托幼建筑声环境研究
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摘要
随着经济的飞速发展和社会文明的不断进步,人们对身边的环境问题越来越关注,特别是建筑的声环境问题也愈来愈受到人们的广泛关注与研究。无论从心理发展上还是从生理发育上,幼儿时期都是一个比较关键和特殊的时期,而幼儿们所处声环境的好坏又与幼儿的健康生长、发育等息息相关。长期以来,由于人们对于托幼建筑的声环境问题的重视程度不够,多数旧有或新建幼儿园中都或多或少地存在着声环境问题。进入21世纪,人们对健康舒适的生活环境的需求越来越高,再加上为了响应国家的计划生育政策,每家都基本上只有一个孩子,因此对下一代的关注程度也就远远高于以前任何一个时期,从而对托幼建筑的环境问题的重视程度也远远高于从前。
幼儿园属于一种大量性建筑,在城市中分布比较广泛,不管是旧有的还是新建的、是大规模的还是小规模的托幼机构,都应该重视其声环境问题。良好的声环境对幼儿的身心发育和成长都有非常重要的作用,因此有必要对托幼建筑的声环境进行探讨和研究,以探明当前存在的主要问题,从而提出合理的改善策略,给幼儿们提供一个有利于身心健康的成长空间。本文通过对大量文献资料的分析和实地的调研,分析了噪声对幼儿的发育、视力、听力、心理等方面的一系列不良影响以及噪音对园内老师的身心健康的影响;并通过对太原市大、中、小等十多家托幼机构的声环境现状进行了实际调查和研究,分析了当前托幼建筑声环境中存在的主要问题,并归纳出了相应的防噪措施;本文还探讨了托儿所、幼儿园建筑规划设计中有关声环境的一些方法与可行性的技术措施,从幼儿园建筑的选址、平面布局、室内装饰、周边绿化设计等方面对噪声的控制总结了相应的改善策略。建筑声学是一门边缘性的学科,它与许多的学科都有着密不可分的联系,因此在处理幼儿园声环境的问题时,需要与相关的设计方面紧密结合,
使我们的设计不仅仅能满足功能方面的要求,更要能满足声学方面的要求。国内外大量相关的资料和实例均表明,无论新建还是改建的托儿所、幼儿园,只要将总投资的一小部分用于声学处理,就能获得比较好的效果,就能给幼儿园的孩子们提供一个温馨、安静的生活和学习环境。
本文的研究成果希望能为幼儿园、托儿所的建筑设计师和室内设计师们提供相关的声学处理意见,笔者在此呼吁大家对托儿所、幼儿园建筑的声环境问题多些关注与研究,希望本文能起到一个抛砖引玉的作用。
With the rapid growth of economics and the continuous improvement of civilization, people take more and more attention to the environment problem around themselves, especially the construction of acoustic environment are attended and researched widely by people. Both physiological development and the psychological development, the early childhood is very important and special. Acoustic environment is closely related to children's healthy and development. For a long time, because people do not attach importance to acoustic environment about kindergarten building, most old or new kindergarten is more or less equipped with acoustic environment problems. Into the 21st century, people has a higher require of a comfortable and healthy living environment, and in response to the national family planning policy, every home has only a child, so the concern for next generation and the emphasis for environment is also far more than any previous period.
There is a huge quality of kindergarten buildings and it located widely in cities. Whether old or new, large-scale or small-scale, should attach importance to the acoustic environment. It is necessary to research the problem of the kindergarten buildings to find out the main problem in the acoustic environment, so that we can improve it, service a good environment in children's physical and mental development and growth. This article analysis a series of bad effect for the infant flower, sight and hearing, mental health by numerous documents and data from the research field ,and analysis the influence of the noise for the teacher's health. Through investigating the environment of large, medium and small kindergarten in Taiyuan, and the current problem about acoustic environment in kindergarten were researched ;Through generalizing the corresponding measures, and the thesis and some ways and feasibility of the technical measures were discussed. The corresponding improvement strategy from the location, room decoration was summarized, surrounding the design of noise control in kindergarten buildings. Building acoustic is a peripheral subject. It is associated with many disciplines closely, so in the treatment of kindergarten acoustic environmental problems, our design not only could satisfy the functional requirements, but meet the requirements of acoustic subject.
A large number of relevant data and illustrations demonstrate that, if only a small part of the total investment for acoustic environmental improvement, we will achieve better results. We will provide a warm, quiet living and learning environment for the kindergarten children.
