低压电器电弧图像边缘检测算法研究
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摘要
低压电器电弧的运动对电器的分断能力、电寿命以及判断电器是否发生故障都起着相当重要的作用。揭示电弧从燃弧到灭弧的动态变化过程，是提高低压电器产品可靠性的有效途径之一。
边缘检测是数字图像处理中一项非常重要的技术。对电弧图像进行边缘检测是研究电弧运动的前期工作，能否找到一种适当的且效果好的边缘检测算法，在对电弧运动的研究中至关重要。本课题主要就是针对低压电器的电弧图像进行边缘检测的算法研究。
本文介绍了与课题相关的各种理论、概念，如图像分割、边缘提取以及模式识别的理论和常用方法等，并对数字图像处理中常用的方法、函数等也做了介绍。
主要的研究工作包括以下几个方面：
对一些传统的边缘检测算子，如：Roberts算子、Sobel算子、拉普拉斯算子等等进行了原理分析，并将这些算子应用于电弧图像，测试其边缘检测的效果。但这些传统边缘检测算子都过于简单，其去除噪声以及确定边缘位置等性能不是很理想。本文也对高斯．拉普拉斯(LoG)算子进行了分析，但经过分析测试其边缘检测效果依然不是很令人满意。
John Canny提出了边缘检测的三条准则，并在此基础上提出了一个效果很好的算法：Canny算法。本文详细介绍分析了这三条准则和Canny算法，并对Canny算法进行了实现并测试其效果。
然后，本文对以上算法进行了详细的评估与对比。并在这些算法的基础上，基于电弧图像的特点，提出了一种改进的多阶段边缘检测算法，这个算法中应用到模式识别中的类别可分离判据的理论，并使用了Canny算法所中提出的双阈值法和非极大值抑制方法等等。
测试该算法在电弧图像上能够取得较好的边缘检测效果。
The arc moving process of low voltage apparatus plays an important role for the disjunction ability of the contact, electrical life and its cause of invalidation. To improve its reliability, it is effective to investigate the dynamic change of the whole process from arcing to arc suppress.
Edge detection is an important part of the digital image processing. Detecting the edge of the image of the electrical arc is the precondition for the research of the dynamic change of the arc. So it is especially necessary for this research to find an appropriate detection algorithm with a good detecting result. This subject choose arc image as the research object.
This paper introduces various theories and methods relevant to this subject, such as image segmentation, edge detection, pattern recognition etc. And this paper also introduces some functions and methods often used in digital image processing.
Some conventional detection operators are analysed in detail, such as Roberts operator, Sobel operator and Laplacian operator, and also apply this operators to the arc image to test their detection results. But these conventional detection operators have a common shortcoming: they are too simple. This made their performance of noise suppressing and edge orientation is not very good. We also analyse LoG operator in this way. Although it is more complicated, it also cannot get a satisfactory result.
John Canny presented Canny criteria for edge detection, and also presented an algorithm based on these criteria, named Canny operator. In this paper, we analyse Canny criteria and Canny operator in detail.
We compare and evaluate the algorithms mentioned above. Based on these algorithms, and consider the property of the arc image, we proposed a new multi-stage algorithm. The proposed algorithm involves the class separability criterion in pattern recognition, and double-threshold method and non-maximum suppression proposed in Canny operator. We apply this algorithm to the arc image, and get a better result.
边缘检测是数字图像处理中一项非常重要的技术。对电弧图像进行边缘检测是研究电弧运动的前期工作，能否找到一种适当的且效果好的边缘检测算法，在对电弧运动的研究中至关重要。本课题主要就是针对低压电器的电弧图像进行边缘检测的算法研究。
本文介绍了与课题相关的各种理论、概念，如图像分割、边缘提取以及模式识别的理论和常用方法等，并对数字图像处理中常用的方法、函数等也做了介绍。
主要的研究工作包括以下几个方面：
对一些传统的边缘检测算子，如：Roberts算子、Sobel算子、拉普拉斯算子等等进行了原理分析，并将这些算子应用于电弧图像，测试其边缘检测的效果。但这些传统边缘检测算子都过于简单，其去除噪声以及确定边缘位置等性能不是很理想。本文也对高斯．拉普拉斯(LoG)算子进行了分析，但经过分析测试其边缘检测效果依然不是很令人满意。
John Canny提出了边缘检测的三条准则，并在此基础上提出了一个效果很好的算法：Canny算法。本文详细介绍分析了这三条准则和Canny算法，并对Canny算法进行了实现并测试其效果。
然后，本文对以上算法进行了详细的评估与对比。并在这些算法的基础上，基于电弧图像的特点，提出了一种改进的多阶段边缘检测算法，这个算法中应用到模式识别中的类别可分离判据的理论，并使用了Canny算法所中提出的双阈值法和非极大值抑制方法等等。
测试该算法在电弧图像上能够取得较好的边缘检测效果。
The arc moving process of low voltage apparatus plays an important role for the disjunction ability of the contact, electrical life and its cause of invalidation. To improve its reliability, it is effective to investigate the dynamic change of the whole process from arcing to arc suppress.
