低浓度有机废气负载型纳米TiO_2光催化处理技术
|
摘要
随着工业化进程的加快和发展所造成的环境恶化,特别是大气污染,已成为亟待解决的城市环保问题之一。由于工业源排放的有毒废气存在浓度低且扩散面积广的特点,采用传统的废气净化方法不仅昂贵而且难以应用。纳米TiO2作为一种半导体光催化材料具有无毒,催化效率高、性能稳定等突出特点,可以用于光催化净化空气,它已成为目前光催化研究领域中最活跃的方向之一。本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米TiO2溶胶,研究了三种不同载体负载及其固定化方法,选用甲苯为目标污染物,通过自制的一套气体发生和光催化反应装置,利用气相色谱对甲苯去除效率进行测定,评价其光催化活性。最后对活性炭负载光催化剂失活的再生方法进行了研究。
首先是在以往实验成果的基础上对TiO2溶胶制备工艺参数做了进一步研究,实验表明控制钛酸丁酯︰无水乙醇︰去离子水︰冰醋酸体积比为5︰40︰2︰5,调整溶胶pH值为4,能得到稳定的溶胶体系。溶胶形成凝胶,陈化时间约为22小时。另外在溶胶中掺杂摩尔分数1%的过渡金属钴有助于进一步减小TiO2晶粒尺寸,从而提高其光催化活性。
分别选用铝片、不锈钢网以及竹活性炭作载体完成TiO2的负载,通过X射线衍射、FSEM扫描电镜等方法对催化剂微观结构进行表征。利用自制的光催化反应装置,以甲苯为目标污染物,对甲苯去除效率进行测定,其中以活性炭为载体,甲苯最高达到80%的光催化降解效率。去除效果为活性炭>不锈钢网>铝片。同时研究了反应初始浓度、气体流速对光催化降解甲苯效率的影响。实验研究结果表明:甲苯的去除量随负荷增加而上升,但上升趋势逐渐变缓,流量和浓度变化逐渐导致去除量变化;随负荷的进一步增加,甲苯的光催化去除量反而下降。
最后研究了活性炭负载光催化剂失活的再生方法。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析了催化剂失活的原因,实验发现通过在紫外光照下通入洁净空气、微波辐照、高温处理等方法可以完全或部分恢复催化剂的活性,实现再生。但从工艺成本、时间考虑,认为微波辐照是实现催化剂再生的比较理想的方法。
The deterioration of environment, especially the atmosphere pollution, resulting from the increasing and developing of industrialization, has become one of the city's environment problems, which is an absolutely urgent problem. Nano- TiO2 is the very novel green catalyst with its renewal ability and storability of energy and friendliness of environment. Now its relevant study becomes the focus of the field of photocatalysis, especially in exhaust gas treatment. In this paper, nano-TiO2 sol was prepared by sol-gel method and different carriers and supported method were investigated. Selected toluene as the target pollutant, through a set of DIY gas occurrence and photocatalysis reaction device, mensurated its take-off efficiency by the gas chromatography to appraises its photochemical catalysis activeness. Finally has researched the deactivated charcoal-loaded photocatalyst’s regeneration method.
Firstly, on the basis of the former research, we further studied the technical parameters of TiO2 sol preparation, it is found that to control the volume of Tetrabutyl Titanate、Anhydrous Alcohol、Water and Glacial Acetic Acid by the proportion of 5︰40︰2︰5, pH value is 4, stable sol system can be obtained. Sol forms a gel after laying for about 22 hours. Moreover, dopes the mole score of 1% transition metal Co2+in the sol can help further reduced the grain size of TiO2 crystal, thus enhancing its photochemical catalysis activeness.
Aluminum sheet, stainless steel net and bamboo-made actived carbon are respectively selected as the TiO2 loaded carriers (the carriers which loads TiO2), and measured their performance by X-ray diffraction and FSEM techniques. Taking toluene as the target pollutant, using the photocatalysis reaction device, its take-off efficiency is mensurated, and the influence of the reactant initial concentration and the gas flow rate to toluene degradation efficiency are studied. The results showed that when taken the activated carbon is used as the carrier, the degradative efficiency of toluene can reach to 80%. The removal effect using the activated carbon is higher than the stainless steel, and that using aluminum sheet is the lowest. The take-off amounts of toluene is increased with the load increasing, but the uptrend gradually goes slow, the current capacity and the concentration change gradually lead to different removal; with the load further increasing, the take-off amounts of toluene come down.
