谐波对电能计量的影响
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摘要
随着电力电子技术在各工业部门和用电设备上的广泛应用,非线性负载数量越来越多,容量也越来越大:另外,电气化牵引机车的大量使用、大型轧钢设备的投入使用都会使谐波大量注入电网,给电网造成谐波污染,使电力系统电压、电流波形发生畸变。电能是国民经济与人民生活的主要能源之一,电能计量涉及发电、供电、用电三方的经济利益。因此,在市场经济条件下,深入系统地研究谐波对电能计量的影响就显得十分必要。
论文首先论述了电能计量在经济结算和技术指标计算上的重要性,阐述了电力系统中谐波存在的普遍性及谐波的严重危害,由此说明研究谐波条件下电能计量的重要意义。通过查阅大量文献资料,论文在介绍了感应式和电子式电能表结构和原理的基础上,分析了它们产生误差的原因。通过谐波下线性负载和非线性负载消耗电能的推导,指出现行计量方式的不合理之处,对计量方式提出改进建议。
运用快速傅立叶(FFT)算法推导出解决谐波电能计量的计算公式。运用MATLAB/SIMULINK工具对10kV三相半波整流器负载的谐波电能及谐波指标进行仿真运算。将计算结果与理论分析结论进行对照,证实了线性负载和非线性负载谐波功率方向对电能计量的影响,验证了本文提出的考虑谐波的电能计量方法的合理性和正确性。
With the broad application of the electric and electrical technology in the industry branches and the power apparatuses, the number of non-linear loads is much more and more, and the capacity of them is biggish, in addition, with the extensive use of electric traction engines and large-scale equipments of steel rolling, a mass of harmonic is injected into the power system, which pollutes the power system and produces the waves of voltage and current to be aberrant serious. Electric energy is main energy source of country economy and people's life, electric energy metering relates to the three sides of power generation, power supplier and power user. Under the condition of marketing economy, improving the accuracy of electric power metering is of most importance. So, studying the influence of harmonic to electric energy metering deeply is very necessary.
The importance of electric energy measurement is explained at first in economic settlement and the technical indicator calculating, at the same time, the fact that the universality and serious harm of harmonic in the power system is described in the paper. It indicated the important meaning of study of harmonic. Through consulting a large number of domestic and foreign materials, the structure and working principle of induction and electron electric energy meter are introduced. And then the reason of electric energy meter registration error is explained. It points out the irrationality of electric energy measurement under current electric energy measuring standard through the expression formula of the electric energy consumed by linear loads and non-linear loads, and introduces a new measuring way, which is attested feasibly and rationally by the simulated experiment.
Derive formulas of harmonic power measurement by using the principle of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).The harmonic energy and harmonic factors of the 10KV supply and three-phase half-wave rectifier composing system are calculated by modeling with the MATLAB/SIMULINK tools, which certificated the new measuring way introduced in this paper to be true by comparing the calculation results with the theoretical analyzed conclusion.
论文首先论述了电能计量在经济结算和技术指标计算上的重要性,阐述了电力系统中谐波存在的普遍性及谐波的严重危害,由此说明研究谐波条件下电能计量的重要意义。通过查阅大量文献资料,论文在介绍了感应式和电子式电能表结构和原理的基础上,分析了它们产生误差的原因。通过谐波下线性负载和非线性负载消耗电能的推导,指出现行计量方式的不合理之处,对计量方式提出改进建议。
运用快速傅立叶(FFT)算法推导出解决谐波电能计量的计算公式。运用MATLAB/SIMULINK工具对10kV三相半波整流器负载的谐波电能及谐波指标进行仿真运算。将计算结果与理论分析结论进行对照,证实了线性负载和非线性负载谐波功率方向对电能计量的影响,验证了本文提出的考虑谐波的电能计量方法的合理性和正确性。
With the broad application of the electric and electrical technology in the industry branches and the power apparatuses, the number of non-linear loads is much more and more, and the capacity of them is biggish, in addition, with the extensive use of electric traction engines and large-scale equipments of steel rolling, a mass of harmonic is injected into the power system, which pollutes the power system and produces the waves of voltage and current to be aberrant serious. Electric energy is main energy source of country economy and people's life, electric energy metering relates to the three sides of power generation, power supplier and power user. Under the condition of marketing economy, improving the accuracy of electric power metering is of most importance. So, studying the influence of harmonic to electric energy metering deeply is very necessary.
