大镜山水库水质改善生态工程效果及浮游植物群落动态特征
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摘要
大镜山水库是一座位于南亚热带的抽水型水库,以供水为主。2005年启动“大镜山水库水质改善项目”,综合利用生态工程措施来控制水体富营养化趋势,达到预防水华发生的目的。本文通过分析水质改善工程措施实施前和实施后水质变化,了解和掌握大镜山水库水质动态变化规律,通过不同工程区的对比分析,探讨亚热带调水型水库生物和物理措施实施对水质改善的作用。通过水库浮游植物与环境因子的关系研究,识别引起浮游植物动态变化的主要环境因子,寻找出水体富营养化趋势加剧的原因,为以后水库的管理提供理论指导。
大镜山水库水质夏季要好于冬春季,浮游植物主要由蓝藻组成,浮游植物丰度和生物量较高,处于富营养化或中-富营养化状态。调水和降雨的水质直接影响水库水质。水质改善工程措施对降低总氮、硝氮、总磷和叶绿素的浓度、提高水体的透明度、降低水体富营养化指数以及减少浮游植物丰度和改变浮游植物群落结构效果明显,生态工程措施实施有效地抑制了富营养化趋势并改善水库水质。
比较生态工程A区和B区,工程B区效果明显好于A区。在工程B区2007年与2006年同期相比,总氮浓度平均降低了8%;氨氮浓度减少70%左右;总磷浓度平均降低了30%;透明度提高了50%左右;叶绿素浓度降低了30～40%;浮游植物丰度降低了20～180%;浮游植物生物量降低了20～50%;富营养化指数降低了5%左右。工程措施的实施有效地改善了水质,水体富营养化趋势得到有效遏制。
对比大坝入水口、库中和工程交界处,经过生物网膜后的工程交界处,水质改善最明显,2007年与2006年同期相比,总磷浓度降低幅度达到10%;透明度同期相比增加4cm左右;叶绿素浓度同期降低12μg L~(-1)。浮游植物丰度同期降低30%;富营养化指数降低百分数分别达到9%。
2005年～2007年3年期间54次采样580个样品共检测到浮游植物116种(属),分属7门。浮游植物主要是由绿藻门、蓝藻门和硅藻门的藻类组成。2005年和2006年,大多数时期都是以湖泊假鱼腥藻为优势藻,在2007年以蓝藻、甲藻和硅藻在不同时期分别为优势藻类。蓝藻中针晶蓝纤维藻、水华微囊藻、小形色球藻、拟柱孢藻、银灰平裂藻、湖丝藻和林氏藻都是大镜山水库的常见藻类。绿藻门的藻类种类最多,达58种(属),占所有检测到的藻类的50%。硅藻共检测到25种,仅次于绿藻的种数。浮游植物丰度在1.24～160.17×10~6 cells L~(-1)之间。浮游植物表现出了明显的季节变化,每年以3～5月和11～12月两个阶段的浮游植物的丰度最高;而在7～9月,浮游植物的丰度值是全年最低。浮游植物生物量在0.87～16.8 mgL~(-1)之间。浮游植物生物量也表现出了明显的季节变化,每年以2～4月和11～12月两个阶段的浮游植物的生物量最高;7～9月,浮游植物的生物量值是最低。
Margalef指数在0.99～3.42之间,与浮游植物种数、蓝藻的丰度、浮游植物总丰度和硝氮、总磷、降雨量有较强的相关性,其变化反映出了蓝藻丰度的变化。均匀度指数和香农-维纳多样性分别在0.03～0.72之间和0.09～2.54之间变化,反映出2006年水质退化严重,2007年水体水质有所改善,水体富营养化趋势得到抑制。β多样性指数的变化在0～1.88之间,β多样性指数反映出水库藻类的组成较单一,种类变化较小,揭示出2005年空间差异小,水体相对稳定;在2006年β多样性指数变化增大,2007年环境梯度增大,浮游植物群落的结构在发生改变,硅藻和绿藻的种类上增加。
根据浮游植物稳态存在的条件,每年夏季大镜山水库浮游植物存在稳态阶段。在2005年6～8月存在由湖泊假鱼腥藻和多甲藻组成的稳态;在2006年8～10月存在着由湖泊假鱼腥藻、湖丝藻和多甲藻组成的稳态;在2007年7～9月存在由湖丝藻、林氏藻和多甲藻组成的稳态。水位变化对水体适度干扰是维持水库浮游植物稳态存在的主要原因。
浮游植物群落的变化主要表现在细胞丰度和生物量上,而这些变化很大程度上由温度(影响生长速率)和降雨量(影响营养盐负荷)所决定。温度和降雨量成为浮游植物群落结构动态的主要驱动因子,这也反映了受季风影响的南亚热带地区富营养化水库浮游植物的生态学特征。环境因子的CCA排序中,在冬春,营养盐与第一主轴呈正相关,为主要贡献变量,而在夏秋季节,水温、降雨和水位则与第一主轴有很高的相关性,为主要贡献变量。
通过主成分分数和逐步线性回归建立的叶绿素和浮游植物丰度预测模型,较好的模拟了叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度值。叶绿素a浓度预测模型可以表示为:Chlorophyll-a=31.230—4.977(score 2);蓝藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Cyanophyta)=7.247—0.147(score 1);绿藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Chlorophyta)=5.270—0.302(score2);硅藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Bacillariophyta)=5.555—0.501(score 2);甲藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Pyrrophyta)=4.109—0.468(score 3)。模型揭示出了在影响叶绿素a浓度主要环境因子为透明度、水位和总磷浓度;而对浮游植物丰度影响的因素中,温度、pH值、降雨量和氮盐是影响水库蓝藻丰度变化的主要因子;透明度、水位和总磷浓度是影响水库绿藻和硅藻的主要环境因子;正磷酸浓度是影响水库甲藻的主要因子。
Reservoirs are man-made water bodies in which hydrodynamics are strongly regulated by humans.Dajingshan Reservoir,located in the southern subtropics of China,is of great importance for supplying drinking water to Zhuhai city and Macao,but its water quality is worsening,while its trophic state index increases,threatening the supply of safe drinking water.Improving water quality and controlling algal blooms in reservoirs are now of great importance in China.In this thesis,we analyze the response of phytoplankton and physical-chemical indexes to water quality engineering by ecotechnological techniques,as well as to the ecological characteristics of the phytoplankton community.We attempt to gain insight into the factors influencing phytoplankton composition and seasonality in a southern subtropical region of China,to serve as a useful baseline for the management of other reservoirs in this region.