This paper provides acoustic improvement strategy through studying for kindergartens, nurseries architects. I appeal to all which pay more attention to the nurseries and kindergarten buildings about the acoustic environment. I hope that this article can call more listeners.
幼儿园属于一种大量性建筑,在城市中分布比较广泛,不管是旧有的还是新建的、是大规模的还是小规模的托幼机构,都应该重视其声环境问题。良好的声环境对幼儿的身心发育和成长都有非常重要的作用,因此有必要对托幼建筑的声环境进行探讨和研究,以探明当前存在的主要问题,从而提出合理的改善策略,给幼儿们提供一个有利于身心健康的成长空间。本文通过对大量文献资料的分析和实地的调研,分析了噪声对幼儿的发育、视力、听力、心理等方面的一系列不良影响以及噪音对园内老师的身心健康的影响;并通过对太原市大、中、小等十多家托幼机构的声环境现状进行了实际调查和研究,分析了当前托幼建筑声环境中存在的主要问题,并归纳出了相应的防噪措施;本文还探讨了托儿所、幼儿园建筑规划设计中有关声环境的一些方法与可行性的技术措施,从幼儿园建筑的选址、平面布局、室内装饰、周边绿化设计等方面对噪声的控制总结了相应的改善策略。建筑声学是一门边缘性的学科,它与许多的学科都有着密不可分的联系,因此在处理幼儿园声环境的问题时,需要与相关的设计方面紧密结合,
使我们的设计不仅仅能满足功能方面的要求,更要能满足声学方面的要求。国内外大量相关的资料和实例均表明,无论新建还是改建的托儿所、幼儿园,只要将总投资的一小部分用于声学处理,就能获得比较好的效果,就能给幼儿园的孩子们提供一个温馨、安静的生活和学习环境。
本文的研究成果希望能为幼儿园、托儿所的建筑设计师和室内设计师们提供相关的声学处理意见,笔者在此呼吁大家对托儿所、幼儿园建筑的声环境问题多些关注与研究,希望本文能起到一个抛砖引玉的作用。
With the rapid growth of economics and the continuous improvement of civilization, people take more and more attention to the environment problem around themselves, especially the construction of acoustic environment are attended and researched widely by people. Both physiological development and the psychological development, the early childhood is very important and special. Acoustic environment is closely related to children's healthy and development. For a long time, because people do not attach importance to acoustic environment about kindergarten building, most old or new kindergarten is more or less equipped with acoustic environment problems. Into the 21st century, people has a higher require of a comfortable and healthy living environment, and in response to the national family planning policy, every home has only a child, so the concern for next generation and the emphasis for environment is also far more than any previous period.
There is a huge quality of kindergarten buildings and it located widely in cities. Whether old or new, large-scale or small-scale, should attach importance to the acoustic environment. It is necessary to research the problem of the kindergarten buildings to find out the main problem in the acoustic environment, so that we can improve it, service a good environment in children's physical and mental development and growth. This article analysis a series of bad effect for the infant flower, sight and hearing, mental health by numerous documents and data from the research field ,and analysis the influence of the noise for the teacher's health. Through investigating the environment of large, medium and small kindergarten in Taiyuan, and the current problem about acoustic environment in kindergarten were researched ;Through generalizing the corresponding measures, and the thesis and some ways and feasibility of the technical measures were discussed. The corresponding improvement strategy from the location, room decoration was summarized, surrounding the design of noise control in kindergarten buildings. Building acoustic is a peripheral subject. It is associated with many disciplines closely, so in the treatment of kindergarten acoustic environmental problems, our design not only could satisfy the functional requirements, but meet the requirements of acoustic subject.
A large number of relevant data and illustrations demonstrate that, if only a small part of the total investment for acoustic environmental improvement, we will achieve better results. We will provide a warm, quiet living and learning environment for the kindergarten children.
This paper provides acoustic improvement strategy through studying for kindergartens, nurseries architects. I appeal to all which pay more attention to the nurseries and kindergarten buildings about the acoustic environment. I hope that this article can call more listeners.
