研究还表明了重庆地区的水热条件较好，适合这些重点保护野生植物的生长发
育。因此，水热条件的现状不是濒危植物种濒危的主要原因，而人为破坏是其濒危的相
当重要的因素，所以建立自然保护区，采取就地保护是最有效的保护措施。
4.通过实地考察和收集相关资料，构建了重庆自然保护区评价体系，并对重庆现
重庆自然保护区及生物多样性保护调查研究
有自然保护区现状进行了全面调查和评估。
重庆自然保护区评价体系由生态评价、管理评价及社会经济效益评价3部分组成。
通过该评价体系对重庆具有代表性的自然保护区的详尽评价，结果表明:重庆自然保护
区生态状况普遍较好，而在管理上普遍滞后;在生态质量和管理质量方面，国家级自然
保护区普遍优于省级自然保护区，省级自然保护区普遍优于县级自然保护区。
重庆自然保护区目前在建设管理方面存在一些问题，主要体现在以下几方面:对自
然保护区建设不够重视;管理机构不健全，管理体制不顺;人员编制得不到保证，管理
人员整体水平不高;法制不健全，执法不力;资金投入严重不足:宣传教育不力;科学
研究薄弱，专业人员缺乏;基础设施落后;不能正确处理保护区与周边社区居民的关系;
等等。
针对重庆自然保护区存在的这些问题，对自然保护区今后的发展和建设提出如下相
应建议:加强对自然保护区建设的领导:理顺管理体制;科学核定编制，加强队伍建设，
提高自身素质:加强立法，强化执法:疏通和拓宽资金渠道，加大投资力度，合理开发，
提高自养能力;加强宣传教育;加强科学研究，引进专业人才;加强基础设施建设;实
施社?
Based on the data from the nature reserves and related information, "The List of Plants and Animals in Chongqing" was accomplished. And the status of species diversity in Chongqing, especially, the status of numbers and distributions of the rare and endangered plants and animals in Chongqing, is clearly presented. At the same time, the flora and geographic distribution of the seed plants in Chongqing were analyzed, the relationships between the water-temperature factors and rare and endangered plants in Chongqing were studied, and the main reasons resulted in the imminence of rare being plants and counter-measures dealt with it were pointed out. In addition, on the basis of field survey and collected data from the natural reserves, the present status of the natural reserves in Chongqing was comprehensively investigated and evaluated. The problems existing in natural reserves were summarized, and corresponding countermeasures and recommendations for the solution of the existed problems were put forward. Refer
ring to the evaluating data and information on natural reserves both here and abroad, an evaluation system for natural reserves in Chongqing was formulated, which would provide scientific evidence for the construction and management of natural reserves.
1. According to statistics of "The List of Plants and Animals in Chongqing", there are 6949 plant species of 1769 genera in 342 families in Chongqing region (of which 5236 species of 1310 genera in 175 families are angiosperms, 81 species of 33 genera in 10 families
are gymnosperms, 712 species of 115 genera in 41 families are ferns, 404 species of 180 genera in 64 families are bryophytes, 25 species of 8 genera in 8 families are lichens, 491 species of 123 genera in 44 families are Algaes) and 2685 animal species belonging to 390 families of 88 orders of 16 classes (among them 36 species belonging to 18 families of 11 orders of 3 classes are protozoans, 31 species belonging to 7 families of 2 orders of 1 classes are rotifers, 7 species belonging to 2 families of 2 orders of 2 classes are annelids, 9 species belonging to 4 families of 3 orders of 2 classes are molluses, 1813 species belonging to 242 families of 30 orders of 4 classes are arthropods, 789 species belonging to 117 families of 40 orders of 4 classes are vertebrates) and yet some microbe resources, which demonstrated the richness of the animal and plant resources in Chongqing.
According to "The Red Book of Chinese Plant"(Vol.l, Vol.2), "The List of National Key Conservative Wild Plants in China"(1996) and "The List of National Key Conservative Wild Plants in China (the first batch)"(1999), there are totally 133 rare and endangered plants in Chongqing, which belong to 105 genera of 62 families. Based on the statistics of "The Lists of National Protected Wildlife"(1988) and "China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals" (1998), there are totally 82 rare and endangered animals in Chongqing, which belong to 32 families of 17 orders of 5 classes. Therefore, the rare and endangered species of plants and animals protected by the country are rich in Chongqing.
