操作思维的项目差异及类属理论建构
|
摘要
本文以新研发的《BTL-SW-V1.2操作思维测试软件》为研究工具在计算机上进行测试实验,结合现象学访谈和问卷调查等研究方法,通过横断设计和纵向比较,对操作思维的项目差异、影响因素以及测评方法等等,逐一进行细致研究。
研究—考察不同运动项目操作思维的类属差异。选取不同项群——曲棍球、乒乓球、羽毛球、跆拳道、射击、赛艇、举重、体操、武术和游泳等十个项目的高水平运动员(国家一级及以上者)为研究被试——由各省市队的专业运动员及北京体育大学竞技体院各专业队部分运动员组成,共304人。
研究二在放大样本的基础上,对两个典型项目——羽毛球和赛艇的操作思维特性进行了多层次的对比分析。羽毛球运动员来自国家羽毛球青年集训队、北京市羽毛球队以及北京体育大学竞技体院羽毛球专项队等各类运动员,共77人。赛艇运动员由湖北省赛艇队以及武汉体育学院赛艇队的队员组成,共66人。
通过两个实验的研究,本文的主要结论如下:
1、所测十个运动项目,具有显著操作思维类属差异。根据操作思维能力的高低,构建运动项目的操作思维类属理论,其中,乒乓球、羽毛球、曲棍球和跆拳道为一类,称之为高操作思维类(简称GCSL)。赛艇、游泳、体操、武术(套路)、射击(步枪)和举重为一类,称之为低操作思维类(简称DCSL),前一类显著优于后一类,即操作步数少、操作反应快且操作思维学习能力强。
2、操作思维学习递进系数(简称DJcs),是一个反映运动员操作思维内部信息加工能力的敏感指标,能够有效区分不同运动项目和运动员的不同运动水平,具有较高的预测效度。
3、操作思维Vincent学习曲线的波形、峰值和走向能够质性反映运动员操作思维学习内部进程的变化特点,本文共发现6种类型,其峰值、走向与操作思维学习递进系数之间存在一定共变性,是一个有效的直观评判指标。
4、羽毛球和赛艇运动员之间智力水平相差不大,均属中等偏下水平;在人格特点上,羽毛球运动员更趋向于外倾性,而赛艇运动员则在神经质和精神质上得分相对较高。
5、智商、人格与操作思维能力之间不相关。
In this paper,The Operational Thinking Testing Software of BTL-SW -V1.2,newly-published,was used as the research tool,combing phenomenological interview and questionnaire survey,the differences between sport events,influence factors and test methods of operational thinking were discussed,in the transverse design and longitudinal comparison.
In study one:the categorical differences of operational thinking between sport events were mainly examined.Ten sports events such as field hockey,table tennis,badminton,taekwondo,shooting(rifle),rowing, weight-lifting,gymnastics,wushu(taolu),swimming etc,and elite athletes were chosen as subjects,they were provincial athletes and collegiate athletes from Beijing Sport University.The total testers were 304.
In study two:based on a much larger sampling,multiple features of the operational thinking of the two typical events-badminton and racing boat were compared.The badminton athletes were mainly from the national youth team,Beijing badminton team,as well as the collegiate athletes, major in badminton from Beijing Sports University.In which there were 77 subjects altogether.The racing boats athletes were from Hubei team and team of Wuhan Sports Institute,where there was the national reserved training base.There were totally 66 subjects.
It was concluded form the two experimental studies that:
1.The categorical differences of operational thinking between the sport events were significant.According to the abilities of operational thinking,10 sports events could be divided into two categories:one was called High Operational Thinking Strategy Event-group,including field hockey,table tennis,badminton and taekwondo;the other one was called Low Operational Thinking Strategy Event-group,including rowing, swimming,gymnastics,wushu(taolu),shooting(rifle) and weight-lifting. In which the former was better than the latter,that was to say,less steps,faster reaction time and higher learning ability.
2.The progressive coefficient of operational thinking learning was a sensitive index that showed the information processing ability of the operational thinking among athletes,which could distinguish the different sport events and different levels' athletes effectively.
3.The waveform,peak value and tendency of Vincent learning curve of operational thinking revealed qualitatively the intrinsic characteristics of learning process of operational thinking among athletes.There was a common trend between the types of curve and the progressive coefficient of operational thinking learning.According to which,people could estimate directly.
4.There were no differences between badminton players and rowers in intelligence,which both belonged to lower middle level,but in the personality.In the dimensions of E(introversion-extroversion)、P(psychoticism) and N(neuroticism),there were all significant differences between the two events.
5.The correlation analysis of intelligence,personality and the ability of operational thinking showed that there were not significant among them.That was to say,intelligence and personality would not affect the ability of operational thinking.
研究—考察不同运动项目操作思维的类属差异。选取不同项群——曲棍球、乒乓球、羽毛球、跆拳道、射击、赛艇、举重、体操、武术和游泳等十个项目的高水平运动员(国家一级及以上者)为研究被试——由各省市队的专业运动员及北京体育大学竞技体院各专业队部分运动员组成,共304人。
研究二在放大样本的基础上,对两个典型项目——羽毛球和赛艇的操作思维特性进行了多层次的对比分析。羽毛球运动员来自国家羽毛球青年集训队、北京市羽毛球队以及北京体育大学竞技体院羽毛球专项队等各类运动员,共77人。赛艇运动员由湖北省赛艇队以及武汉体育学院赛艇队的队员组成,共66人。
通过两个实验的研究,本文的主要结论如下:
1、所测十个运动项目,具有显著操作思维类属差异。根据操作思维能力的高低,构建运动项目的操作思维类属理论,其中,乒乓球、羽毛球、曲棍球和跆拳道为一类,称之为高操作思维类(简称GCSL)。赛艇、游泳、体操、武术(套路)、射击(步枪)和举重为一类,称之为低操作思维类(简称DCSL),前一类显著优于后一类,即操作步数少、操作反应快且操作思维学习能力强。
2、操作思维学习递进系数(简称DJcs),是一个反映运动员操作思维内部信息加工能力的敏感指标,能够有效区分不同运动项目和运动员的不同运动水平,具有较高的预测效度。
3、操作思维Vincent学习曲线的波形、峰值和走向能够质性反映运动员操作思维学习内部进程的变化特点,本文共发现6种类型,其峰值、走向与操作思维学习递进系数之间存在一定共变性,是一个有效的直观评判指标。
4、羽毛球和赛艇运动员之间智力水平相差不大,均属中等偏下水平;在人格特点上,羽毛球运动员更趋向于外倾性,而赛艇运动员则在神经质和精神质上得分相对较高。
5、智商、人格与操作思维能力之间不相关。
In this paper,The Operational Thinking Testing Software of BTL-SW -V1.2,newly-published,was used as the research tool,combing phenomenological interview and questionnaire survey,the differences between sport events,influence factors and test methods of operational thinking were discussed,in the transverse design and longitudinal comparison.
