农牧交错带天然草地开垦后不同开垦年限对土壤特性、CH_4吸收和N_2O排放的影响研究
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摘要
本文选择位于内蒙古东部农牧交错带锡盟太仆寺旗的天然草地和邻近的6个不同开垦年限的农田样地(垦殖年限为5年,10年,15年,20年,35年和50年)作为研究对象。研究了农牧交错带天然草地转变为农田后,开垦年限对土壤理化特性的影响。此外,还选取了天然草地和开垦5年、10年、50年的农田这4个研究样地,利用静态暗箱法,对其土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放的季节动态变化进行野外观测试验,旨在探索天然草地转化为农田后开垦年限对土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放的影响。并在野外观测试验的基础上,通过室内培养实验,探讨了内蒙古锡盟太仆寺旗典型草原转变为农田后,在相同的水分温度条件下,不同开垦年限下(5年、10年、15年、20年、35年、50年)农田土壤的理化特性对土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放的影响。本研究旨在为农牧交错带土地的合理利用、综合评价草地土壤的质量和肥力状况、制定土壤中温室气体排放减缓措施等提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:
1.天然草地转变为农田后,在0-30cm土层中,土壤的有机碳含量、全氮含量、速效钾含量、水溶性碳含量、pH值和粘粒含量均随农田开垦年限的延长而降低;而土壤砂粒含量和土壤的容重随农田开垦年限的增加而显著增加。这表明开垦年限越长越易导致土壤养分的缺乏和土壤的酸化和沙化。
2.天然草地转变为农田后,增强了土壤吸收CH4的能力,土壤对CH4的吸收量随开垦年限的增加而降低;而天然草地转变为农田后,开垦5年降低了土壤N2O的排放能力,开垦10年、50年增加了土壤N2O的排放能力。
3.野外观测实验表明,土壤的温度和水分含量是影响CH4吸收的主要因子,土壤的硝态氮含量和水分含量是影响N2O排放的主要因素;土壤细菌数量对天然草地N2O的排放有明显影响,土壤微生物生物量氮含量对开垦10年、50年农田N2O的排放通量影响显著。
4.培养试验表明,在温度水分相同的条件下,天然草地转变为农田后低了土壤吸收CH4和排放N2O的能力,CH4的吸收量和N2O的排放量随开垦年限的增加呈现降低趋势。单因子相关分析表明:土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、速效钾含量、水溶性碳含量、砂粒含量以及pH值是土壤吸收CH4的主要影响因素;土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量是影响土壤N2O排放的主要因子。
Natural grassland and the adjacent six farmlands of different reclamation years (5, 10, 15, 20, 35 and 50 years) in Taipusi County of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were studied. The study investigated the long time effect of a conversation from grasslands to croplands on soil physical-chemical properties, using direct field samplings. The natural grassland, five years cropland, ten years cropland and fifty years cropland was selected to study the effects of reclamation years(5,10, 50 years)on soil CH4 absorption and N2O emission. The seasonal dynamics changes of soil CH4 uptake and N2O emissions in four land plots were observed in field, using the static black-box method. On the basis of field observation experiment, under the same conditions of water and temperature, the effects of soil physical-chemical properties of the Different-reclamation-years cropland (5, 10, 15, 20, 35 and 50 years) converted from typical steppe in Taipusi County on CH4 absorption and N2O emission were studied using a laboratory incubation method. This study was designed to provide a scientific basis to use the land rationally, to assess comprehensivly the grassland conditions such as soil quality and fertility, to develop the mitigation measures of soil greenhouse gas emissions, and so on. The major results are as follows:
1. Soil physical-chemical properties were influenced significantly after natural grassland was changed into cropland. Reclamation induced a reduction of soil organic carbon (SOC) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, soil available kalium content, dissolved organic carbon content (DOC), pH levels and clay content, and increased soil bulk density and sand content in the 0-30cm soil layer, with the use length of the farmland.The results showed that soil desertification, soil acidification and loss of soil nutrient were more serious, with the increase of reclamation years.
2. The capacity of CH4 uptake was enhanced significantly after grassland was changed into cropland, soil CH4 absorption decreased with cultivation years. With natural grassland as control, N2O emission was reduced in five years cropland, but N2O emission was increased in ten years cropland and fifty years cropland.
3. Field observation experiment showed that: moisture and temperature in soil surface were the main factors of CH4 absorption, and soil surface moisture content and NO3--N content were the main factors of soil N2O emissions. The number of soil bacteria influenced significantly N2O emission of grassland. Soil microbial biomass nitrogen (BN) affected significantly N2O emission of ten years cropland and fifty years cropland.