Finally, the regeneration method of the deactivated charcoal-loaded photocatalyst has been investigated. The reason why catalyst became deactivated has been analyzed by FT-IR technique. We found that the catalyst’s activeness can be completely or partially restored with the method of passing clean air into the reactor under ultraviolet illumination, microwave irradiation and high-temperature treatment, realizing regeneration. However, from the point of running cost and time, the microwave irradiation is one of the most ideal method to realize catalysis’s regeneration.
首先是在以往实验成果的基础上对TiO2溶胶制备工艺参数做了进一步研究,实验表明控制钛酸丁酯︰无水乙醇︰去离子水︰冰醋酸体积比为5︰40︰2︰5,调整溶胶pH值为4,能得到稳定的溶胶体系。溶胶形成凝胶,陈化时间约为22小时。另外在溶胶中掺杂摩尔分数1%的过渡金属钴有助于进一步减小TiO2晶粒尺寸,从而提高其光催化活性。
分别选用铝片、不锈钢网以及竹活性炭作载体完成TiO2的负载,通过X射线衍射、FSEM扫描电镜等方法对催化剂微观结构进行表征。利用自制的光催化反应装置,以甲苯为目标污染物,对甲苯去除效率进行测定,其中以活性炭为载体,甲苯最高达到80%的光催化降解效率。去除效果为活性炭>不锈钢网>铝片。同时研究了反应初始浓度、气体流速对光催化降解甲苯效率的影响。实验研究结果表明:甲苯的去除量随负荷增加而上升,但上升趋势逐渐变缓,流量和浓度变化逐渐导致去除量变化;随负荷的进一步增加,甲苯的光催化去除量反而下降。
最后研究了活性炭负载光催化剂失活的再生方法。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析了催化剂失活的原因,实验发现通过在紫外光照下通入洁净空气、微波辐照、高温处理等方法可以完全或部分恢复催化剂的活性,实现再生。但从工艺成本、时间考虑,认为微波辐照是实现催化剂再生的比较理想的方法。
The deterioration of environment, especially the atmosphere pollution, resulting from the increasing and developing of industrialization, has become one of the city's environment problems, which is an absolutely urgent problem. Nano- TiO2 is the very novel green catalyst with its renewal ability and storability of energy and friendliness of environment. Now its relevant study becomes the focus of the field of photocatalysis, especially in exhaust gas treatment. In this paper, nano-TiO2 sol was prepared by sol-gel method and different carriers and supported method were investigated. Selected toluene as the target pollutant, through a set of DIY gas occurrence and photocatalysis reaction device, mensurated its take-off efficiency by the gas chromatography to appraises its photochemical catalysis activeness. Finally has researched the deactivated charcoal-loaded photocatalyst’s regeneration method.
Firstly, on the basis of the former research, we further studied the technical parameters of TiO2 sol preparation, it is found that to control the volume of Tetrabutyl Titanate、Anhydrous Alcohol、Water and Glacial Acetic Acid by the proportion of 5︰40︰2︰5, pH value is 4, stable sol system can be obtained. Sol forms a gel after laying for about 22 hours. Moreover, dopes the mole score of 1% transition metal Co2+in the sol can help further reduced the grain size of TiO2 crystal, thus enhancing its photochemical catalysis activeness.
Aluminum sheet, stainless steel net and bamboo-made actived carbon are respectively selected as the TiO2 loaded carriers (the carriers which loads TiO2), and measured their performance by X-ray diffraction and FSEM techniques. Taking toluene as the target pollutant, using the photocatalysis reaction device, its take-off efficiency is mensurated, and the influence of the reactant initial concentration and the gas flow rate to toluene degradation efficiency are studied. The results showed that when taken the activated carbon is used as the carrier, the degradative efficiency of toluene can reach to 80%. The removal effect using the activated carbon is higher than the stainless steel, and that using aluminum sheet is the lowest. The take-off amounts of toluene is increased with the load increasing, but the uptrend gradually goes slow, the current capacity and the concentration change gradually lead to different removal; with the load further increasing, the take-off amounts of toluene come down.