Edge detection is an important part of the digital image processing. Detecting the edge of the image of the electrical arc is the precondition for the research of the dynamic change of the arc. So it is especially necessary for this research to find an appropriate detection algorithm with a good detecting result. This subject choose arc image as the research object.
This paper introduces various theories and methods relevant to this subject, such as image segmentation, edge detection, pattern recognition etc. And this paper also introduces some functions and methods often used in digital image processing.
Some conventional detection operators are analysed in detail, such as Roberts operator, Sobel operator and Laplacian operator, and also apply this operators to the arc image to test their detection results. But these conventional detection operators have a common shortcoming: they are too simple. This made their performance of noise suppressing and edge orientation is not very good. We also analyse LoG operator in this way. Although it is more complicated, it also cannot get a satisfactory result.
John Canny presented Canny criteria for edge detection, and also presented an algorithm based on these criteria, named Canny operator. In this paper, we analyse Canny criteria and Canny operator in detail.
We compare and evaluate the algorithms mentioned above. Based on these algorithms, and consider the property of the arc image, we proposed a new multi-stage algorithm. The proposed algorithm involves the class separability criterion in pattern recognition, and double-threshold method and non-maximum suppression proposed in Canny operator. We apply this algorithm to the arc image, and get a better result.
引文
[1] 王其平．《电器电弧理论》．机械工业出版社，1982．pp．28-42
[2] 陈旭．“低压断路器开断过程中背后击穿现象的研究”．《电工技术杂志》，No．4 2000
[3] 陆俭国．《低压电器可靠性技术》．机械工业出版社，1987．pp．5-11
[4] 刘教民，孙壮志，郭鸿勇．“电弧动态图像的高速采集与处理”．《河北省科学院学报》，1998
[5] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods.《Digital Image Processing》, 2002.7
[6] Wei-Ying Ma and B.S. Manjunath, "EdgeFlow: A Technique for Boundary Detection and Image Segmentation," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 8, pp. 1375-1388, Aug. 2000
[7] Vincent Torte and Tomaso A. Poggio, "On Edge Detection". IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, No. 2
[8] Peter Braumann．“Agueo触头材料的电弧熄灭”，ETZ，1991，112(22)
[9] J. V.R. Heberlein, J.G. GORAN, "The High Current Metal Vapor Arc Column Between Separating Electrodes"
[10] 武建文，王毅等．“用于观测真空电弧形态的高速图像微机采集系统的研究”．《高压电器》，1995，Vol．31．No．2
[11] 袁海文．“低压限流器中电弧运动及器二位光纤阵列数字化测试系统的研究”．[博士论文]．西安交通大学，1996
[12] 孙壮志，刘教民．“TMS320C40实现电弧图像实时采集”．《数据采集与处理》，No．4．2001
[13] 刘教民．“低压电器电弧动态图像的采集与处理研究”．[博士论文]．河北工业大学，1998．5
[14] D.C. Marr and E. Hildreth, "Theory of Edge Detecticn," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. B275, pp. 97-110, 1980
[15] S. Mallat, "A Theory for Multi-resolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Reprsentation", IEEE Trans.,1989
[16] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods. 《Digital Image Processing》, pp:302-303 2002.7
[17] D.H. Marimont and Y. Rubner, "A Probabilistic Framework for Edge Detection and Scale Selection," Computer Vision, 1998. Sixth International Conference on, 4-7 pp. 207-214, Jan 1998
[18] Rosenfeld, A. andKak, A.C., DigitalPicture Processing, Chapter 10.5, pp. 182-158 (松弛算法边缘检测)
[19] 吴剑锋，林强．“一种图像边缘检测的新算法”．《福州大学学报(自然科学版)》，Vol．28 No．4
[20] 余生晨，刘大有，孙莉民．“一阶方向导数极值法——一种检测边缘的新方法”．《计算机研究与发展》，2000年2月
[21] 吴秀清．徐云翔，周蓉．“一种基于数据融合和小波变换的图像边缘检测方法”．《中国科学技术大学学报》，2001．4
[22] 陈晓中，孙华燕．“一种自然纹理背景下的图像目标检测方法”．《光学精密工程》，2000．10
[23] W.K. Pratt,《Digital Image Processing》, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1978
[24] 朱志刚，林学闫，石定机．《数字图像处理》．电子工业出版社，pp：378，2002．12
[25] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods. 《Digital Image Processing》, pp:213, 2002.7
[26] J. Prewitt, "Object Enhancement and Extraction," Picture Process. Psychopict., pp. 75-149, 1970.