In study one:the categorical differences of operational thinking between sport events were mainly examined.Ten sports events such as field hockey,table tennis,badminton,taekwondo,shooting(rifle),rowing, weight-lifting,gymnastics,wushu(taolu),swimming etc,and elite athletes were chosen as subjects,they were provincial athletes and collegiate athletes from Beijing Sport University.The total testers were 304.
In study two:based on a much larger sampling,multiple features of the operational thinking of the two typical events-badminton and racing boat were compared.The badminton athletes were mainly from the national youth team,Beijing badminton team,as well as the collegiate athletes, major in badminton from Beijing Sports University.In which there were 77 subjects altogether.The racing boats athletes were from Hubei team and team of Wuhan Sports Institute,where there was the national reserved training base.There were totally 66 subjects.
It was concluded form the two experimental studies that:
1.The categorical differences of operational thinking between the sport events were significant.According to the abilities of operational thinking,10 sports events could be divided into two categories:one was called High Operational Thinking Strategy Event-group,including field hockey,table tennis,badminton and taekwondo;the other one was called Low Operational Thinking Strategy Event-group,including rowing, swimming,gymnastics,wushu(taolu),shooting(rifle) and weight-lifting. In which the former was better than the latter,that was to say,less steps,faster reaction time and higher learning ability.
2.The progressive coefficient of operational thinking learning was a sensitive index that showed the information processing ability of the operational thinking among athletes,which could distinguish the different sport events and different levels' athletes effectively.
3.The waveform,peak value and tendency of Vincent learning curve of operational thinking revealed qualitatively the intrinsic characteristics of learning process of operational thinking among athletes.There was a common trend between the types of curve and the progressive coefficient of operational thinking learning.According to which,people could estimate directly.
4.There were no differences between badminton players and rowers in intelligence,which both belonged to lower middle level,but in the personality.In the dimensions of E(introversion-extroversion)、P(psychoticism) and N(neuroticism),there were all significant differences between the two events.
5.The correlation analysis of intelligence,personality and the ability of operational thinking showed that there were not significant among them.That was to say,intelligence and personality would not affect the ability of operational thinking.
引文
[1]廖慧珍.竞技体育中运动员的心理训练研究[J].考试周刊.
[2]程勇民.知识表征、运动水平及其年龄对羽毛球竞赛情景中直觉性运动决策的影响[D].北京体育大学博士学位论文,2005.
[3]梁承谋.近年来认知运动心理学研究进展[R].中国体育科学学会蓝皮书,2007.
[4]朱智贤,林崇德.思维发展心理学[M].北京师范大学出版社,1984.
[5]梁承谋.普通心理学原理[M].北京:中国三峡出版社,1996
[6]漆昌柱.羽毛球专家-新手在模拟比赛情景中的问题表征与运动思维特征[D].北京体育大学博士研究生学位论文,2001.
[7]彭聃龄.普通心理学[M].北京师范大学出版社,2003.
[8]罗季奥昂诺夫著,卢振南等译.运动能力的心理学诊断[M].武汉体育学院科研处编印,1984.
[9]许尚侠.操作思维与运动操作的关系.华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)[J],1982,2:57-63.
[10]田运.思维科学[M].浙江教育出版社.1988.
[11]林崇德,杨治良,黄希庭.简明心理学大词典[M],北京师范大学出版社,2003.
[12]张力为,毛志雄.运动心理学[M].华东师范大学出版社,2003.
[13]鲁吉克著,汤秉南等译.运动心理学[M].武汉体育学院科研处编印,1979.
[14]邱宜均,贝恩渤.甲级排球运动员操作思维的初步研究[J].心理学报,1984,5:31-37.
[15]陈舒永,杨博民,邱宜均等.六种心理特点与体育运动的关系(摘要)[J].武汉体育学院学报,1982,1:7-10.
[16]邱宜均,刘立新,贝恩渤.湖北省优秀运动员几项心理指标的测试研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1989,4:33-38.
[17]周百之.乒乓球运动员的操作思维[J].中国体育科技,1984,17:3-5.
[18]韩晨,梁承谋.问题情境及技术等级对运动员直觉性思维的影响--对棒球运动员投-击球判断准确性和时间的实验[D].[硕士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2000.
[19]王斌.手球运动情境中直觉决策的实验研究与运动直觉理论的初步建构[D].[博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2002.
[20]付全.信息量与认知风格对击剑运动员决策速度、准确性和稳定性的影响[D].[博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2004.
[21]李今亮.乒乓球运动员接发球判断的思维活动特征[D].[博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2005.
[22]王长生.不同逻辑背景下跆拳道运动员直觉判断速度及决策准确性研究[D][博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2007.
[23]梁承谋,程勇民,付全等.BTL-SW-1.2操作思维测试系统的开发与检验--摔跤、羽毛 球、击剑三项目不同水平运动员操作思维差异之比较[R].第六届全国运动心理学大会会议论文,2003.
[24]梁承谋,程勇民,付全等.健将与一般水平中国羽毛球运动员操作思维的Vincent学习曲线时间指标之差异比较[R].北京:第七届全国体育科学大会论文汇编,2004.
[25]梁承谋,程勇民,付全等.BTL-SW-V1.2操作思维测试系统的开发与检验.体育学刊,2007,6:34-36.
[26]符德龙.散打运动员操作思维能力与逻辑思维能力的研究[D].北京体育大学学士论文,2007.
[27]梁承谋,刘改成,王长生等.羽毛球运动员操作性思维文森特(Vincent)学习曲线类型特点初探-62名运动员BTL-SW-V1.2操作思维软件测定图形分析[R].武汉:第八届全国运动心理学大会论文汇编,2006.
[28]梁承谋.直觉问题及运动情境中直觉性思维实证[R].台北:第四届泛华心理学研讨会,2002.
[29]刘爱伦.思维心理学[M].上海教育出版社,2002.
[30]荆其诚主编.简明心理学百科全书[M].湖南教育出版社,1992.
[31]雷蓉蓉.中国羽毛球运动健将思维心理特征的测试研究[J].中国体育科技,1991,10:4-10.
[32]王忠勇,朱萍,李克荣.对不同水平女标枪运动员操作思维的研究[J].中国学校体育,1994,5:46-46.
[33]陈伟霖.女篮运动员操作思维的研究[J].福建体育科技,1988,3:40-41.
[34]雷蓉蓉等.中国优秀羽毛球运动员竞技能力心理结构及其选材对策[J].中国体育科技,1988.