The importance of electric energy measurement is explained at first in economic settlement and the technical indicator calculating, at the same time, the fact that the universality and serious harm of harmonic in the power system is described in the paper. It indicated the important meaning of study of harmonic. Through consulting a large number of domestic and foreign materials, the structure and working principle of induction and electron electric energy meter are introduced. And then the reason of electric energy meter registration error is explained. It points out the irrationality of electric energy measurement under current electric energy measuring standard through the expression formula of the electric energy consumed by linear loads and non-linear loads, and introduces a new measuring way, which is attested feasibly and rationally by the simulated experiment.
Derive formulas of harmonic power measurement by using the principle of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).The harmonic energy and harmonic factors of the 10KV supply and three-phase half-wave rectifier composing system are calculated by modeling with the MATLAB/SIMULINK tools, which certificated the new measuring way introduced in this paper to be true by comparing the calculation results with the theoretical analyzed conclusion.
引文
[1]吴竞昌主编.电力系统谐波.北京:中国电力出版社,1998.
[2]林海雪,孙树勤.电力网中的谐波,北京:中国电力出版社,1998.
[3]邱关源.电路.北京:高等教育出版社,1995.
[4]汤任鹏,徐建军.高次谐波产生的原因、危害及抑制措施[J].电气传动自动化,2002.2.22(1).
[5]黄伟主编.电能计量技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2004.
[6]张有顺.电能计量基础.北京:中国计量出版社,2002.
[7]邓志,徐柏榆,梅桂华等.谐波功率对感应式有功电度表计量的影响.中国电机工程学报.2002(4):139-143.
[8]赵伟,吕鸿莉,郭蕴蛟.电子式电能表及其在现代用电管理中的应用.北京:中国电力出版社,1999.
[9]Y.Bzghzouz,Owen T.Tan.Analysis of Induction Watthour meter[J].IEEE Trans.On power Apparatus and systems,Vol.PAS-IO4,No.3,Feb,1985.
[10]丁艺,赵伟,侯国屏.谐波条件下感应系电能表计量误差分析.电测与仪表.2002(10):8-12
[11]赵学东.电网波形畸变对感应式电能表准确度的影响[J].电测与仪表,1990(7):26-32.
[12]杨本渤.谐波对电能计量仪器的影响.电测与仪表,1993(11):5-10
[13]徐柏榆,邓志,梅桂华.谐波电流对感应式有功电度表计量的影响.电网技术,2002(9):37-50.
[14]Ayodeji A.Ogundare and hsok kumor,Effect of Harmonic on Watthour Meter Computer Simulation Model,IEEE,1990,273-277.
[15]Elham B,Makarm.hdly A.Girgis.A Harmonic Analysis of The induction Watthour Meterls Registration Error.IEEE,Power Delivery,1992,7(3).
[16]耿洪奎.微处理器多功能数字功率计原理与应用.电测与仪表,1987(10):6-10.
[17]江振寰等译.数字采样实验室功率表.电测与仪表,1988(9):23-26.
[18]Jang Y,A novel robust harmonic injection method for single-swich three phase discontinuous-conduction-mode boost recitifiers,IEEE Trans on Power Electrionics,1998,13(5).
[19]刘玉明.提高电能计量准确性的方法研究.重庆大学硕士论文,2002,5,重庆大学.
[20]韩松林等.时分割乘法器式交流功率转换器的动态误差分析.电测与仪表,1996(4).15-18.
[21]马晓光.电子式电能表的误差及其调整方法.电气时代,2004(3).52-55.
[22]高笑,王步云等.电力谐波及其对电能计量的影响.后勤工程学院学报,2004(2):53-55.
[23]金维宇,刘桂英.基于有源滤波器的基波电能表及其应用研究.长沙电力学院学报,2003(11):43-46.
[24]康伟,李波.全电子式基波电能表的研究.辽宁工学院学报,2007(4)
[25]裴学元.FFE-3型工频基波电子电能表的原理与应用.电测与仪表,1996(1):3-6.
[26]文俊,涂大石.对负载与谐波及电能计量问题的分析.电测与仪表,2000(12):12-14
[27]季鸿德,刘翔太,杜新元.非线性负载的电能计量方式初探.黑龙江电力,2007(6):233-237.
[28]张卓,骆盛军.对谐波影响下电能计量方式的探讨.广东电力2002.15(4):54-57.
[29]韩如成,赵旭,王畅.谐波对电能计量影响的分析及对策研究.太原重型机械学院学报,2002(9):32-36.
[30]赵建国,石岩,丁磊.电能计量中的谐波分析.中国电力,1997(12):21-24.
[31]张建光.电能计量装置中互感器引起的误差的计算.农村电气化,1998,(8):21-25.