2. The flora of seed plants in Chongqing was analyzed, and the floric characteristics of plants are as follows:
(1) The seed plant flora of Chongqing abounds with species, there are 5317 species of spermatophytes belonging to 185 families and 1343 genera, comprising 51.82%, 41.97% and 19.64% of the total families, genera and species of China, respectively. The single-species or rare-species in ancient families and genera are much abundant in the region. The families with more than 50 species and the genera possessing over 6 species are the main composition of the flora.
(2) The seed plants show the features of ancient origin and abundant and complex in floristic composition. In terms of genus, the flora of seed plants can be divided into 15 areal-types and 25 areal-subtypes, which indicated the abundance and complex of floristic elements in Chongqing.
(3) The areal-types of families show that Chongqing flora is rich in tropical fam
1．根据所编制的《重庆动植物名录》的记载统计，重庆有植物342科1769属6949种，其中，被子植物175科1310属5236种，裸子植物10科33属81种，蕨类植物41科115属712种，苔藓植物64科180属404种，地衣植物8科8属25种，藻类植物44科123属491种；动物有16纲88目390科2685种，其中，原生动物3纲11目18科36种，轮虫动物1纲2目7科31种，环节动物2纲2目2科7种，软体动物2纲3目4科9种，节肢动物4纲30目242科1813种，脊椎动物4纲40目117科789种；该名录还记载了部分微生物。这说明了重庆动植物资源的丰富性。
综合《中国植物红皮书》(第一、二册)、《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(1996)和
重庆自然保护区及生物多样性保护调查研究
《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)))(1999)的统计，重庆有珍稀濒危植物133种
(除去重复部分)，隶属于62科105属;综合《国家重点保护野生动物名录》(1988)
和《中国濒危动物红皮书》(1998)的统计，重庆有珍稀濒危动物82种(除去重复部分)，
隶属于5纲17目犯科。可见，重庆珍稀濒危物种丰富。
2.对重庆种子植物区系分析，植物区系特征如下:
(l)重庆种子植物种类丰富。已知有185科、1343属、5317种，分别占中国种子
植物科、属、种的51.82%、41.97%和19.64%。单种或寡种的古老科属丰富，50种以
上的大科和较大科以及含6种以上的多种属是区系的主体和基础。
(2)植物区系起源古老，区系成分丰富、复杂。在属级水平上，重庆种子植物可
划分为巧大分布区类型以及25种变型，说明了重庆植物区系成分的丰富性，同时反映
了植物区系的形成与起源较为复杂。
(3)科的分布区类型表明热带性质的科在重庆占优势，温带科也占较高比例;属
的分布区类型反映出重庆植物区系典型的亚热带特征，这一结果和该地区所处的亚热带
气候相吻合。
(4)优势现象突出。占总科数18.92%的优势科包含了区系60%以上的属种，占总
属数2.61%的优势属包含了区系20%以上的种。表征科表现为亚热带性质，而表征属则
为温带性质。
(5)特有类群丰富。亚洲特有科7科，占我国同类型科数的38.89%，而中国特有
属66属，占我国特有属总数的26.29%。
(6)重庆种子植物区系与全球有广泛而密切的联系，但主要与东亚联系更密切。
它不但是我国热带亚热带植物区系的典型代表，对东亚植物区系也具有代表性。
3.通过对重庆国家重点保护植物的分布与水热关系的研究，确定了这些植物种分
布的水热幅度，并利用温暖指数(Wl)、寒冷指数(CI)和湿润指数(Hl)对这些植物
种进行聚合分类，结果可将这些植物种分为6个水热分布类群:I高温湿润型，H高中
温湿润型，Hl中温湿润型，IV低中温湿润型，V低温湿润型，以及VI特低温湿润型。
另外，本研究还表明了重庆地区的水热条件较好，适合这些重点保护野生植物的生长发
育。因此，水热条件的现状不是濒危植物种濒危的主要原因，而人为破坏是其濒危的相
当重要的因素，所以建立自然保护区，采取就地保护是最有效的保护措施。
4.通过实地考察和收集相关资料，构建了重庆自然保护区评价体系，并对重庆现
重庆自然保护区及生物多样性保护调查研究
有自然保护区现状进行了全面调查和评估。
重庆自然保护区评价体系由生态评价、管理评价及社会经济效益评价3部分组成。
通过该评价体系对重庆具有代表性的自然保护区的详尽评价，结果表明:重庆自然保护
区生态状况普遍较好，而在管理上普遍滞后;在生态质量和管理质量方面，国家级自然
保护区普遍优于省级自然保护区，省级自然保护区普遍优于县级自然保护区。
重庆自然保护区目前在建设管理方面存在一些问题，主要体现在以下几方面:对自
然保护区建设不够重视;管理机构不健全，管理体制不顺;人员编制得不到保证，管理
人员整体水平不高;法制不健全，执法不力;资金投入严重不足:宣传教育不力;科学
研究薄弱，专业人员缺乏;基础设施落后;不能正确处理保护区与周边社区居民的关系;
等等。
针对重庆自然保护区存在的这些问题，对自然保护区今后的发展和建设提出如下相
应建议:加强对自然保护区建设的领导:理顺管理体制;科学核定编制，加强队伍建设，
提高自身素质:加强立法，强化执法:疏通和拓宽资金渠道，加大投资力度，合理开发，
提高自养能力;加强宣传教育;加强科学研究，引进专业人才;加强基础设施建设;实
施社?