The dynamics of water quality show that water quality is better in summer than in winter and spring.The phytoplankton community is dominated by Cyanophyta.Phytoplankton abundance and biomass are high,typical of a mesotrophic to eutrophic state.Pumped-water from a nearby river and precipitation affect water quality directly.By applying ecotechnological engineering,the concentrations of total nitrogen,total phosphate,orthophosphate,nitrate nitrogen,nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen,and chlorophyll a decreased while Secchi disk depth increased.The phytoplankton community structure changed:abundance and biomass decreased.Generally speaking,the trend of eutrophication was efficiently controlled and water quality improved.
Comparing the ecotechnological engineering of two regions,A to B,we found that the effects were better in region B than in region A.In region B,comparing the years 2007 to 2006,the concentrations of total nitrogen,ammonia and total phosphate decreased with 8%,70%,30%, respectively.The concentration of chlorophyll a decreased by 30%to 40%.Phytoplankton abundance and biomass decreased 20%to 180%,20%to 50%,respectively.The trophic state index decreased by 5%,secchi disk depth increased by 50%.At the boundary of the ecotechnological engineering,water quality was enhanced and improved.Total nitrogen here was the lowest of the three samplings(boundary of the ecotechnological engineering,middle-let and inlet).Comparing years 2007 to 2006,the concentration of total phosphate,chlorophyll a,phytoplankton abundance and trophic state index decreased by 10%,35%,30%and 9%,respectively,while Secchi disk depth increased by 40%.
In all,116 taxa of phytoplankton were identified from 580 samples.Cyanophyta,Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the most important groups by number of species.Pseudanabaena limnetica was the dominant species in years 2005 and 2006,but in year 2007,Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta periodically became the dominant algae.Phytoplankton abundance ranged from 1.24×10~6 to 106.17×10~6 cells L~(-1).Abundance changes in individual phytoplankton taxa varied widely.Total biomass varied from 0.87 to 16.8 mg L~(-1).Abundance and biomass showed seasonal patterns of change,with two peaks.From March to May,the peak was highest,followed by a peak in November to December,but in July to September,a minimum was reached.
Margalef's Index changed from 0.99 to 3.42.It had a strong connection with number of species,abundance of Cyanophyta,total phytoplankton abundance,nitrate nitrogen,precipitation and total phosphorus.Evenness and Shannon-Weaver Index of diversity were from 0.03 to 0.72, 0.09 to 2.54,respectively.They confirmed that water quality was worse in 2006 than in 2007,and the trend of eutrophication had been controlled in 2007.Theβdiversity index changed from 0 to 1.88,and it reflected that the composition of Cyanophyta was single,the number of species changed little and pelagic water bodies were relatively stabilization.In 2007,the moreβdiversity index changed,the more obvious was discrepancy of environmental grades was.The number of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta increased,a major change in the phytoplankton community structure and composition.