[32]陈伟强.电压互感器二次压降对电能计量准确度的影响及防范措施.技术改进与创新,2004(2)17-20.
[33]Electric Power Research Institute.Evaluation of Electrical Interference to the Induction Watthour Meter.EL-2315 Research Project No.1738.Final Report,April 1982.
[34]R.H.Stevens.Effect of Harmonics on Induction and Solid State Watt hour Meters.Annual Electric Meter School and Conference,Wilmington,North Carolina,June 17-21 1979.
[35]Watt hour Meter Performance on Distorted Waveforms Produced by Industrial Rectifier Equipment.Westinghouse Engineering Technical Report,No.275 Supplement 4,1964.
[36]WC.Downing.Watt hour Meter Accuracy on SCR controlled Resistive Load.IEEE Trans.Power App.Syst.,PAS-93,July/August 1974.
[37]A.I.Emanuel et吐Induction Watt hour Meter Performance on Rectifier Inverter Circuits.IEEE Trans.Power App.Syst.,PAS-IO0,November 1981.
[38]A.J.Baggott.The Efect of Wave Distortions on the Measurement of Energy Tariff Meters.IEE Conference Publication No.156,Metering,Apparatus and Tariffs for Electricity Supply,London,Nov 15-17,1977.
[39]Marek M.Stabrowski.Modern Numerical Analysis of Time-Division Multipliers.IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,March 1979.
[40]WJ.M.Moore et al.An International Comparison of Power Meter Calibrations Conducted in 1987.IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,April 1989.
[41]Kogane Sakumoto Y.An Experimental Investigation into the feasibility of a multiplier with low speed sampling for the static Watthour Meters.Inst Elect Eng,1987.
[42]戚良娣等.感应型电能表在畸变波形下的数学模型.中国电机工程学报,1993(9):52-57.
[43]徐震等.谐波分析仪中采样截断误差的分析及其抑制.电测与仪表,1990(2):34-38.
[44]路文梅.泄漏误差对谐波分析及在线绝缘监测的影响.高电压技术,1999(3):17-21.
[45]赵渊等.电力系统谐波分析仪算法研究.华东电力,1999(4):46-50.
[46]张伏生等.电力系统谐波分析的高精度FFT算法.中国电机工程学报,1999(2):25-30.
[47]戚良娣等.感应型电能表在畸变波形下的数学模型.中国电机工程学报,1993(9):42-46.
[48]林盾,蓝磊,柴旭峥.基于谐波分析理论的FFT电能计量模型的改进.继电器,2004,32(10):18-22.
[49]张作美,魏学业.一种减少频谱泄露的自适应算法.北方交通大学学报,2000(4):434-437.
[2]林海雪,孙树勤.电力网中的谐波,北京:中国电力出版社,1998.
[3]邱关源.电路.北京:高等教育出版社,1995.
[4]汤任鹏,徐建军.高次谐波产生的原因、危害及抑制措施[J].电气传动自动化,2002.2.22(1).
[5]黄伟主编.电能计量技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2004.
[6]张有顺.电能计量基础.北京:中国计量出版社,2002.
[7]邓志,徐柏榆,梅桂华等.谐波功率对感应式有功电度表计量的影响.中国电机工程学报.2002(4):139-143.
[8]赵伟,吕鸿莉,郭蕴蛟.电子式电能表及其在现代用电管理中的应用.北京:中国电力出版社,1999.
[9]Y.Bzghzouz,Owen T.Tan.Analysis of Induction Watthour meter[J].IEEE Trans.On power Apparatus and systems,Vol.PAS-IO4,No.3,Feb,1985.
[10]丁艺,赵伟,侯国屏.谐波条件下感应系电能表计量误差分析.电测与仪表.2002(10):8-12
[11]赵学东.电网波形畸变对感应式电能表准确度的影响[J].电测与仪表,1990(7):26-32.
[12]杨本渤.谐波对电能计量仪器的影响.电测与仪表,1993(11):5-10
[13]徐柏榆,邓志,梅桂华.谐波电流对感应式有功电度表计量的影响.电网技术,2002(9):37-50.
[14]Ayodeji A.Ogundare and hsok kumor,Effect of Harmonic on Watthour Meter Computer Simulation Model,IEEE,1990,273-277.
[15]Elham B,Makarm.hdly A.Girgis.A Harmonic Analysis of The induction Watthour Meterls Registration Error.IEEE,Power Delivery,1992,7(3).
[16]耿洪奎.微处理器多功能数字功率计原理与应用.电测与仪表,1987(10):6-10.
