冻融期黄土滑坡实验研究
|
摘要
“西部大开发”战略举措不断深入,黄土山地逐步被广泛开发利用,作为脆弱黄土地区负效应的黄土滑坡灾害与日俱增,严重制约了该地区的良性发展,为此,黄土滑坡灾害研究日益受到重视,但灾害机理仍是国际难题,深入研究具有重要的理论意义、经济意义和社会意义。
选择冻融期黄土滑坡为研究对象,综合运用地学、数学、力学及系统科学相关理论,利用系统调查、广泛资料归纳、数值模拟、1m地温测试、模糊分析、层次分析等方法,以水的作用为主线,对冻融期黄土滑坡滑坡区地下水分布、温度场特征、形成机理解释及发育阶段判定等方面进行了有益探讨。主要结论如下:
(1)以“1m地温理论”为指导,选择会宁县太平乡某冻融期黄土滑坡为实例,通过1m地温监测,编绘“滑坡区地下水水脉分布图”,探索冻融期黄土滑坡区地下水分布规律;
(2)ADINA-T模拟结果“当外界温度为0℃时,坡体温度场由坡表到坡底,温度基本逐渐增加,但到一定深度后,温度基本保持不变;冻结时间1个月时,外界温度为-10℃时,冻深约为0.95m;当冻结时间2个月时,外界温度为-15℃,冻深约为1.15m;当冻结时间3个月时,外界温度为-20℃,达到最低温度,冻深约为1.35m,达到最大冻深。”与理论推导和实测最大冻结深度比较吻合。
(3)建立了“冻结前后滑坡区地下水运移模型”,以黄土地区分布最为广泛的滑坡类型——黄土泥岩顺层滑坡为模型,采用水文学原理,在确定边界条件和一定假定条件基础上,推导出浸润线方程;并分析了冻结后地下水浸润线分布情况。
(4)“冻结滞水促滑效应”主要表现为:冻结层虽阻碍了坡表径流下渗,但也堵塞了地下水排泄通道,使坡体成为一“储水囊”,地下水分布范围不断扩大、水位不断上升,增大了滑坡区动、静水压力,降低了斜坡,尤其是滑动面附近岩土体强度,进而加速斜坡变形甚至诱发滑坡灾害。以洒勒山滑坡为例,说明冻融作用是其主要作用因素和诱发因素;以会宁县太平乡滑坡为例,计算了冻结前后滑坡稳定性,结果表明冻融作用对滑坡稳定性影响较大。
(5)采用可能度区间判断矩阵排序法的“改进可拓层次分析法”,既考虑了人类对事物判断的模糊性特点,又可避免传统层次分析法的大量试算工作。建立了“滑坡时间预报可拓层次分析模型”,利用改进可拓层次分析法,可通过滑坡宏观迹象调查判定滑坡发育阶段。
本研究成果,有益于判定黄土地区斜坡地下水分布规律,能较好解释冻融期黄土滑坡灾害频繁现象,丰富了滑坡滑动机理及预测预报理论,对黄土滑坡防治方案决策和工程布置有一定参考意义。
With the "Western Development" strategy continuing to deepen, loess area is widely development and utilization gradually, as a weak negative effect of the loess area, loess landslide hazard grow day by day, and seriously hamper the development. Loess landslide research has received increasing attention, but the disaster mechanism remains a major international problem, in-depth study has important theoretical significance, economic significance and social significance.
Select freezing-thawing period of loess landslide as the research object, use geography, mathematics, mechanics and systems science-related theories, use systematic investigation, extensive information on induction, numerical simulation, 1m ground temperature test, fuzzy analysis, hierarchical analysis methods, do beneficial aspects to loess landslide mechanism of freezing-thawing period, finding the development rule of groundwater and time prediction of loess landside. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Introduction of Japanese decline and groundwater experts, Dr Atsushi Takeuchi proposed "1m geothermal theory", using the theory can establish "1m ground temperature distribution" and "Location of underground water veins," and further analysis of horizontal distribution of groundwater decline, study the location and size of underground water veins.