The phytoplankton showed a steady-state phase in summer each year.The functional groups S_1 and L_0 were dominant.Pseudanabaena limnetica and Peridinim sp.were in steady-state from June to August in 2005,Pseudanabaena limnetica,Peridinim sp.and Limnothriox redekei were in steady-state from August to October in 2006,Peridinim sp.,Lyngbya sp.and Limnthriox redekei were at steady-state from July to September 2007.The steady-state reflected the changes in the water environment,a moderate disturbance of water level was the main cause.
Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was used to investigate the environment-phytoplankton relationship.Ordination by CCA divided all samples into four groups, distributed in the four districts forming axis 1 and axis 2,corresponding to the seasons:winter, spring,summer and autumn.Most samples were located in the districts of summer and autumn,and 54 main species were selected for performing of a CCA.The Cyanophyta,Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta were restricted to the districts at the left of axis 1,while most of the Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta,and Cryptophyta were to the right of axis 1.Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that temperature,precipitation and water-level were most important for species composition and phytoplankton dynamics.
Chlorophyll-a is a well-accepted index of phytoplankton abundance and population density of primary producers in an aquatic environment.The relationship between Chlorophyll-a and 11 chemical,physical and biological water quality variables was studied by using principal component scores(PCs) in stepwise linear regression analysis(SLR) to predict Chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton abundance levels.Principal component analysis was used to simplify the complexity of the relationships between water quality variables.Score values obtained by PC scores were used as independent variables in multiple linear regression models.The following models were used to predict Chlorophyll-a,abundance of Cyanophyta,Chlorophyta,Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta, respectively:Chlorophyll-a=31.230-4.977(score 2),log_(10)(Cyanophyta)=7.247-0.147(score 1),log_(10)(Chlorophyta)=5.270-0.302(score 2),log_(10)(Bacillariophyta)=5.555-0.501(score 2), log_(10)(Pyrrophyta)=4.109-0.468(score 3).Models could be used to predict Chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton abundance levels successfully.These models revealed that temperature,pH value, precipitation and nitrogen were the most important factors regulating the composition and dynamics of Cyanophyta;Secchi disk depth,water-level and total phosphate were the most important factors regulating the composition and dynamics of Bacillariophyta,Chlorophyta and Chlorophyll-a. Orthophosphate was the main factor affecting the Pyrrophyta.
大镜山水库水质夏季要好于冬春季,浮游植物主要由蓝藻组成,浮游植物丰度和生物量较高,处于富营养化或中-富营养化状态。调水和降雨的水质直接影响水库水质。水质改善工程措施对降低总氮、硝氮、总磷和叶绿素的浓度、提高水体的透明度、降低水体富营养化指数以及减少浮游植物丰度和改变浮游植物群落结构效果明显,生态工程措施实施有效地抑制了富营养化趋势并改善水库水质。
比较生态工程A区和B区,工程B区效果明显好于A区。在工程B区2007年与2006年同期相比,总氮浓度平均降低了8%;氨氮浓度减少70%左右;总磷浓度平均降低了30%;透明度提高了50%左右;叶绿素浓度降低了30～40%;浮游植物丰度降低了20～180%;浮游植物生物量降低了20～50%;富营养化指数降低了5%左右。工程措施的实施有效地改善了水质,水体富营养化趋势得到有效遏制。
对比大坝入水口、库中和工程交界处,经过生物网膜后的工程交界处,水质改善最明显,2007年与2006年同期相比,总磷浓度降低幅度达到10%;透明度同期相比增加4cm左右;叶绿素浓度同期降低12μg L~(-1)。浮游植物丰度同期降低30%;富营养化指数降低百分数分别达到9%。