[35]丁东升,朱瑛.男排运动员操作思维能力的研究[J].山东体育学院学报,1997,1(33):53-56.
[36]王美娟,原维佳.武术运动员操作思维敏捷性研究初探[J].山东体育学院学报,1994,1(21):23-26.
[37]张文革,舒为平.甲A女排自由防守队员防守能力测评方法的初步研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2005,1(31):63-66.
[38]骆积强.多元智力理论对运动智力研究的启示[J].体育科学研究,2004,3(8):90-93.
[39]田学岭.不同运动项目对学生操作能力影响的比较研究[J].周口师范学院学报,2004,5(21):94-97.
[40]黄韵亚.论艺术体操运动员的智力因素和非智力因素[J].体育科技,2003,4(24):43-45.
[41]陈晓鸣.我国少年甲组男篮运动员心理素质与专项成绩的关系研究[J].首都体育学院学报,2003,2(15):85-87.
[42]孙永生.儿童足球运动员选材指标的研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2002,2:13.15.
[43]贾志强,刘海英,武国政.在篮球战术基础配合教学中运用“操作思维引导式教学法”的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2001,1(24):95-98.
[44]何洋,石岩,郭仁立等.我国青少年射箭运动员选材指标与标准的研究[J].中国体育科技,2002,10(38):60-61.
[45]吴家舵,戴金彪,杨烨等.我国优秀青少年羽毛球运动员心理特征与运动成绩的相关研 究[J].上海体育学院学报,2000,4(24):58-61.
[46]王深.我国运动智力研究的现状与发展趋向[J].福建体育科技,2000,1(19):21-24.
[47]傅建霞,杨洪辉.我国女篮甲级队后卫队员的智力与若干运动技术能力的关系研究[J].体育科技,2000,3(21):27-30.
[48]卢亮球,邝郁,陈树.我国优秀少年女篮运动员运动成绩与某些感知特征的相关分析[J].西安体育学院学报,2000,2(17):79-81.
[49]明君,安良,商策.对国家冰球队运动员几项心理指标的研究[J].冰雪运动,1999,4:45-48.
[50]贺国侠.乒乓球运动员思维特征的试验研究[J].汉中师范学院学报(自然科学),1999,2(17):65-67.
[51]刘奕涛.乒乓球运动员的智力研究[J].体育学刊,1999,1:113-115.
[52]徐培.优秀运动员专项智力研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,1999,1:65-67.
[53]姒刚彦,姚家新,黄仲巨.第12届亚运会中国帆板队心理准备与心理训练的应用研究fJ].武汉体育学院学报,1995,3:49-55.
[54]周慕蔚.广西女子少年篮球运动员选材标准[J].广西体育科技,1994,1-2:53-57.
[55]徐百发,盛龙宝,王贵炎.江苏省少年排球运动员选材模式初探[J].南京体育学院学报,1994,16(8):22-24.
[56]黄敏,林呈生,傅志忠.无线电测向运动员选材研究[J].福建体育科技,1994,2(13):64-69.
[57]许永刚.少年男篮运动员身体形态素质心理因素与技术关系的系统分析[J].广州体育学院学报,1994,2(14):21-27.
[58]温一静.跳水运动员心理特征的研究[J].中国体育科技,1993,7(29):182-186.
[59]祝蓓里,唐征宇,林平等.优秀少年(男)足球运动员心理特征模式初探[J].贵州体育科技,1993,4:24-29.
[60]侯卫东.优秀女子足球运动员专项心理素质结构研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2004,1(19):65-69.
[61]朱国生,高凤鸣.不同负荷下武术运动员部分感受性变化的研究[J].安徽体育科技,2003,4(24):46-47.
[62]武德生.篮球运动员操作思维的研究[J].科技资讯,2005,26:58-59.
[63]李迎春,范爱武.高校排球队心理品质的培养和训练[J].南京体育学院学报,1995,20(9):39-42.
[64]赵大宁.试述辽宁省艺术体操运动员的操作思维[J].沈阳体育学院学报,1992,2:72-74.
[65]何雪德,牛洪林.如何培养足球运动员的思维能力[J].沈阳体育学院学报,1991,2:72-75.
[66]张璐斐,张华光,林亚阔.少年儿童羽毛球几项心理指标的测试结果与分析[J].福建体育科技,1991,1(10):63-67.
[67]周成林.谢虹.对沈阳体院竞体校与省、国家级体操、田径运动员几项心理指标的比较研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1991,3:52-57.
[68]朱翠源.我国帆船运动员专项心理能力评价与选才的研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1991,3:37-43.
[69]张炎生,对武术套路运动员若干智力问题的探讨[J]航州师范学院学报.1991,6:104-108.
[70]张林.我国部分女篮运动员技术效能与运动感知觉、操作思维能力的关系探讨[J].上海体 育学院学报,74-77.
[71]刘志民,陈昂,对我国青年女子篮球运动员智力的研究[J].苏州大学学报(自然科学),1989,2(5):200-203.
[72]风肖玉.对运动员操作思维能力的一种测定方法的初步研究[J].心理科学,1984,4:61-63.
[73]蔡仲林.对武术散手运动员认知心理特征的实验研究[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),1989,2(11):84-89.
[74]钱永刚.我国甲级足球队运动员若干认知心理特征的初步研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,1988,4:36-40.
[75]雷蓉蓉,吴少鹏,吴鸿业等.中国优秀羽毛球运动员竞技能力心理结构及选材对策(续)[J].中国体育科技,1988,10:10-21.
[76]夏宝伦,常虹.要重视培养冰球运动员操作思维的敏捷性[J].41-44.
[77]张林.关于篮球运动员心理特征的研究(文献综述)[J].浙江体育科学,1987,2:27-29.
[78]詹美莎,褚跃德,胡天奇等.篮球运动员的心理选材,北京体育大学学报,1986,4:8-23.
[79]陈康,杨抗美.不同神经类型女排运动员某些心理指标之间差异的研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1984,4:57-63
[80]朱瑛.男子篮球运动员操作思维能力的研究[J].山东体育科技,1987,1:64-67.
[81]姚颂平,田福海.男子篮球运动员防守中心理认识过程的某些特征探讨[J].上海体育学院学报,1985,1:14-19.
[82]谭思洁.少年田径运动员几项心理指标的测试结果与分析[J].天津体育学院学报,1987,3:26-32.
[83]汪俊,于海峰.对首都体育学院不同位置男子篮球运动员操作思维的研究[J].体育世界,2007,8:25-27.
[84]常庆.优秀运动员心理特征的统计分析[J].体育科学,1984,2:15-21.
[85]肖开宁,王振,姜小丰等.广西运动员十项心理指标测定与研究[J].体育科技,1988,1:62-69.