Finally, the regeneration method of the deactivated charcoal-loaded photocatalyst has been investigated. The reason why catalyst became deactivated has been analyzed by FT-IR technique. We found that the catalyst’s activeness can be completely or partially restored with the method of passing clean air into the reactor under ultraviolet illumination, microwave irradiation and high-temperature treatment, realizing regeneration. However, from the point of running cost and time, the microwave irradiation is one of the most ideal method to realize catalysis’s regeneration.
引文
[1] Fujishima A, Honda K. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode [J]. Nature,1972,238:37-38
[2] Hoffmann M.R., Martin S.T., Choi W.Y.,et al. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis[J]. Chem Rev,1995,95(1):69-96
[3] Mills A, Lehunte S. An Overview of Semiconductor Photocatalysis[J]. J Photochem Photobiol.A :Chem.1997,108(1):1-35
[4]崔高峰,王伯勇,王磊等.纳米TiO2的光催化现象及其在环保领域的应用[J].工业水处理. 2000,20(12):1-5
[5] Sauer M L, Ollis D.F.. Catalystd eactivation in gas-solid photocatalysis[J]. J Catal. 1996,163(1):215-217
[6] Alberici R.M., Jaradim W.F.. Photocatalytic destruction of VOCs in the gas-phase using titanium dioxide[J]. Appl CatalB:Environ.1997,14:55-68
[7] Fujishima A, Rao T.N., Tryk D.A.. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis[J]. J Photochem Photobioloty C: Photochem Rev.2000,1 (1):1-21
[8]王传义,刘春艳,沈涛.半导体光催化剂的表面修饰[J].高等学校化学学报. 1998,19(12):2013-2019
[9]余锡宾,王桂华,罗衍庆等. TiO2微粒的掺杂改性与催化活性[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版). 2000,29(1):75-82
[10]魏子栋,殷菲,谭君等. TiO2光催化氧化研究进展[J].化学报. 2001,(2):76-80
[11]贺飞,唐怀军,赵文宽等.纳米Ti02光催化剂负载技术研究[J].环境污染治理与备设. 2001,2(2):47-58
[12]张彭义,余刚,蒋展鹏.光活性二氧化钛膜的制备与应用[J].环境科学进展.1998,6(5):50-56
[13]田森林,宁平.有机废气治理技术及其新发展[J].环境科学动态. 2000,(1):23-27
[14]张洪林,耿安朝.流化吸附法净化处理沥青烟气的研究[J].环境工程. 1995, 13(1):21-24
[15] Ikeda K, Sakai H, Hashimoto K, et al. Phys Chem B,1997,101:2617
[16] Jose P, David F.O. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Gas-Phase Organic for Air Purification: Acetone, 1-Butanol, Butyraldehyde, Formaldehyde, and m-Xylene Oxidation [J]. Journal of Catalysis, 1992, 136:554-565
[17] Ulick S, Kimberly A.G, Prashant V.K, Radiolytic and TiO2-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-ChloropHonel [J]. A Comparative Study, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1994, 98: 6343-6351
[18] Madhumita B, Michael J.S., Ultraviolet Photooxidation for the Destruction of VOCs in Air [J]. Water Research, 1994, 28: 2407-2415
[19]杨钦慧.日本空气净化技术介绍,家用电器科技.2000,8:1 8-19
[20] Lynette A Dibble, Gregory B Raupp. Fluidized-Bed photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene in contaminated air streams[J].Environ Sci Techno.1992,26:492-495