2005年～2007年3年期间54次采样580个样品共检测到浮游植物116种(属),分属7门。浮游植物主要是由绿藻门、蓝藻门和硅藻门的藻类组成。2005年和2006年,大多数时期都是以湖泊假鱼腥藻为优势藻,在2007年以蓝藻、甲藻和硅藻在不同时期分别为优势藻类。蓝藻中针晶蓝纤维藻、水华微囊藻、小形色球藻、拟柱孢藻、银灰平裂藻、湖丝藻和林氏藻都是大镜山水库的常见藻类。绿藻门的藻类种类最多,达58种(属),占所有检测到的藻类的50%。硅藻共检测到25种,仅次于绿藻的种数。浮游植物丰度在1.24～160.17×10~6 cells L~(-1)之间。浮游植物表现出了明显的季节变化,每年以3～5月和11～12月两个阶段的浮游植物的丰度最高;而在7～9月,浮游植物的丰度值是全年最低。浮游植物生物量在0.87～16.8 mgL~(-1)之间。浮游植物生物量也表现出了明显的季节变化,每年以2～4月和11～12月两个阶段的浮游植物的生物量最高;7～9月,浮游植物的生物量值是最低。
Margalef指数在0.99～3.42之间,与浮游植物种数、蓝藻的丰度、浮游植物总丰度和硝氮、总磷、降雨量有较强的相关性,其变化反映出了蓝藻丰度的变化。均匀度指数和香农-维纳多样性分别在0.03～0.72之间和0.09～2.54之间变化,反映出2006年水质退化严重,2007年水体水质有所改善,水体富营养化趋势得到抑制。β多样性指数的变化在0～1.88之间,β多样性指数反映出水库藻类的组成较单一,种类变化较小,揭示出2005年空间差异小,水体相对稳定;在2006年β多样性指数变化增大,2007年环境梯度增大,浮游植物群落的结构在发生改变,硅藻和绿藻的种类上增加。
根据浮游植物稳态存在的条件,每年夏季大镜山水库浮游植物存在稳态阶段。在2005年6～8月存在由湖泊假鱼腥藻和多甲藻组成的稳态;在2006年8～10月存在着由湖泊假鱼腥藻、湖丝藻和多甲藻组成的稳态;在2007年7～9月存在由湖丝藻、林氏藻和多甲藻组成的稳态。水位变化对水体适度干扰是维持水库浮游植物稳态存在的主要原因。
浮游植物群落的变化主要表现在细胞丰度和生物量上,而这些变化很大程度上由温度(影响生长速率)和降雨量(影响营养盐负荷)所决定。温度和降雨量成为浮游植物群落结构动态的主要驱动因子,这也反映了受季风影响的南亚热带地区富营养化水库浮游植物的生态学特征。环境因子的CCA排序中,在冬春,营养盐与第一主轴呈正相关,为主要贡献变量,而在夏秋季节,水温、降雨和水位则与第一主轴有很高的相关性,为主要贡献变量。
通过主成分分数和逐步线性回归建立的叶绿素和浮游植物丰度预测模型,较好的模拟了叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物丰度值。叶绿素a浓度预测模型可以表示为:Chlorophyll-a=31.230—4.977(score 2);蓝藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Cyanophyta)=7.247—0.147(score 1);绿藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Chlorophyta)=5.270—0.302(score2);硅藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Bacillariophyta)=5.555—0.501(score 2);甲藻丰度预测模型:log_(10)(Pyrrophyta)=4.109—0.468(score 3)。模型揭示出了在影响叶绿素a浓度主要环境因子为透明度、水位和总磷浓度;而对浮游植物丰度影响的因素中,温度、pH值、降雨量和氮盐是影响水库蓝藻丰度变化的主要因子;透明度、水位和总磷浓度是影响水库绿藻和硅藻的主要环境因子;正磷酸浓度是影响水库甲藻的主要因子。
Reservoirs are man-made water bodies in which hydrodynamics are strongly regulated by humans.Dajingshan Reservoir,located in the southern subtropics of China,is of great importance for supplying drinking water to Zhuhai city and Macao,but its water quality is worsening,while its trophic state index increases,threatening the supply of safe drinking water.Improving water quality and controlling algal blooms in reservoirs are now of great importance in China.In this thesis,we analyze the response of phytoplankton and physical-chemical indexes to water quality engineering by ecotechnological techniques,as well as to the ecological characteristics of the phytoplankton community.We attempt to gain insight into the factors influencing phytoplankton composition and seasonality in a southern subtropical region of China,to serve as a useful baseline for the management of other reservoirs in this region.
The dynamics of water quality show that water quality is better in summer than in winter and spring.The phytoplankton community is dominated by Cyanophyta.Phytoplankton abundance and biomass are high,typical of a mesotrophic to eutrophic state.Pumped-water from a nearby river and precipitation affect water quality directly.By applying ecotechnological engineering,the concentrations of total nitrogen,total phosphate,orthophosphate,nitrate nitrogen,nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen,and chlorophyll a decreased while Secchi disk depth increased.The phytoplankton community structure changed:abundance and biomass decreased.Generally speaking,the trend of eutrophication was efficiently controlled and water quality improved.