[86]杨剑,肖辉.智力与运动专项智力研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2002,2(36):55-57.
[87]孙鹏,李宗浩.我国优秀电子竞技运动员操作思维特征[J].天津体育学院学报,2007,4(22):350-352.
[88]王海清,燕成.对体育学系中思维活动规律认识误区的探讨[J].湘潭师范学院学报(自然科学版),2002,1(24):99-102.
[89]张林,朱颂模.不同位置的优秀女篮运动员心理能力差异探讨[J].抚州师专学报(自然科学辑刊),1989,3:86-90.
[90]佘军标,心理素质训练对射箭运动员某些心理特征的影响.卫生预防论著[J].2001,10(5):484-485.
[91]张云保.摔跤运动员早期选材[J].武汉体育学院学报,2000,1(34):86-88.
[92]周家骥,王养华,李酉亭.体育系学生的智力状况分析[J].武汉体育学院学报,1985,2:76-82.
[93]潘前,刘志民.对我国青少年羽毛球运动员若干智力问题的探讨[J].上海体育学院学报,1989,1:24-29.
[94]闭宏仁.对影响武术运动的非智力因素和智力因素的研究[J].体育科技,2001,4(22):29-32.
[95]谭湘萍.试论体育运动中的智力因素[J].湖北体育科技,1995,2:48-49.
[96]周工．篮球运动员战术思维微机模拟的实验设计[J]．心理学报,1988,3：291-298．
[97]Lindquist,E.L.An information processing approach to the study of a complex motor skill.RES Q,1970,3(41):396-401.
[98]Robert N.singer & Christopher M Janelle.Determining sport expertise:from genes to supremes.Intj.sport psychology,1999,30:117-150.
[99]Robert N.singer,James H.Cauraugh,Dapeng Chen,et al.Visual search,anticipation,and reactive comparisons between highly-skilled and beginning tennis players.Journal of applied sport psychology,1996,8:9-26
[100]Andrew mark Williams & Andrew grant.Training perceptual skill in sport.International Journal of sport psychology,1999,30:194-220.
[101]Hubert Ripoll.The understanding-acting process in sport:the relationship between the semantic and sensorimotor visual function.International Journal of sport psychology,1991,22,221-243.
[102]Isaacs & Finch.Anticipatory timing of beginning and intermediate tennis players.Perceptual and Motor Skills,1983,57:451-454.
[103]Starkes,J.L.,& Deakin,J.Perception in sport:A cognitive approach to skilled performance.In W.F.,Straub & J.M.Williams(Eds.),Cognitive sport psychology,New York:Sport Science Associates,1984,115-128.
[104]Morris & Burwitz.Anticipation and movement strategies in elite soccer goalkeepers at penalty kicks,British Journal of Sports Sciences(abstract),1989,7:79-80.
[105]Souliere & Salmela.Visual measures,temporal stress and motor performance in volleyball.In J.H.,Salmela,J.T.,Partington,& T.Orlick(Eds.),New paths of sport learning and excellence.Ottawa:Sports in Perspective Incorporated,1982,27-28.
[106]McPherson & Thomas.Relation of knowledge and performance in boys' tennis:Age and expertise,Journal of experimental child psychology,1989,48:190-211.
[107]Wood,Wild,Hussey,& Crews.Serial examination of the normal visual field using octopus automated projection perimetry:Evidence for a learning effect.Acta Opthamologica,1987,65,326-333.
[109]Worrell.The impact of specialized sports vision testing and therapy on baseball batting averages.International Journal of Sports Vision,1996,3:1.
[110]Gibson.The ecological approach to visual perception.Bostom:Houghton-Mifflin,Hofsten,C.von.Catching.In H.Heuer & A.F.Sanders(Eds.),Perspectives on perception and action.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.,1979:33-46.
[111]Katherine T.Thomas & Jerry R.Thomas.Developing expertise in sport:the relation of knowledge and performance.International journal sport psychology,1994,25:295-312.
[112]Storm J.Russell.Athletes' knowledge in task perception,definition and classfication.Australia international journal of sport psychology,1990,21:85-101.
[113]Gary G Ford,Frankie Goodwin,& James w.Richardson.Perceptual factors affecting the accuracy of ball and strike judgments from the traditional American league and national league umpiring perspectives.International journal sport psychology,1995,27:50-58.
[114]Geoffrey Paull & Denis Glencross.Expert perception and decision making in baseball Internationa.Journal of sport psychology,1997,28:35-56.
[115]Paul Ward & A.Mark Williams.Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer:the multidimensional nature of expert performance.Journal of sport & Exercise Psychology,2003,25,93-111.
[116]David L.Wright & Frank Pleasants & Marco Gomez-Meza.Use of Advanced visual cue sources in volleyball.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,1990,12,406-414.
[117]Joseph baker & Jean cote.Sport-specific practice and the development of expert decision-making in team ball sports.Journal of applied sport psychology,2003,15:12-25
[118]Sue L.McPherson.The influence of player experience on problem solving during batting preparation in baseball.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,1993,15,304-325.
[119]Bruce Abernethy & David G Russell.Expert-novice differences in an applied selective attention task Journal of sport psychology,1987,9:326-345.
[120]Jeff Huber.Differences in problem representation and procedural knowledge between elite and nonelite springboard divers.The sport psychologyist,1997,11:142-159.
[121]David R.Houlston & Richard Lowes.Anticipatory cue-utilization processes amongst expert and non-expert wicketkeepers in cricket.International journal of sport psychology,1993,24:59-73.
[122]Markus Raab.Implicit and explicit learning of decision making in sports is effected by complexity of situation.International journal of sport psychology,2003,34:273-88.
[123]Chantal bard,Michelle fleury & claude Goulet.Relationship between perceptual strategies and response adequacy in sport situation.International journal of sport psychology,1994,25:266-281.
[124]Bachir Zoudji,Bernard Thon.Expertise and implicit memory:differential repetition priming effects on decision making in experienced and inexperienced soccer players.International journal of sport psychology,2003,34:189-207.
[125]Claude Goulet,Chantal Bard,& Michelle Fleury.Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve:a visual information processing approach.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,1989,11:382-398.
[126]Mcpherson..Expert-novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,2000,22:39-62.
[127]Terry McMcpris.Cognitve development and the acquisition of decision-making skills.Int j sport psychol,1999,30:151-172
[128]Karen E.French & Sue L.Mcpherson.Adaptations in response selection processes used during sport competition with increasing age and expertise.Int j sport psycolo,1999,30:173-193.
[129]Hubert Ripoll,& Nicolas benguigui.Emergence of expertise in ball sports during child development.Int j sport psycholo,1999,30:235-245.