[17]江振寰等译.数字采样实验室功率表.电测与仪表,1988(9):23-26.
[18]Jang Y,A novel robust harmonic injection method for single-swich three phase discontinuous-conduction-mode boost recitifiers,IEEE Trans on Power Electrionics,1998,13(5).
[19]刘玉明.提高电能计量准确性的方法研究.重庆大学硕士论文,2002,5,重庆大学.
[20]韩松林等.时分割乘法器式交流功率转换器的动态误差分析.电测与仪表,1996(4).15-18.
[21]马晓光.电子式电能表的误差及其调整方法.电气时代,2004(3).52-55.
[22]高笑,王步云等.电力谐波及其对电能计量的影响.后勤工程学院学报,2004(2):53-55.
[23]金维宇,刘桂英.基于有源滤波器的基波电能表及其应用研究.长沙电力学院学报,2003(11):43-46.
[24]康伟,李波.全电子式基波电能表的研究.辽宁工学院学报,2007(4)
[25]裴学元.FFE-3型工频基波电子电能表的原理与应用.电测与仪表,1996(1):3-6.
[26]文俊,涂大石.对负载与谐波及电能计量问题的分析.电测与仪表,2000(12):12-14
[27]季鸿德,刘翔太,杜新元.非线性负载的电能计量方式初探.黑龙江电力,2007(6):233-237.
[28]张卓,骆盛军.对谐波影响下电能计量方式的探讨.广东电力2002.15(4):54-57.
[29]韩如成,赵旭,王畅.谐波对电能计量影响的分析及对策研究.太原重型机械学院学报,2002(9):32-36.
[30]赵建国,石岩,丁磊.电能计量中的谐波分析.中国电力,1997(12):21-24.
[31]张建光.电能计量装置中互感器引起的误差的计算.农村电气化,1998,(8):21-25.
[32]陈伟强.电压互感器二次压降对电能计量准确度的影响及防范措施.技术改进与创新,2004(2)17-20.
[33]Electric Power Research Institute.Evaluation of Electrical Interference to the Induction Watthour Meter.EL-2315 Research Project No.1738.Final Report,April 1982.
[34]R.H.Stevens.Effect of Harmonics on Induction and Solid State Watt hour Meters.Annual Electric Meter School and Conference,Wilmington,North Carolina,June 17-21 1979.
[35]Watt hour Meter Performance on Distorted Waveforms Produced by Industrial Rectifier Equipment.Westinghouse Engineering Technical Report,No.275 Supplement 4,1964.
[36]WC.Downing.Watt hour Meter Accuracy on SCR controlled Resistive Load.IEEE Trans.Power App.Syst.,PAS-93,July/August 1974.
[37]A.I.Emanuel et吐Induction Watt hour Meter Performance on Rectifier Inverter Circuits.IEEE Trans.Power App.Syst.,PAS-IO0,November 1981.
[38]A.J.Baggott.The Efect of Wave Distortions on the Measurement of Energy Tariff Meters.IEE Conference Publication No.156,Metering,Apparatus and Tariffs for Electricity Supply,London,Nov 15-17,1977.
[39]Marek M.Stabrowski.Modern Numerical Analysis of Time-Division Multipliers.IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,March 1979.
[40]WJ.M.Moore et al.An International Comparison of Power Meter Calibrations Conducted in 1987.IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,April 1989.
[41]Kogane Sakumoto Y.An Experimental Investigation into the feasibility of a multiplier with low speed sampling for the static Watthour Meters.Inst Elect Eng,1987.
[42]戚良娣等.感应型电能表在畸变波形下的数学模型.中国电机工程学报,1993(9):52-57.
[43]徐震等.谐波分析仪中采样截断误差的分析及其抑制.电测与仪表,1990(2):34-38.
[44]路文梅.泄漏误差对谐波分析及在线绝缘监测的影响.高电压技术,1999(3):17-21.
[45]赵渊等.电力系统谐波分析仪算法研究.华东电力,1999(4):46-50.
[46]张伏生等.电力系统谐波分析的高精度FFT算法.中国电机工程学报,1999(2):25-30.
[47]戚良娣等.感应型电能表在畸变波形下的数学模型.中国电机工程学报,1993(9):42-46.
[48]林盾,蓝磊,柴旭峥.基于谐波分析理论的FFT电能计量模型的改进.继电器,2004,32(10):18-22.
[49]张作美,魏学业.一种减少频谱泄露的自适应算法.北方交通大学学报,2000(4):434-437.