Comparing the ecotechnological engineering of two regions,A to B,we found that the effects were better in region B than in region A.In region B,comparing the years 2007 to 2006,the concentrations of total nitrogen,ammonia and total phosphate decreased with 8%,70%,30%, respectively.The concentration of chlorophyll a decreased by 30%to 40%.Phytoplankton abundance and biomass decreased 20%to 180%,20%to 50%,respectively.The trophic state index decreased by 5%,secchi disk depth increased by 50%.At the boundary of the ecotechnological engineering,water quality was enhanced and improved.Total nitrogen here was the lowest of the three samplings(boundary of the ecotechnological engineering,middle-let and inlet).Comparing years 2007 to 2006,the concentration of total phosphate,chlorophyll a,phytoplankton abundance and trophic state index decreased by 10%,35%,30%and 9%,respectively,while Secchi disk depth increased by 40%.
In all,116 taxa of phytoplankton were identified from 580 samples.Cyanophyta,Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the most important groups by number of species.Pseudanabaena limnetica was the dominant species in years 2005 and 2006,but in year 2007,Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta periodically became the dominant algae.Phytoplankton abundance ranged from 1.24×10~6 to 106.17×10~6 cells L~(-1).Abundance changes in individual phytoplankton taxa varied widely.Total biomass varied from 0.87 to 16.8 mg L~(-1).Abundance and biomass showed seasonal patterns of change,with two peaks.From March to May,the peak was highest,followed by a peak in November to December,but in July to September,a minimum was reached.
Margalef's Index changed from 0.99 to 3.42.It had a strong connection with number of species,abundance of Cyanophyta,total phytoplankton abundance,nitrate nitrogen,precipitation and total phosphorus.Evenness and Shannon-Weaver Index of diversity were from 0.03 to 0.72, 0.09 to 2.54,respectively.They confirmed that water quality was worse in 2006 than in 2007,and the trend of eutrophication had been controlled in 2007.Theβdiversity index changed from 0 to 1.88,and it reflected that the composition of Cyanophyta was single,the number of species changed little and pelagic water bodies were relatively stabilization.In 2007,the moreβdiversity index changed,the more obvious was discrepancy of environmental grades was.The number of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta increased,a major change in the phytoplankton community structure and composition.
The phytoplankton showed a steady-state phase in summer each year.The functional groups S_1 and L_0 were dominant.Pseudanabaena limnetica and Peridinim sp.were in steady-state from June to August in 2005,Pseudanabaena limnetica,Peridinim sp.and Limnothriox redekei were in steady-state from August to October in 2006,Peridinim sp.,Lyngbya sp.and Limnthriox redekei were at steady-state from July to September 2007.The steady-state reflected the changes in the water environment,a moderate disturbance of water level was the main cause.
Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was used to investigate the environment-phytoplankton relationship.Ordination by CCA divided all samples into four groups, distributed in the four districts forming axis 1 and axis 2,corresponding to the seasons:winter, spring,summer and autumn.Most samples were located in the districts of summer and autumn,and 54 main species were selected for performing of a CCA.The Cyanophyta,Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta were restricted to the districts at the left of axis 1,while most of the Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta,and Cryptophyta were to the right of axis 1.Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that temperature,precipitation and water-level were most important for species composition and phytoplankton dynamics.
Chlorophyll-a is a well-accepted index of phytoplankton abundance and population density of primary producers in an aquatic environment.The relationship between Chlorophyll-a and 11 chemical,physical and biological water quality variables was studied by using principal component scores(PCs) in stepwise linear regression analysis(SLR) to predict Chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton abundance levels.Principal component analysis was used to simplify the complexity of the relationships between water quality variables.Score values obtained by PC scores were used as independent variables in multiple linear regression models.The following models were used to predict Chlorophyll-a,abundance of Cyanophyta,Chlorophyta,Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta, respectively:Chlorophyll-a=31.230-4.977(score 2),log_(10)(Cyanophyta)=7.247-0.147(score 1),log_(10)(Chlorophyta)=5.270-0.302(score 2),log_(10)(Bacillariophyta)=5.555-0.501(score 2), log_(10)(Pyrrophyta)=4.109-0.468(score 3).Models could be used to predict Chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton abundance levels successfully.These models revealed that temperature,pH value, precipitation and nitrogen were the most important factors regulating the composition and dynamics of Cyanophyta;Secchi disk depth,water-level and total phosphate were the most important factors regulating the composition and dynamics of Bacillariophyta,Chlorophyta and Chlorophyll-a. Orthophosphate was the main factor affecting the Pyrrophyta.
引文
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