[130]Vincent nougier,& Bruna rossi.The development of expertise in the orienting of attention.Int j.sport psychol,1999,30:246-260
[131]Gershon tenbenbaum,& Evan stewart,paul sheath.Detection of targets and attentional flexibility:can computerized simulation account for developmental and skill-level differences? Intj sport psychol,1999,30:261-282.
[132]Janet L.starkes,Patricia L.Weir,Parrnjit singh,Nicola J.Hodges & Tracey kerr.Aging and the retention of sport expertise Int j sport psychol,1999,30:283-301.
[133]Bruce abernethy.Visual search strategies and decision-making in sport International journal of sport psychology,1991,22:189-210.
[134]Michel Laurent & James A.Thomson Anticipation and Control in Visually-Guided Locomotion.Int,j sport psychol,22:251-270,1991.
[135]Peter McLeod & Simon Jenking.Timing accuracy and decision time in high-speed ball games Intj sport psychol,1991,22:279-295
[136]Vincent Nougier,Jean-francois stein,& Anne-Marie Bonnel.Information processing in sport and orienting of attention.Int j sport psychol,1991,22:307 -327.
[137]Damian farrow,Paula Chivers,Carl Hardingham,Shane Sachse The effect of video-based perceptual training on the tennis return of serve.Int J.sport psychol,1998,29:231-242.
[138]Isabel.B.Tallir,Eliane Musch,Martin Valcke,& Matthieu Lenoir.Effects of Two instructional approaches for basketball of decision-making and recognition ability.Int J sport psychol,2005,36:107-126.
[139]李宗浩,肖林鹏,杨晓晨等.奥林匹克运动项目分类及其项目群特征的研究.天津体育学院学报,2006,6(21):461-463.
[140]陶志翔.持拍隔网对抗项群男子单人项目基本单元竞技过程的研究[D].北京体育大学博士研究生论文,2002.
[141]田麦久,刘筱英.论竞技运动项目的分类.北京体育大学学报,1983,11:41-46.
[142]田麦久.项群训练理论[M].人民体育出版社,1998.
[143]周西宽,唐思宗等.运动学[M].四川教育出版社.1990.
[144]曹景伟.百年奥运田径项目成绩紧张历史回眸[J].广州体育学院学报,2000,1(20):11-16.
[145]谢亚龙,王汝英,王清.体能类项群运动成绩的中长期预测方法-递进系数法的研究[J].体育科学,1990,5:37-40.
[146黄良文,曾五一.统计学原理[M].中国统计出版社.北京,2000.
[147]刘烨,李刚,林凌.7-16岁学生解决“汉诺塔”问题的心理测试[J].天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,1(6):90-95.
[148]张小将,刘昌.汉诺塔问题解决的认知过程及特点分析.心理与行为研究[J],2005,3(1):44-48.
[149]赵俐敏,我国优秀羽毛球运动员年龄结构特征分析.中国体育教练员[J],1995,2.18-20.
[150]陈仲庚等.《艾森克人格问卷使用手册》[M].北京大学出版社,1985.
[151]陈仲庚.艾森克人格问卷的项目分析[J1.心理学报,1983(2):211.217.
[152]王秀香,明大阳.体能主导类健将级运动员艾森克个性调查分析[J].北京体育大学学 报,2004(7):900-902
[153]张厚粲,王晓平.瑞文标准推理测验手册(中国城市修订版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1985:1-60
[154]张厚粲,王晓平.瑞文标准推理测验在我国的修订[J].心理学报,1989(2):113-121.
[155]任未多,邢玉香.运动直觉及其特征[J].体育科学,1989,4:68-71.
[156]朱新明.直觉、顿悟和灵感的心理机制,见(赵光武主编)思维科学研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999:374-402.
[156]王树明,章建成.羽毛球运动员专项情境中信息加工阶段速度研究.中国体育科技,2005,5(41):93-96.
[157]Welsh,Marilyn C.& Huizinga,Mariette.Tower of Hanoi disk-transfer task:Influences of strategy knowledge and learning on performance.Learning & Individual Differences,2005,4(15):283-298.
[158]Shirley,D.A.& Langan-Fox,J.Intuition:a review of the literature.Psychologyogical Reports,1996,79,563-584.
[159]Carpenter P A,Just M A,Shell P.What one intelligence test measures:A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven progressive matrices test.Psychological Review,1990,97:404-431.
[160]张小将.汉诺塔问题解决的认知过程分析[D].南京师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[161]章建成.知觉运动技能的训练与评价[J].体育科学,2005,8
[2]程勇民.知识表征、运动水平及其年龄对羽毛球竞赛情景中直觉性运动决策的影响[D].北京体育大学博士学位论文,2005.
[3]梁承谋.近年来认知运动心理学研究进展[R].中国体育科学学会蓝皮书,2007.
[4]朱智贤,林崇德.思维发展心理学[M].北京师范大学出版社,1984.
[5]梁承谋.普通心理学原理[M].北京:中国三峡出版社,1996
[6]漆昌柱.羽毛球专家-新手在模拟比赛情景中的问题表征与运动思维特征[D].北京体育大学博士研究生学位论文,2001.
[7]彭聃龄.普通心理学[M].北京师范大学出版社,2003.
[8]罗季奥昂诺夫著,卢振南等译.运动能力的心理学诊断[M].武汉体育学院科研处编印,1984.
[9]许尚侠.操作思维与运动操作的关系.华南师范大学学报(社会科学版)[J],1982,2:57-63.
[10]田运.思维科学[M].浙江教育出版社.1988.
[11]林崇德,杨治良,黄希庭.简明心理学大词典[M],北京师范大学出版社,2003.
[12]张力为,毛志雄.运动心理学[M].华东师范大学出版社,2003.
[13]鲁吉克著,汤秉南等译.运动心理学[M].武汉体育学院科研处编印,1979.
[14]邱宜均,贝恩渤.甲级排球运动员操作思维的初步研究[J].心理学报,1984,5:31-37.
[15]陈舒永,杨博民,邱宜均等.六种心理特点与体育运动的关系(摘要)[J].武汉体育学院学报,1982,1:7-10.
[16]邱宜均,刘立新,贝恩渤.湖北省优秀运动员几项心理指标的测试研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1989,4:33-38.
[17]周百之.乒乓球运动员的操作思维[J].中国体育科技,1984,17:3-5.
[18]韩晨,梁承谋.问题情境及技术等级对运动员直觉性思维的影响--对棒球运动员投-击球判断准确性和时间的实验[D].[硕士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2000.
[19]王斌.手球运动情境中直觉决策的实验研究与运动直觉理论的初步建构[D].[博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2002.
[20]付全.信息量与认知风格对击剑运动员决策速度、准确性和稳定性的影响[D].[博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2004.