[21] Maryc A.F., Maria T.D., Heterogeneous Photocatalysis[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1993, 93: 341-357
[22] Luo Y,Ollis D.F.Heterogeneous ohotocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene and toluene mixtures in air[J].J catal,1996,(163):1-11
[23] d’Hennezel O, Ollis D.F. Trichloroethylene-promoted photocatalytic oxidation of air contaminants [J].J catal,1997,(167):118-126
[24] Martra G, Coluccia S, et al. The role of H2O in the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene in vapour phase on anatase TiO2 catalyst[J] . Catal Today ,1999,53(4):695-702
[25] Choi W, Termin A, Hoffmann M.R.. The Role of Metal Ion Dopants in Quantum-Sized TiO2:Correlation between Photoreactivity and Charge Carried Recombination Dynamics[J].J Phys Chem.1994,9 8(5):13669一13679
[26]郑宜,李旦振,付贤智. C2H4的微波场助气相光催化氧化[J].高等学校化学学报,2001,22(3):443-445
[27] Kang M,Kim B J,Cho S M,et al. Decomposition of toluene using an atmospheric pressure plasma/TiO2 catalytic system [J]. J Mod Catal A: Chem. 2002, 180(1-2):125-132
[28]张彭义,余刚等.固定化二氧化钛膜的制备及其光催化性能[J].中国环境科学. 2000,20(5):436-440
[29]陈中颖,余刚,李开明.碳黑改性TiO2薄膜光催化剂的稳定性研究[J].环境科学与技术. 2006,29(2):23-26
[30]张前程,张凤宝,张国亮,王祖鹓.超细Co/TiO2和Ce/TiO2的制备及光催化性能[J].精细化工. 2003,20(4):227-229
[31]古政荣,陈爱平等.活性炭-纳米二氧化钛复合光催化空气净化网的研制[J].华东理工大学学报. 2000,26(4):367-371
[32]朱昕昊,陆永琪,朱天乐等. TiO2薄膜气相光催化氧化低浓度三氯甲烷和三氯乙烯的研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备. 2003,4(3):26-30
[33]张颖,李朝晖,杨凌霄等.过渡金属离子调变对光催化氧化反应的影响[J].环境科学研究. 2000,13(6):40-42
[34]安立超,曾析,李海燕等.载银Ti02催化剂的制备与性能研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备. 2001,2( 4):30 -33
[35]付贤智,丁正新,苏文悦等.二氧化钛基固体超强酸的结构及其光催化氧化性能[J].催化学报. 1999,20(3):321-324
[36] Vinodgopal K. The role of oxygen and reaction intermediates in the degradation of 4-chloropenol on immobilized TiO2 particulate films [J].Physical Chemistry, 1994, 98: 6797-6803
[37]郝吉明,马广大.大气污染控制工程[M],高等教育出版社,2002
[38] Murabayshi M, Itoh E, Togashi K. Photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in liquid phase and in gas phase by using titanium dioxide with platinum deposition[J]. Denkikagaku.1998.66(6):671-672
[39]李功虎,马胡兰,安纬珠. TiO2气相光催化氧化降解三氯乙烯的产物分布及失活机理研[J].分子催化. 2000,14(1):33-36
[40]廖东亮,肖新颜,陈焕钦. TiO2薄膜制备条件对甲醛光催化降解性能的影响[J].精细化工,2003, 20 (3):134-137
[41]曾庆冰,李效东,陆逸.溶胶-凝胶法基本原理及其在陶瓷材料中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程.1998, 14(2):138139
[42]张颖,李朝晖,杨凌霄等.过渡金属离子调变对光催化氧化反应的影响[J].环境科学研究. 2000,13(6):40-42
[43]陈建军,陈晓春,李庆余. Sol-Gel法制备纳米二氧化钛凝胶工艺优化[J].中国有色金属学报. 2000, 10 (1):8487
[44]尹荔松,周歧发,唐新桂.溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2的凝胶过程机理研究[J].功能材料.1999, 30( 4):407-409
[45]朱新锋.易分离TiO2光催化剂的制备及性能研究[MA].华中科技大学,2004
[46]裘小宁. SO42-/TiO2-SiO2固体超强酸的制备及应用[J].安徽工业大学学报. 2005,22(3):246-252
[47]傅若农.色谱分析概论[M] .北京:化学工业出版社.2001,138
[48]江正范.气相色谱检测方法[M.北京:化学工业出版社.2001,1-118