Based on the data from the nature reserves and related information, "The List of Plants and Animals in Chongqing" was accomplished. And the status of species diversity in Chongqing, especially, the status of numbers and distributions of the rare and endangered plants and animals in Chongqing, is clearly presented. At the same time, the flora and geographic distribution of the seed plants in Chongqing were analyzed, the relationships between the water-temperature factors and rare and endangered plants in Chongqing were studied, and the main reasons resulted in the imminence of rare being plants and counter-measures dealt with it were pointed out. In addition, on the basis of field survey and collected data from the natural reserves, the present status of the natural reserves in Chongqing was comprehensively investigated and evaluated. The problems existing in natural reserves were summarized, and corresponding countermeasures and recommendations for the solution of the existed problems were put forward. Refer
ring to the evaluating data and information on natural reserves both here and abroad, an evaluation system for natural reserves in Chongqing was formulated, which would provide scientific evidence for the construction and management of natural reserves.
1. According to statistics of "The List of Plants and Animals in Chongqing", there are 6949 plant species of 1769 genera in 342 families in Chongqing region (of which 5236 species of 1310 genera in 175 families are angiosperms, 81 species of 33 genera in 10 families
are gymnosperms, 712 species of 115 genera in 41 families are ferns, 404 species of 180 genera in 64 families are bryophytes, 25 species of 8 genera in 8 families are lichens, 491 species of 123 genera in 44 families are Algaes) and 2685 animal species belonging to 390 families of 88 orders of 16 classes (among them 36 species belonging to 18 families of 11 orders of 3 classes are protozoans, 31 species belonging to 7 families of 2 orders of 1 classes are rotifers, 7 species belonging to 2 families of 2 orders of 2 classes are annelids, 9 species belonging to 4 families of 3 orders of 2 classes are molluses, 1813 species belonging to 242 families of 30 orders of 4 classes are arthropods, 789 species belonging to 117 families of 40 orders of 4 classes are vertebrates) and yet some microbe resources, which demonstrated the richness of the animal and plant resources in Chongqing.
According to "The Red Book of Chinese Plant"(Vol.l, Vol.2), "The List of National Key Conservative Wild Plants in China"(1996) and "The List of National Key Conservative Wild Plants in China (the first batch)"(1999), there are totally 133 rare and endangered plants in Chongqing, which belong to 105 genera of 62 families. Based on the statistics of "The Lists of National Protected Wildlife"(1988) and "China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals" (1998), there are totally 82 rare and endangered animals in Chongqing, which belong to 32 families of 17 orders of 5 classes. Therefore, the rare and endangered species of plants and animals protected by the country are rich in Chongqing.
2. The flora of seed plants in Chongqing was analyzed, and the floric characteristics of plants are as follows:
(1) The seed plant flora of Chongqing abounds with species, there are 5317 species of spermatophytes belonging to 185 families and 1343 genera, comprising 51.82%, 41.97% and 19.64% of the total families, genera and species of China, respectively. The single-species or rare-species in ancient families and genera are much abundant in the region. The families with more than 50 species and the genera possessing over 6 species are the main composition of the flora.
(2) The seed plants show the features of ancient origin and abundant and complex in floristic composition. In terms of genus, the flora of seed plants can be divided into 15 areal-types and 25 areal-subtypes, which indicated the abundance and complex of floristic elements in Chongqing.
(3) The areal-types of families show that Chongqing flora is rich in tropical fam
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