[21]李今亮.乒乓球运动员接发球判断的思维活动特征[D].[博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2005.
[22]王长生.不同逻辑背景下跆拳道运动员直觉判断速度及决策准确性研究[D][博士论文].北京:北京体育大学研究生部,2007.
[23]梁承谋,程勇民,付全等.BTL-SW-1.2操作思维测试系统的开发与检验--摔跤、羽毛 球、击剑三项目不同水平运动员操作思维差异之比较[R].第六届全国运动心理学大会会议论文,2003.
[24]梁承谋,程勇民,付全等.健将与一般水平中国羽毛球运动员操作思维的Vincent学习曲线时间指标之差异比较[R].北京:第七届全国体育科学大会论文汇编,2004.
[25]梁承谋,程勇民,付全等.BTL-SW-V1.2操作思维测试系统的开发与检验.体育学刊,2007,6:34-36.
[26]符德龙.散打运动员操作思维能力与逻辑思维能力的研究[D].北京体育大学学士论文,2007.
[27]梁承谋,刘改成,王长生等.羽毛球运动员操作性思维文森特(Vincent)学习曲线类型特点初探-62名运动员BTL-SW-V1.2操作思维软件测定图形分析[R].武汉:第八届全国运动心理学大会论文汇编,2006.
[28]梁承谋.直觉问题及运动情境中直觉性思维实证[R].台北:第四届泛华心理学研讨会,2002.
[29]刘爱伦.思维心理学[M].上海教育出版社,2002.
[30]荆其诚主编.简明心理学百科全书[M].湖南教育出版社,1992.
[31]雷蓉蓉.中国羽毛球运动健将思维心理特征的测试研究[J].中国体育科技,1991,10:4-10.
[32]王忠勇,朱萍,李克荣.对不同水平女标枪运动员操作思维的研究[J].中国学校体育,1994,5:46-46.
[33]陈伟霖.女篮运动员操作思维的研究[J].福建体育科技,1988,3:40-41.
[34]雷蓉蓉等.中国优秀羽毛球运动员竞技能力心理结构及其选材对策[J].中国体育科技,1988.
[35]丁东升,朱瑛.男排运动员操作思维能力的研究[J].山东体育学院学报,1997,1(33):53-56.
[36]王美娟,原维佳.武术运动员操作思维敏捷性研究初探[J].山东体育学院学报,1994,1(21):23-26.
[37]张文革,舒为平.甲A女排自由防守队员防守能力测评方法的初步研究[J].成都体育学院学报,2005,1(31):63-66.
[38]骆积强.多元智力理论对运动智力研究的启示[J].体育科学研究,2004,3(8):90-93.
[39]田学岭.不同运动项目对学生操作能力影响的比较研究[J].周口师范学院学报,2004,5(21):94-97.
[40]黄韵亚.论艺术体操运动员的智力因素和非智力因素[J].体育科技,2003,4(24):43-45.
[41]陈晓鸣.我国少年甲组男篮运动员心理素质与专项成绩的关系研究[J].首都体育学院学报,2003,2(15):85-87.
[42]孙永生.儿童足球运动员选材指标的研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2002,2:13.15.
[43]贾志强,刘海英,武国政.在篮球战术基础配合教学中运用“操作思维引导式教学法”的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2001,1(24):95-98.
[44]何洋,石岩,郭仁立等.我国青少年射箭运动员选材指标与标准的研究[J].中国体育科技,2002,10(38):60-61.
[45]吴家舵,戴金彪,杨烨等.我国优秀青少年羽毛球运动员心理特征与运动成绩的相关研 究[J].上海体育学院学报,2000,4(24):58-61.
[46]王深.我国运动智力研究的现状与发展趋向[J].福建体育科技,2000,1(19):21-24.
[47]傅建霞,杨洪辉.我国女篮甲级队后卫队员的智力与若干运动技术能力的关系研究[J].体育科技,2000,3(21):27-30.
[48]卢亮球,邝郁,陈树.我国优秀少年女篮运动员运动成绩与某些感知特征的相关分析[J].西安体育学院学报,2000,2(17):79-81.
[49]明君,安良,商策.对国家冰球队运动员几项心理指标的研究[J].冰雪运动,1999,4:45-48.
[50]贺国侠.乒乓球运动员思维特征的试验研究[J].汉中师范学院学报(自然科学),1999,2(17):65-67.
[51]刘奕涛.乒乓球运动员的智力研究[J].体育学刊,1999,1:113-115.
[52]徐培.优秀运动员专项智力研究综述[J].武汉体育学院学报,1999,1:65-67.
[53]姒刚彦,姚家新,黄仲巨.第12届亚运会中国帆板队心理准备与心理训练的应用研究fJ].武汉体育学院学报,1995,3:49-55.
[54]周慕蔚.广西女子少年篮球运动员选材标准[J].广西体育科技,1994,1-2:53-57.
[55]徐百发,盛龙宝,王贵炎.江苏省少年排球运动员选材模式初探[J].南京体育学院学报,1994,16(8):22-24.
[56]黄敏,林呈生,傅志忠.无线电测向运动员选材研究[J].福建体育科技,1994,2(13):64-69.
[57]许永刚.少年男篮运动员身体形态素质心理因素与技术关系的系统分析[J].广州体育学院学报,1994,2(14):21-27.
[58]温一静.跳水运动员心理特征的研究[J].中国体育科技,1993,7(29):182-186.
[59]祝蓓里,唐征宇,林平等.优秀少年(男)足球运动员心理特征模式初探[J].贵州体育科技,1993,4:24-29.
[60]侯卫东.优秀女子足球运动员专项心理素质结构研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2004,1(19):65-69.
[61]朱国生,高凤鸣.不同负荷下武术运动员部分感受性变化的研究[J].安徽体育科技,2003,4(24):46-47.
[62]武德生.篮球运动员操作思维的研究[J].科技资讯,2005,26:58-59.
[63]李迎春,范爱武.高校排球队心理品质的培养和训练[J].南京体育学院学报,1995,20(9):39-42.
[64]赵大宁.试述辽宁省艺术体操运动员的操作思维[J].沈阳体育学院学报,1992,2:72-74.
[65]何雪德,牛洪林.如何培养足球运动员的思维能力[J].沈阳体育学院学报,1991,2:72-75.
[66]张璐斐,张华光,林亚阔.少年儿童羽毛球几项心理指标的测试结果与分析[J].福建体育科技,1991,1(10):63-67.
[67]周成林.谢虹.对沈阳体院竞体校与省、国家级体操、田径运动员几项心理指标的比较研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1991,3:52-57.
[68]朱翠源.我国帆船运动员专项心理能力评价与选才的研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1991,3:37-43.