引文
[1]黎志涛.幼儿园建筑设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2006.07
[2]幼儿园建筑设计图集[M].东南大学出版社,2004.01
[3]朱家瑾.居住区规划设计(第二版)[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2007.05
[4]JGJ 39—87,托儿所、幼儿园建筑设计规范,中国建筑工业出版社
[5]中国建筑声学的过去和现在王季卿声学学报第21卷第1期
[6]秦佑国,王炳麟建筑声环境第二版清华大学出版社1999-08
[7]托儿所幼儿园建筑设计,北京:中国建筑工业出版社1989年10月
[8]许家珍托儿所幼儿园建筑设计第1版1993年12月
[9]刘加平,张继良,建筑物理学科现状与发展趋势商洛师范专科学校学报第19卷2005年10月
[10]吕玉恒国内噪声控制近况评述中国船舶工业第九设计研究所上海200063
[11]Bronzaft,A.I.and McCarthy,D.P.(1975),”The effect of elevated train noise on reading ability,”Environmental Behavior,7,517-528.
[12]Buildings in Brazil[R].ICA2004.925-928.
[13]吴硕贤,声学设计原理,中国建筑工业出版社2000-12
[14]项端祈,实用建筑声学,中国建筑工业出版社,1993
[15]尹剑波,城市居住区和住宅设计中声环境的研究,青岛理工大学硕士论文.2005
[16]蔡守秋,环境权初探,中国社会科学1982(3)
[17]程明昆,二十一世纪的声环境中国科学院声学研究所,北京,100080
[18]徐传友,吸声材料研究的进展,河南理工大学,河南焦作,454003
[19]苑改红,王宪成,吸声材料研究现状与展望,1.装备指挥技术学院士官系.北京102249;2.装甲兵工程学院机械系.北京100072)
[20]秦佑国,王炳解编著.建筑声环境[M].,第2版北京清华大学出版社,1999L.L.多勒著.
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[22] [美]詹姆斯·考恩著.李晋奎,燕翔译.建筑声学设计指南[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[23]刘荣福居民住宅环境噪声的控制焦作大学学报2000
[24]周新祥噪声控制及应用实例海洋出版社1999-2-1
[25]蒙特梭利东方幼儿园校园网噪音对幼儿的影响--选择安静的幼儿园
[26]翟文儿童智力的十大杀手江苏科技报2001.06.24第003版
[27]宋雯谨防家庭噪音对孩子健康的危害家庭医生
[28]叶晓云纺织噪声对孕期女工和新生少儿体重的影响中国妇幼保健1988年第3卷第4期
[29]Knipachild P,eNaN.Aircraft noise and birth weight,Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1981;46;131
[30]刘庆余张宏明环境噪声对中小学教师喉部疾患的影响[J].现代预防医学,1998,25(3):354-355.
[31]王培安等主编。职业病临床指南。第一版。上海:上海医科大出版社,1995,426~428
[32]许家珍托儿所、幼儿园建筑设计1993年12月第1版)
[33]邓庆坦托儿所、幼儿园建筑设计图说济南山东科学技术出版社2006年06月第一版)
[34]JGJ39—87,托儿所,幼儿园建筑设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987.
[35]Code for design of nursery school[S].Beijingl China Architecture and Building Press.1987.
[36]严萍托幼建筑室内物理环境研究建筑技术科学硕士研究生论文
[37]张娟黎志涛谈幼儿园建筑设计现状早期教育(教师版) 2007
[38]民用建筑设计规范中国建筑工业出版社(1997-12)
[39]千索萍.城市环境噪声污染控制途径探讨[J].噪声与振动控制,2002,4
[40]张远东中国环境监测广东省环境监测中心站
[41]康慕谊.城市生态学与城市环境.北京:中国计量出版社,1997
[42]刘玲玲教室声环境的灰色关联度综合评价广西大学声学学报
[43]马信芳申城用绿化“减噪”消音植物受推崇深圳特区报
[44]法国研制成高性能降噪墙新材料产业2003年第八期
[45]谢浩.室内噪声控制中隔声窗的设计要点[J]房产与应用,2000,28(6):16—18.
[46]柳孝图.建筑物理[M].第二版.北京:中国建筑T业出版社.2000
[47]郑明坤,赵伟等现代住宅声环境特点及其设计[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报,2000
[48]罗松钦住宅建筑室内装修与改善室内声环境建筑知识2004年第06期
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[54]王洪飞王会兵等声对人体的危害及综合防治研究Journal of Occupational Health and Damage 2001,Vol.16 No.4
[55]王季卿.中小学教室内噪声和师生反映的调查[J].环境科学学报,1996,16(2):245-247.