[27] L.A. Spacek, "Edge Detection and motion detection," Image Vision Compute, vol. 4, pp. 43, 1986
[28] 吴薇，刘军，李旭霞．“图像分割中的阈值选取方法”．《西安工业学院学报》 第22卷第4期，2002年12月
[29] T. Poggio, H. Voorhees and A. Yuille, "A Regularized Solution to Edge Detection," Tech. Rep. MA, Rep. AIM-833, MIT Artificial Intell. Lab., May 1985
[30] Vishvjit S. Nalwa and Thomas O. Binford, "On Detecting Edged," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, No. 6, pp. 699-714, Nov.
[31] D. Marr, Vision, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982
[32] Doyle W. Operation Useful for Similarity. Invariant Pattern Recognition [J].J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 1962,9 p259-267
[33] Wu.A.Y, Rosenfield A. Threshold Selection Using Quadtree[J]. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.,1982, p90-94
[34] D. Demigny, L. Kessal, and J. Ports, "Fast Recursive Implementation of the Gaussian Filter," in Proc. 11th IFIP Int. Conf. Very Large Scale Integration,
[35] 王磊，莫玉龙，戚飞虎．“基于Canny理论的边缘提取改善方法”．《中国图象图形学报》Vol．1，No．3，July，1996．7
[36] 陆宗骐，梁诚．“用Sobel算子细化边缘”．《中国图象图形学报》．第5卷(A版)第6期2000年6月
[37] 刘春霞．“红外视频图像判度的预处理基础研究”．[硕士论文]．中国科学院 2003
[38] 栾新，朱铁一．“二次滤波法提取图像边缘”．《信息方法及其应用》，99．1
[39] Robert M. Haralick, FELLOW, IEEE, "Digital Step Edges from Zero Crossing of Second Directional Derivatives," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-6, No. 1, pp. 58-68, JANUARY 1984
[40] 苑玮琦，王建军，张宏勋．“一种基于梯度极值的边缘检测算法”．《信息与控制》．第26卷第2期．1997年4月．
[41] D.C. Marr and E. Hildreth, "Theory of Edge Detection," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. B275, pp. 187-217, 1980
[42] W.H.Lunscher and M.P.Beddoes, "Optimal Edge Detector Design Ⅰ:Parameter Seleetion and Noise Effects" IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, pp.164-177,1986
[43] 王郑耀．《数字图像的边缘检测》．[硕士论文] 西安交通大学
[44] 李小文．利用拉普拉斯——高斯模板进行边缘检测．《华南师范大学学报(自然科学版)》，1997．2
[45] Canny. J. A Computational Approach to Edge Detection, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, No. 6, Nov. 1986, 679-698
[46] 王郑耀．数字图像的边缘检测．[硕士论文]pp．62西安交通大学
[47] 边肇祺，张学工等．《模式识别》．第二版．清华大学出版社，2002．10．pp．28-42
[48] Kundu, Amlan. Robust edge detection. Pattern Recognition, v 23 n 5 1999
[2] 陈旭．“低压断路器开断过程中背后击穿现象的研究”．《电工技术杂志》，No．4 2000
[3] 陆俭国．《低压电器可靠性技术》．机械工业出版社，1987．pp．5-11
[4] 刘教民，孙壮志，郭鸿勇．“电弧动态图像的高速采集与处理”．《河北省科学院学报》，1998
[5] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods.《Digital Image Processing》, 2002.7
[6] Wei-Ying Ma and B.S. Manjunath, "EdgeFlow: A Technique for Boundary Detection and Image Segmentation," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 8, pp. 1375-1388, Aug. 2000
[7] Vincent Torte and Tomaso A. Poggio, "On Edge Detection". IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, No. 2
[8] Peter Braumann．“Agueo触头材料的电弧熄灭”，ETZ，1991，112(22)
[9] J. V.R. Heberlein, J.G. GORAN, "The High Current Metal Vapor Arc Column Between Separating Electrodes"
[10] 武建文，王毅等．“用于观测真空电弧形态的高速图像微机采集系统的研究”．《高压电器》，1995，Vol．31．No．2
[11] 袁海文．“低压限流器中电弧运动及器二位光纤阵列数字化测试系统的研究”．[博士论文]．西安交通大学，1996
[12] 孙壮志，刘教民．“TMS320C40实现电弧图像实时采集”．《数据采集与处理》，No．4．2001
[13] 刘教民．“低压电器电弧动态图像的采集与处理研究”．[博士论文]．河北工业大学，1998．5
[14] D.C. Marr and E. Hildreth, "Theory of Edge Detecticn," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. B275, pp. 97-110, 1980