(2)ADINA-T simulation results:When the outside temperature is 0℃, the temperature gradient gradually increased from the slope surface to the base, but to a certain depth, the temperature has remained unchanged. when the freezing time is 1 month, the outside temperature is -10℃, the freezing depth is about 0.95m. When the freezing time is the 2 months, the outside temperature is -15℃, the freezing depth is about 1.15m.When the freezing time is about 3 months, the outside temperature is -20℃, the freezing depth is about 1.35m, arrive maximum depth. The maximum depth of theoretical derivation is anastomosised for the measured.
(3) Establishing of "a groundwater transporting model of landslide before and after the freezing", using the loess landslide types of loess-mudstone planar landslide which is widest distribution as landslide model, using principles of hydrology on the base of determining the conditions and boundary conditions assumed, derived the basic differential equation saturation line; and analysis of frozen ground water seepage line distribution.
(4) The feature of " effect of promoting slip by frozen perched water" are as follows: Hamper the runoff infiltration, but also blocked the groundwater discharge channels, the slope become as a "storage bladders," expanding the scope of the distribution of groundwater, rising the water level, increasing dynamic and hydrostatic pressure of landslide area, reducing the slope in particular the strength of rock and soil mass, speed up the slope deformation and even induced landslide hazard.Take Saleshan landside as an example,analyze the causes of the landside,thought that the freezing-thawing affect is the mian contributing factors and triggers;Take the Huining County Taiping landside as an example,the calculation of the stability of freezing before and after,the results show that the role of freezing-thawing is greater to the stability.
(5) Using "Improving the extension of AHP," take into account both the human right to determine the fuzzy character of things, but also to avoid the traditional analytic hierarchy process a large number of spreadsheet work. Established a "slippery slope time prediction of extension AHP model", the use of improved extension of AHP, the macro can be signs of landslide investigation had determined that landslide developmental stages.
In this paper, the results can be better explained the frequent loess landslide phenomenon of freezing and thawing period, enrich the time of landslide prediction theory, help determine the distribution of loess area of groundwater, have a certain reference to loess landslide prevention programs and decision-making.
选择冻融期黄土滑坡为研究对象,综合运用地学、数学、力学及系统科学相关理论,利用系统调查、广泛资料归纳、数值模拟、1m地温测试、模糊分析、层次分析等方法,以水的作用为主线,对冻融期黄土滑坡滑坡区地下水分布、温度场特征、形成机理解释及发育阶段判定等方面进行了有益探讨。主要结论如下:
(1)以“1m地温理论”为指导,选择会宁县太平乡某冻融期黄土滑坡为实例,通过1m地温监测,编绘“滑坡区地下水水脉分布图”,探索冻融期黄土滑坡区地下水分布规律;
(2)ADINA-T模拟结果“当外界温度为0℃时,坡体温度场由坡表到坡底,温度基本逐渐增加,但到一定深度后,温度基本保持不变;冻结时间1个月时,外界温度为-10℃时,冻深约为0.95m;当冻结时间2个月时,外界温度为-15℃,冻深约为1.15m;当冻结时间3个月时,外界温度为-20℃,达到最低温度,冻深约为1.35m,达到最大冻深。”与理论推导和实测最大冻结深度比较吻合。
(3)建立了“冻结前后滑坡区地下水运移模型”,以黄土地区分布最为广泛的滑坡类型——黄土泥岩顺层滑坡为模型,采用水文学原理,在确定边界条件和一定假定条件基础上,推导出浸润线方程;并分析了冻结后地下水浸润线分布情况。
(4)“冻结滞水促滑效应”主要表现为:冻结层虽阻碍了坡表径流下渗,但也堵塞了地下水排泄通道,使坡体成为一“储水囊”,地下水分布范围不断扩大、水位不断上升,增大了滑坡区动、静水压力,降低了斜坡,尤其是滑动面附近岩土体强度,进而加速斜坡变形甚至诱发滑坡灾害。以洒勒山滑坡为例,说明冻融作用是其主要作用因素和诱发因素;以会宁县太平乡滑坡为例,计算了冻结前后滑坡稳定性,结果表明冻融作用对滑坡稳定性影响较大。
(5)采用可能度区间判断矩阵排序法的“改进可拓层次分析法”,既考虑了人类对事物判断的模糊性特点,又可避免传统层次分析法的大量试算工作。建立了“滑坡时间预报可拓层次分析模型”,利用改进可拓层次分析法,可通过滑坡宏观迹象调查判定滑坡发育阶段。
本研究成果,有益于判定黄土地区斜坡地下水分布规律,能较好解释冻融期黄土滑坡灾害频繁现象,丰富了滑坡滑动机理及预测预报理论,对黄土滑坡防治方案决策和工程布置有一定参考意义。
With the "Western Development" strategy continuing to deepen, loess area is widely development and utilization gradually, as a weak negative effect of the loess area, loess landslide hazard grow day by day, and seriously hamper the development. Loess landslide research has received increasing attention, but the disaster mechanism remains a major international problem, in-depth study has important theoretical significance, economic significance and social significance.