[49]刘虎威.气相色谱方法及应用[M.北京:化学工业出版社.2001,3-118
[50]王立主编.色谱分析样品处理[M] .北京:化学工业出版社.2001,9-30
[51]朱良漪主编.分析仪器手册[M] .北京:化学工业出版社.1997,471-494
[52] Kenneth A. Rubinson, Judith F. Rubinson. Contemporary instrumental analysis [M].pearson Education north ASIA limited and science press.2002.67 2-708
[53]何金兰等.仪器分析原理[M] .北京:科学出版社.2002.359-422
[2] Hoffmann M.R., Martin S.T., Choi W.Y.,et al. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis[J]. Chem Rev,1995,95(1):69-96
[3] Mills A, Lehunte S. An Overview of Semiconductor Photocatalysis[J]. J Photochem Photobiol.A :Chem.1997,108(1):1-35
[4]崔高峰,王伯勇,王磊等.纳米TiO2的光催化现象及其在环保领域的应用[J].工业水处理. 2000,20(12):1-5
[5] Sauer M L, Ollis D.F.. Catalystd eactivation in gas-solid photocatalysis[J]. J Catal. 1996,163(1):215-217
[6] Alberici R.M., Jaradim W.F.. Photocatalytic destruction of VOCs in the gas-phase using titanium dioxide[J]. Appl CatalB:Environ.1997,14:55-68
[7] Fujishima A, Rao T.N., Tryk D.A.. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis[J]. J Photochem Photobioloty C: Photochem Rev.2000,1 (1):1-21
[8]王传义,刘春艳,沈涛.半导体光催化剂的表面修饰[J].高等学校化学学报. 1998,19(12):2013-2019
[9]余锡宾,王桂华,罗衍庆等. TiO2微粒的掺杂改性与催化活性[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版). 2000,29(1):75-82
[10]魏子栋,殷菲,谭君等. TiO2光催化氧化研究进展[J].化学报. 2001,(2):76-80
[11]贺飞,唐怀军,赵文宽等.纳米Ti02光催化剂负载技术研究[J].环境污染治理与备设. 2001,2(2):47-58
[12]张彭义,余刚,蒋展鹏.光活性二氧化钛膜的制备与应用[J].环境科学进展.1998,6(5):50-56
[13]田森林,宁平.有机废气治理技术及其新发展[J].环境科学动态. 2000,(1):23-27
[14]张洪林,耿安朝.流化吸附法净化处理沥青烟气的研究[J].环境工程. 1995, 13(1):21-24
[15] Ikeda K, Sakai H, Hashimoto K, et al. Phys Chem B,1997,101:2617
[16] Jose P, David F.O. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Gas-Phase Organic for Air Purification: Acetone, 1-Butanol, Butyraldehyde, Formaldehyde, and m-Xylene Oxidation [J]. Journal of Catalysis, 1992, 136:554-565
[17] Ulick S, Kimberly A.G, Prashant V.K, Radiolytic and TiO2-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-ChloropHonel [J]. A Comparative Study, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1994, 98: 6343-6351
[18] Madhumita B, Michael J.S., Ultraviolet Photooxidation for the Destruction of VOCs in Air [J]. Water Research, 1994, 28: 2407-2415
[19]杨钦慧.日本空气净化技术介绍,家用电器科技.2000,8:1 8-19
[20] Lynette A Dibble, Gregory B Raupp. Fluidized-Bed photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene in contaminated air streams[J].Environ Sci Techno.1992,26:492-495
[21] Maryc A.F., Maria T.D., Heterogeneous Photocatalysis[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1993, 93: 341-357
[22] Luo Y,Ollis D.F.Heterogeneous ohotocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene and toluene mixtures in air[J].J catal,1996,(163):1-11
[23] d’Hennezel O, Ollis D.F. Trichloroethylene-promoted photocatalytic oxidation of air contaminants [J].J catal,1997,(167):118-126