[15] S. Mallat, "A Theory for Multi-resolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Reprsentation", IEEE Trans.,1989
[16] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods. 《Digital Image Processing》, pp:302-303 2002.7
[17] D.H. Marimont and Y. Rubner, "A Probabilistic Framework for Edge Detection and Scale Selection," Computer Vision, 1998. Sixth International Conference on, 4-7 pp. 207-214, Jan 1998
[18] Rosenfeld, A. andKak, A.C., DigitalPicture Processing, Chapter 10.5, pp. 182-158 (松弛算法边缘检测)
[19] 吴剑锋，林强．“一种图像边缘检测的新算法”．《福州大学学报(自然科学版)》，Vol．28 No．4
[20] 余生晨，刘大有，孙莉民．“一阶方向导数极值法——一种检测边缘的新方法”．《计算机研究与发展》，2000年2月
[21] 吴秀清．徐云翔，周蓉．“一种基于数据融合和小波变换的图像边缘检测方法”．《中国科学技术大学学报》，2001．4
[22] 陈晓中，孙华燕．“一种自然纹理背景下的图像目标检测方法”．《光学精密工程》，2000．10
[23] W.K. Pratt,《Digital Image Processing》, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1978
[24] 朱志刚，林学闫，石定机．《数字图像处理》．电子工业出版社，pp：378，2002．12
[25] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods. 《Digital Image Processing》, pp:213, 2002.7
[26] J. Prewitt, "Object Enhancement and Extraction," Picture Process. Psychopict., pp. 75-149, 1970.
[27] L.A. Spacek, "Edge Detection and motion detection," Image Vision Compute, vol. 4, pp. 43, 1986
[28] 吴薇，刘军，李旭霞．“图像分割中的阈值选取方法”．《西安工业学院学报》 第22卷第4期，2002年12月
[29] T. Poggio, H. Voorhees and A. Yuille, "A Regularized Solution to Edge Detection," Tech. Rep. MA, Rep. AIM-833, MIT Artificial Intell. Lab., May 1985
[30] Vishvjit S. Nalwa and Thomas O. Binford, "On Detecting Edged," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, No. 6, pp. 699-714, Nov.
[31] D. Marr, Vision, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982
[32] Doyle W. Operation Useful for Similarity. Invariant Pattern Recognition [J].J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 1962,9 p259-267
[33] Wu.A.Y, Rosenfield A. Threshold Selection Using Quadtree[J]. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.,1982, p90-94
[34] D. Demigny, L. Kessal, and J. Ports, "Fast Recursive Implementation of the Gaussian Filter," in Proc. 11th IFIP Int. Conf. Very Large Scale Integration,
[35] 王磊，莫玉龙，戚飞虎．“基于Canny理论的边缘提取改善方法”．《中国图象图形学报》Vol．1，No．3，July，1996．7
[36] 陆宗骐，梁诚．“用Sobel算子细化边缘”．《中国图象图形学报》．第5卷(A版)第6期2000年6月
[37] 刘春霞．“红外视频图像判度的预处理基础研究”．[硕士论文]．中国科学院 2003
[38] 栾新，朱铁一．“二次滤波法提取图像边缘”．《信息方法及其应用》，99．1
[39] Robert M. Haralick, FELLOW, IEEE, "Digital Step Edges from Zero Crossing of Second Directional Derivatives," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-6, No. 1, pp. 58-68, JANUARY 1984
[40] 苑玮琦，王建军，张宏勋．“一种基于梯度极值的边缘检测算法”．《信息与控制》．第26卷第2期．1997年4月．
[41] D.C. Marr and E. Hildreth, "Theory of Edge Detection," Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. B275, pp. 187-217, 1980
[42] W.H.Lunscher and M.P.Beddoes, "Optimal Edge Detector Design Ⅰ:Parameter Seleetion and Noise Effects" IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, pp.164-177,1986
[43] 王郑耀．《数字图像的边缘检测》．[硕士论文] 西安交通大学
[44] 李小文．利用拉普拉斯——高斯模板进行边缘检测．《华南师范大学学报(自然科学版)》，1997．2
[45] Canny. J. A Computational Approach to Edge Detection, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, No. 6, Nov. 1986, 679-698
[46] 王郑耀．数字图像的边缘检测．[硕士论文]pp．62西安交通大学
[47] 边肇祺，张学工等．《模式识别》．第二版．清华大学出版社，2002．10．pp．28-42
[48] Kundu, Amlan. Robust edge detection. Pattern Recognition, v 23 n 5 1999
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