[56]黎志涛谈幼儿园建筑设计的现状《早期教育(教师版)》2007年06期
[57] Bechtel RB,et al. Handbook of environmental psychology. New York:J. Wiley & Sons, c2002:499-508
[58] World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 12
[2]幼儿园建筑设计图集[M].东南大学出版社,2004.01
[3]朱家瑾.居住区规划设计(第二版)[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2007.05
[4]JGJ 39—87,托儿所、幼儿园建筑设计规范,中国建筑工业出版社
[5]中国建筑声学的过去和现在王季卿声学学报第21卷第1期
[6]秦佑国,王炳麟建筑声环境第二版清华大学出版社1999-08
[7]托儿所幼儿园建筑设计,北京:中国建筑工业出版社1989年10月
[8]许家珍托儿所幼儿园建筑设计第1版1993年12月
[9]刘加平,张继良,建筑物理学科现状与发展趋势商洛师范专科学校学报第19卷2005年10月
[10]吕玉恒国内噪声控制近况评述中国船舶工业第九设计研究所上海200063
[11]Bronzaft,A.I.and McCarthy,D.P.(1975),”The effect of elevated train noise on reading ability,”Environmental Behavior,7,517-528.
[12]Buildings in Brazil[R].ICA2004.925-928.
[13]吴硕贤,声学设计原理,中国建筑工业出版社2000-12
[14]项端祈,实用建筑声学,中国建筑工业出版社,1993
[15]尹剑波,城市居住区和住宅设计中声环境的研究,青岛理工大学硕士论文.2005
[16]蔡守秋,环境权初探,中国社会科学1982(3)
[17]程明昆,二十一世纪的声环境中国科学院声学研究所,北京,100080
[18]徐传友,吸声材料研究的进展,河南理工大学,河南焦作,454003
[19]苑改红,王宪成,吸声材料研究现状与展望,1.装备指挥技术学院士官系.北京102249;2.装甲兵工程学院机械系.北京100072)
[20]秦佑国,王炳解编著.建筑声环境[M].,第2版北京清华大学出版社,1999L.L.多勒著.
[21]吴伟中,叶恒健译.建筑环境声学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社·1981
[22] [美]詹姆斯·考恩著.李晋奎,燕翔译.建筑声学设计指南[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[23]刘荣福居民住宅环境噪声的控制焦作大学学报2000
[24]周新祥噪声控制及应用实例海洋出版社1999-2-1
[25]蒙特梭利东方幼儿园校园网噪音对幼儿的影响--选择安静的幼儿园
[26]翟文儿童智力的十大杀手江苏科技报2001.06.24第003版
[27]宋雯谨防家庭噪音对孩子健康的危害家庭医生
[28]叶晓云纺织噪声对孕期女工和新生少儿体重的影响中国妇幼保健1988年第3卷第4期
[29]Knipachild P,eNaN.Aircraft noise and birth weight,Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1981;46;131
[30]刘庆余张宏明环境噪声对中小学教师喉部疾患的影响[J].现代预防医学,1998,25(3):354-355.
[31]王培安等主编。职业病临床指南。第一版。上海:上海医科大出版社,1995,426~428
[32]许家珍托儿所、幼儿园建筑设计1993年12月第1版)
[33]邓庆坦托儿所、幼儿园建筑设计图说济南山东科学技术出版社2006年06月第一版)
[34]JGJ39—87,托儿所,幼儿园建筑设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987.
[35]Code for design of nursery school[S].Beijingl China Architecture and Building Press.1987.
[36]严萍托幼建筑室内物理环境研究建筑技术科学硕士研究生论文
[37]张娟黎志涛谈幼儿园建筑设计现状早期教育(教师版) 2007
[38]民用建筑设计规范中国建筑工业出版社(1997-12)
[39]千索萍.城市环境噪声污染控制途径探讨[J].噪声与振动控制,2002,4
[40]张远东中国环境监测广东省环境监测中心站
[41]康慕谊.城市生态学与城市环境.北京:中国计量出版社,1997
[42]刘玲玲教室声环境的灰色关联度综合评价广西大学声学学报
[43]马信芳申城用绿化“减噪”消音植物受推崇深圳特区报
[44]法国研制成高性能降噪墙新材料产业2003年第八期
[45]谢浩.室内噪声控制中隔声窗的设计要点[J]房产与应用,2000,28(6):16—18.
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