[24] Martra G, Coluccia S, et al. The role of H2O in the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene in vapour phase on anatase TiO2 catalyst[J] . Catal Today ,1999,53(4):695-702
[25] Choi W, Termin A, Hoffmann M.R.. The Role of Metal Ion Dopants in Quantum-Sized TiO2:Correlation between Photoreactivity and Charge Carried Recombination Dynamics[J].J Phys Chem.1994,9 8(5):13669一13679
[26]郑宜,李旦振,付贤智. C2H4的微波场助气相光催化氧化[J].高等学校化学学报,2001,22(3):443-445
[27] Kang M,Kim B J,Cho S M,et al. Decomposition of toluene using an atmospheric pressure plasma/TiO2 catalytic system [J]. J Mod Catal A: Chem. 2002, 180(1-2):125-132
[28]张彭义,余刚等.固定化二氧化钛膜的制备及其光催化性能[J].中国环境科学. 2000,20(5):436-440
[29]陈中颖,余刚,李开明.碳黑改性TiO2薄膜光催化剂的稳定性研究[J].环境科学与技术. 2006,29(2):23-26
[30]张前程,张凤宝,张国亮,王祖鹓.超细Co/TiO2和Ce/TiO2的制备及光催化性能[J].精细化工. 2003,20(4):227-229
[31]古政荣,陈爱平等.活性炭-纳米二氧化钛复合光催化空气净化网的研制[J].华东理工大学学报. 2000,26(4):367-371
[32]朱昕昊,陆永琪,朱天乐等. TiO2薄膜气相光催化氧化低浓度三氯甲烷和三氯乙烯的研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备. 2003,4(3):26-30
[33]张颖,李朝晖,杨凌霄等.过渡金属离子调变对光催化氧化反应的影响[J].环境科学研究. 2000,13(6):40-42
[34]安立超,曾析,李海燕等.载银Ti02催化剂的制备与性能研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备. 2001,2( 4):30 -33
[35]付贤智,丁正新,苏文悦等.二氧化钛基固体超强酸的结构及其光催化氧化性能[J].催化学报. 1999,20(3):321-324
[36] Vinodgopal K. The role of oxygen and reaction intermediates in the degradation of 4-chloropenol on immobilized TiO2 particulate films [J].Physical Chemistry, 1994, 98: 6797-6803
[37]郝吉明,马广大.大气污染控制工程[M],高等教育出版社,2002
[38] Murabayshi M, Itoh E, Togashi K. Photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in liquid phase and in gas phase by using titanium dioxide with platinum deposition[J]. Denkikagaku.1998.66(6):671-672
[39]李功虎,马胡兰,安纬珠. TiO2气相光催化氧化降解三氯乙烯的产物分布及失活机理研[J].分子催化. 2000,14(1):33-36
[40]廖东亮,肖新颜,陈焕钦. TiO2薄膜制备条件对甲醛光催化降解性能的影响[J].精细化工,2003, 20 (3):134-137
[41]曾庆冰,李效东,陆逸.溶胶-凝胶法基本原理及其在陶瓷材料中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程.1998, 14(2):138139
[42]张颖,李朝晖,杨凌霄等.过渡金属离子调变对光催化氧化反应的影响[J].环境科学研究. 2000,13(6):40-42
[43]陈建军,陈晓春,李庆余. Sol-Gel法制备纳米二氧化钛凝胶工艺优化[J].中国有色金属学报. 2000, 10 (1):8487
[44]尹荔松,周歧发,唐新桂.溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2的凝胶过程机理研究[J].功能材料.1999, 30( 4):407-409
[45]朱新锋.易分离TiO2光催化剂的制备及性能研究[MA].华中科技大学,2004
[46]裘小宁. SO42-/TiO2-SiO2固体超强酸的制备及应用[J].安徽工业大学学报. 2005,22(3):246-252
[47]傅若农.色谱分析概论[M] .北京:化学工业出版社.2001,138
[48]江正范.气相色谱检测方法[M.北京:化学工业出版社.2001,1-118
[49]刘虎威.气相色谱方法及应用[M.北京:化学工业出版社.2001,3-118
[50]王立主编.色谱分析样品处理[M] .北京:化学工业出版社.2001,9-30
[51]朱良漪主编.分析仪器手册[M] .北京:化学工业出版社.1997,471-494
[52] Kenneth A. Rubinson, Judith F. Rubinson. Contemporary instrumental analysis [M].pearson Education north ASIA limited and science press.2002.67 2-708
[53]何金兰等.仪器分析原理[M] .北京:科学出版社.2002.359-422