[69]张炎生,对武术套路运动员若干智力问题的探讨[J]航州师范学院学报.1991,6:104-108.
[70]张林.我国部分女篮运动员技术效能与运动感知觉、操作思维能力的关系探讨[J].上海体 育学院学报,74-77.
[71]刘志民,陈昂,对我国青年女子篮球运动员智力的研究[J].苏州大学学报(自然科学),1989,2(5):200-203.
[72]风肖玉.对运动员操作思维能力的一种测定方法的初步研究[J].心理科学,1984,4:61-63.
[73]蔡仲林.对武术散手运动员认知心理特征的实验研究[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),1989,2(11):84-89.
[74]钱永刚.我国甲级足球队运动员若干认知心理特征的初步研究[J].沈阳体育学院学报,1988,4:36-40.
[75]雷蓉蓉,吴少鹏,吴鸿业等.中国优秀羽毛球运动员竞技能力心理结构及选材对策(续)[J].中国体育科技,1988,10:10-21.
[76]夏宝伦,常虹.要重视培养冰球运动员操作思维的敏捷性[J].41-44.
[77]张林.关于篮球运动员心理特征的研究(文献综述)[J].浙江体育科学,1987,2:27-29.
[78]詹美莎,褚跃德,胡天奇等.篮球运动员的心理选材,北京体育大学学报,1986,4:8-23.
[79]陈康,杨抗美.不同神经类型女排运动员某些心理指标之间差异的研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1984,4:57-63
[80]朱瑛.男子篮球运动员操作思维能力的研究[J].山东体育科技,1987,1:64-67.
[81]姚颂平,田福海.男子篮球运动员防守中心理认识过程的某些特征探讨[J].上海体育学院学报,1985,1:14-19.
[82]谭思洁.少年田径运动员几项心理指标的测试结果与分析[J].天津体育学院学报,1987,3:26-32.
[83]汪俊,于海峰.对首都体育学院不同位置男子篮球运动员操作思维的研究[J].体育世界,2007,8:25-27.
[84]常庆.优秀运动员心理特征的统计分析[J].体育科学,1984,2:15-21.
[85]肖开宁,王振,姜小丰等.广西运动员十项心理指标测定与研究[J].体育科技,1988,1:62-69.
[86]杨剑,肖辉.智力与运动专项智力研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2002,2(36):55-57.
[87]孙鹏,李宗浩.我国优秀电子竞技运动员操作思维特征[J].天津体育学院学报,2007,4(22):350-352.
[88]王海清,燕成.对体育学系中思维活动规律认识误区的探讨[J].湘潭师范学院学报(自然科学版),2002,1(24):99-102.
[89]张林,朱颂模.不同位置的优秀女篮运动员心理能力差异探讨[J].抚州师专学报(自然科学辑刊),1989,3:86-90.
[90]佘军标,心理素质训练对射箭运动员某些心理特征的影响.卫生预防论著[J].2001,10(5):484-485.
[91]张云保.摔跤运动员早期选材[J].武汉体育学院学报,2000,1(34):86-88.
[92]周家骥,王养华,李酉亭.体育系学生的智力状况分析[J].武汉体育学院学报,1985,2:76-82.
[93]潘前,刘志民.对我国青少年羽毛球运动员若干智力问题的探讨[J].上海体育学院学报,1989,1:24-29.
[94]闭宏仁.对影响武术运动的非智力因素和智力因素的研究[J].体育科技,2001,4(22):29-32.
[95]谭湘萍.试论体育运动中的智力因素[J].湖北体育科技,1995,2:48-49.
[96]周工．篮球运动员战术思维微机模拟的实验设计[J]．心理学报,1988,3：291-298．
[97]Lindquist,E.L.An information processing approach to the study of a complex motor skill.RES Q,1970,3(41):396-401.
[98]Robert N.singer & Christopher M Janelle.Determining sport expertise:from genes to supremes.Intj.sport psychology,1999,30:117-150.
[99]Robert N.singer,James H.Cauraugh,Dapeng Chen,et al.Visual search,anticipation,and reactive comparisons between highly-skilled and beginning tennis players.Journal of applied sport psychology,1996,8:9-26
[100]Andrew mark Williams & Andrew grant.Training perceptual skill in sport.International Journal of sport psychology,1999,30:194-220.
[101]Hubert Ripoll.The understanding-acting process in sport:the relationship between the semantic and sensorimotor visual function.International Journal of sport psychology,1991,22,221-243.
[102]Isaacs & Finch.Anticipatory timing of beginning and intermediate tennis players.Perceptual and Motor Skills,1983,57:451-454.
[103]Starkes,J.L.,& Deakin,J.Perception in sport:A cognitive approach to skilled performance.In W.F.,Straub & J.M.Williams(Eds.),Cognitive sport psychology,New York:Sport Science Associates,1984,115-128.
[104]Morris & Burwitz.Anticipation and movement strategies in elite soccer goalkeepers at penalty kicks,British Journal of Sports Sciences(abstract),1989,7:79-80.
[105]Souliere & Salmela.Visual measures,temporal stress and motor performance in volleyball.In J.H.,Salmela,J.T.,Partington,& T.Orlick(Eds.),New paths of sport learning and excellence.Ottawa:Sports in Perspective Incorporated,1982,27-28.
[106]McPherson & Thomas.Relation of knowledge and performance in boys' tennis:Age and expertise,Journal of experimental child psychology,1989,48:190-211.
[107]Wood,Wild,Hussey,& Crews.Serial examination of the normal visual field using octopus automated projection perimetry:Evidence for a learning effect.Acta Opthamologica,1987,65,326-333.
[109]Worrell.The impact of specialized sports vision testing and therapy on baseball batting averages.International Journal of Sports Vision,1996,3:1.
[110]Gibson.The ecological approach to visual perception.Bostom:Houghton-Mifflin,Hofsten,C.von.Catching.In H.Heuer & A.F.Sanders(Eds.),Perspectives on perception and action.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.,1979:33-46.
[111]Katherine T.Thomas & Jerry R.Thomas.Developing expertise in sport:the relation of knowledge and performance.International journal sport psychology,1994,25:295-312.
[112]Storm J.Russell.Athletes' knowledge in task perception,definition and classfication.Australia international journal of sport psychology,1990,21:85-101.
[113]Gary G Ford,Frankie Goodwin,& James w.Richardson.Perceptual factors affecting the accuracy of ball and strike judgments from the traditional American league and national league umpiring perspectives.International journal sport psychology,1995,27:50-58.
[114]Geoffrey Paull & Denis Glencross.Expert perception and decision making in baseball Internationa.Journal of sport psychology,1997,28:35-56.
[115]Paul Ward & A.Mark Williams.Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer:the multidimensional nature of expert performance.Journal of sport & Exercise Psychology,2003,25,93-111.