4. Incubation experiment showed that: under the same conditions of water and temperature, the CH4 uptake and N2O emission were reduced significantly after grassland was changed into cropland, soil CH4 absorption and N2O emission decreased with cultivation years. The Correlation analysis indicated that: soil organic carbons (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), soil available kalium content, pH levels, sand content and dissolved organic carbon content (DOC) were the main influencing factors of CH4 absorption ; It also founded that there was clear dependency of soil properties (soil organic carbons content; total nitrogen content) on soil N2O emission.
1.天然草地转变为农田后,在0-30cm土层中,土壤的有机碳含量、全氮含量、速效钾含量、水溶性碳含量、pH值和粘粒含量均随农田开垦年限的延长而降低;而土壤砂粒含量和土壤的容重随农田开垦年限的增加而显著增加。这表明开垦年限越长越易导致土壤养分的缺乏和土壤的酸化和沙化。
2.天然草地转变为农田后,增强了土壤吸收CH4的能力,土壤对CH4的吸收量随开垦年限的增加而降低;而天然草地转变为农田后,开垦5年降低了土壤N2O的排放能力,开垦10年、50年增加了土壤N2O的排放能力。
3.野外观测实验表明,土壤的温度和水分含量是影响CH4吸收的主要因子,土壤的硝态氮含量和水分含量是影响N2O排放的主要因素;土壤细菌数量对天然草地N2O的排放有明显影响,土壤微生物生物量氮含量对开垦10年、50年农田N2O的排放通量影响显著。
4.培养试验表明,在温度水分相同的条件下,天然草地转变为农田后低了土壤吸收CH4和排放N2O的能力,CH4的吸收量和N2O的排放量随开垦年限的增加呈现降低趋势。单因子相关分析表明:土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、速效钾含量、水溶性碳含量、砂粒含量以及pH值是土壤吸收CH4的主要影响因素;土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量是影响土壤N2O排放的主要因子。
Natural grassland and the adjacent six farmlands of different reclamation years (5, 10, 15, 20, 35 and 50 years) in Taipusi County of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were studied. The study investigated the long time effect of a conversation from grasslands to croplands on soil physical-chemical properties, using direct field samplings. The natural grassland, five years cropland, ten years cropland and fifty years cropland was selected to study the effects of reclamation years(5,10, 50 years)on soil CH4 absorption and N2O emission. The seasonal dynamics changes of soil CH4 uptake and N2O emissions in four land plots were observed in field, using the static black-box method. On the basis of field observation experiment, under the same conditions of water and temperature, the effects of soil physical-chemical properties of the Different-reclamation-years cropland (5, 10, 15, 20, 35 and 50 years) converted from typical steppe in Taipusi County on CH4 absorption and N2O emission were studied using a laboratory incubation method. This study was designed to provide a scientific basis to use the land rationally, to assess comprehensivly the grassland conditions such as soil quality and fertility, to develop the mitigation measures of soil greenhouse gas emissions, and so on. The major results are as follows:
1. Soil physical-chemical properties were influenced significantly after natural grassland was changed into cropland. Reclamation induced a reduction of soil organic carbon (SOC) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, soil available kalium content, dissolved organic carbon content (DOC), pH levels and clay content, and increased soil bulk density and sand content in the 0-30cm soil layer, with the use length of the farmland.The results showed that soil desertification, soil acidification and loss of soil nutrient were more serious, with the increase of reclamation years.
2. The capacity of CH4 uptake was enhanced significantly after grassland was changed into cropland, soil CH4 absorption decreased with cultivation years. With natural grassland as control, N2O emission was reduced in five years cropland, but N2O emission was increased in ten years cropland and fifty years cropland.
3. Field observation experiment showed that: moisture and temperature in soil surface were the main factors of CH4 absorption, and soil surface moisture content and NO3--N content were the main factors of soil N2O emissions. The number of soil bacteria influenced significantly N2O emission of grassland. Soil microbial biomass nitrogen (BN) affected significantly N2O emission of ten years cropland and fifty years cropland.
4. Incubation experiment showed that: under the same conditions of water and temperature, the CH4 uptake and N2O emission were reduced significantly after grassland was changed into cropland, soil CH4 absorption and N2O emission decreased with cultivation years. The Correlation analysis indicated that: soil organic carbons (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), soil available kalium content, pH levels, sand content and dissolved organic carbon content (DOC) were the main influencing factors of CH4 absorption ; It also founded that there was clear dependency of soil properties (soil organic carbons content; total nitrogen content) on soil N2O emission.
引文
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