[116]David L.Wright & Frank Pleasants & Marco Gomez-Meza.Use of Advanced visual cue sources in volleyball.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,1990,12,406-414.
[117]Joseph baker & Jean cote.Sport-specific practice and the development of expert decision-making in team ball sports.Journal of applied sport psychology,2003,15:12-25
[118]Sue L.McPherson.The influence of player experience on problem solving during batting preparation in baseball.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,1993,15,304-325.
[119]Bruce Abernethy & David G Russell.Expert-novice differences in an applied selective attention task Journal of sport psychology,1987,9:326-345.
[120]Jeff Huber.Differences in problem representation and procedural knowledge between elite and nonelite springboard divers.The sport psychologyist,1997,11:142-159.
[121]David R.Houlston & Richard Lowes.Anticipatory cue-utilization processes amongst expert and non-expert wicketkeepers in cricket.International journal of sport psychology,1993,24:59-73.
[122]Markus Raab.Implicit and explicit learning of decision making in sports is effected by complexity of situation.International journal of sport psychology,2003,34:273-88.
[123]Chantal bard,Michelle fleury & claude Goulet.Relationship between perceptual strategies and response adequacy in sport situation.International journal of sport psychology,1994,25:266-281.
[124]Bachir Zoudji,Bernard Thon.Expertise and implicit memory:differential repetition priming effects on decision making in experienced and inexperienced soccer players.International journal of sport psychology,2003,34:189-207.
[125]Claude Goulet,Chantal Bard,& Michelle Fleury.Expertise differences in preparing to return a tennis serve:a visual information processing approach.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,1989,11:382-398.
[126]Mcpherson..Expert-novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition.Journal of sport & exercise psychology,2000,22:39-62.
[127]Terry McMcpris.Cognitve development and the acquisition of decision-making skills.Int j sport psychol,1999,30:151-172
[128]Karen E.French & Sue L.Mcpherson.Adaptations in response selection processes used during sport competition with increasing age and expertise.Int j sport psycolo,1999,30:173-193.
[129]Hubert Ripoll,& Nicolas benguigui.Emergence of expertise in ball sports during child development.Int j sport psycholo,1999,30:235-245.
[130]Vincent nougier,& Bruna rossi.The development of expertise in the orienting of attention.Int j.sport psychol,1999,30:246-260
[131]Gershon tenbenbaum,& Evan stewart,paul sheath.Detection of targets and attentional flexibility:can computerized simulation account for developmental and skill-level differences? Intj sport psychol,1999,30:261-282.
[132]Janet L.starkes,Patricia L.Weir,Parrnjit singh,Nicola J.Hodges & Tracey kerr.Aging and the retention of sport expertise Int j sport psychol,1999,30:283-301.
[133]Bruce abernethy.Visual search strategies and decision-making in sport International journal of sport psychology,1991,22:189-210.
[134]Michel Laurent & James A.Thomson Anticipation and Control in Visually-Guided Locomotion.Int,j sport psychol,22:251-270,1991.
[135]Peter McLeod & Simon Jenking.Timing accuracy and decision time in high-speed ball games Intj sport psychol,1991,22:279-295
[136]Vincent Nougier,Jean-francois stein,& Anne-Marie Bonnel.Information processing in sport and orienting of attention.Int j sport psychol,1991,22:307 -327.
[137]Damian farrow,Paula Chivers,Carl Hardingham,Shane Sachse The effect of video-based perceptual training on the tennis return of serve.Int J.sport psychol,1998,29:231-242.
[138]Isabel.B.Tallir,Eliane Musch,Martin Valcke,& Matthieu Lenoir.Effects of Two instructional approaches for basketball of decision-making and recognition ability.Int J sport psychol,2005,36:107-126.
[139]李宗浩,肖林鹏,杨晓晨等.奥林匹克运动项目分类及其项目群特征的研究.天津体育学院学报,2006,6(21):461-463.
[140]陶志翔.持拍隔网对抗项群男子单人项目基本单元竞技过程的研究[D].北京体育大学博士研究生论文,2002.
[141]田麦久,刘筱英.论竞技运动项目的分类.北京体育大学学报,1983,11:41-46.
[142]田麦久.项群训练理论[M].人民体育出版社,1998.
[143]周西宽,唐思宗等.运动学[M].四川教育出版社.1990.
[144]曹景伟.百年奥运田径项目成绩紧张历史回眸[J].广州体育学院学报,2000,1(20):11-16.
[145]谢亚龙,王汝英,王清.体能类项群运动成绩的中长期预测方法-递进系数法的研究[J].体育科学,1990,5:37-40.
[146黄良文,曾五一.统计学原理[M].中国统计出版社.北京,2000.
[147]刘烨,李刚,林凌.7-16岁学生解决“汉诺塔”问题的心理测试[J].天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,1(6):90-95.
[148]张小将,刘昌.汉诺塔问题解决的认知过程及特点分析.心理与行为研究[J],2005,3(1):44-48.
[149]赵俐敏,我国优秀羽毛球运动员年龄结构特征分析.中国体育教练员[J],1995,2.18-20.
[150]陈仲庚等.《艾森克人格问卷使用手册》[M].北京大学出版社,1985.
[151]陈仲庚.艾森克人格问卷的项目分析[J1.心理学报,1983(2):211.217.
[152]王秀香,明大阳.体能主导类健将级运动员艾森克个性调查分析[J].北京体育大学学 报,2004(7):900-902
[153]张厚粲,王晓平.瑞文标准推理测验手册(中国城市修订版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1985:1-60
[154]张厚粲,王晓平.瑞文标准推理测验在我国的修订[J].心理学报,1989(2):113-121.
[155]任未多,邢玉香.运动直觉及其特征[J].体育科学,1989,4:68-71.
[156]朱新明.直觉、顿悟和灵感的心理机制,见(赵光武主编)思维科学研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999:374-402.
[156]王树明,章建成.羽毛球运动员专项情境中信息加工阶段速度研究.中国体育科技,2005,5(41):93-96.
[157]Welsh,Marilyn C.& Huizinga,Mariette.Tower of Hanoi disk-transfer task:Influences of strategy knowledge and learning on performance.Learning & Individual Differences,2005,4(15):283-298.
[158]Shirley,D.A.& Langan-Fox,J.Intuition:a review of the literature.Psychologyogical Reports,1996,79,563-584.
[159]Carpenter P A,Just M A,Shell P.What one intelligence test measures:A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven progressive matrices test.Psychological Review,1990,97:404-431.
[160]张小将.汉诺塔问题解决的认知过程分析[D].南京师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[161]章建成.知觉运动技能的训练与评价[J].体育科学,2005,8