Select freezing-thawing period of loess landslide as the research object, use geography, mathematics, mechanics and systems science-related theories, use systematic investigation, extensive information on induction, numerical simulation, 1m ground temperature test, fuzzy analysis, hierarchical analysis methods, do beneficial aspects to loess landslide mechanism of freezing-thawing period, finding the development rule of groundwater and time prediction of loess landside. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Introduction of Japanese decline and groundwater experts, Dr Atsushi Takeuchi proposed "1m geothermal theory", using the theory can establish "1m ground temperature distribution" and "Location of underground water veins," and further analysis of horizontal distribution of groundwater decline, study the location and size of underground water veins.
(2)ADINA-T simulation results:When the outside temperature is 0℃, the temperature gradient gradually increased from the slope surface to the base, but to a certain depth, the temperature has remained unchanged. when the freezing time is 1 month, the outside temperature is -10℃, the freezing depth is about 0.95m. When the freezing time is the 2 months, the outside temperature is -15℃, the freezing depth is about 1.15m.When the freezing time is about 3 months, the outside temperature is -20℃, the freezing depth is about 1.35m, arrive maximum depth. The maximum depth of theoretical derivation is anastomosised for the measured.
(3) Establishing of "a groundwater transporting model of landslide before and after the freezing", using the loess landslide types of loess-mudstone planar landslide which is widest distribution as landslide model, using principles of hydrology on the base of determining the conditions and boundary conditions assumed, derived the basic differential equation saturation line; and analysis of frozen ground water seepage line distribution.
(4) The feature of " effect of promoting slip by frozen perched water" are as follows: Hamper the runoff infiltration, but also blocked the groundwater discharge channels, the slope become as a "storage bladders," expanding the scope of the distribution of groundwater, rising the water level, increasing dynamic and hydrostatic pressure of landslide area, reducing the slope in particular the strength of rock and soil mass, speed up the slope deformation and even induced landslide hazard.Take Saleshan landside as an example,analyze the causes of the landside,thought that the freezing-thawing affect is the mian contributing factors and triggers;Take the Huining County Taiping landside as an example,the calculation of the stability of freezing before and after,the results show that the role of freezing-thawing is greater to the stability.
(5) Using "Improving the extension of AHP," take into account both the human right to determine the fuzzy character of things, but also to avoid the traditional analytic hierarchy process a large number of spreadsheet work. Established a "slippery slope time prediction of extension AHP model", the use of improved extension of AHP, the macro can be signs of landslide investigation had determined that landslide developmental stages.
In this paper, the results can be better explained the frequent loess landslide phenomenon of freezing and thawing period, enrich the time of landslide prediction theory, help determine the distribution of loess area of groundwater, have a certain reference to loess landslide prevention programs and decision-making.
引文
[1]吴玮江,王念秦.甘肃滑坡灾害.兰州:兰州大学出版社,2005
[2] Geuze E C W A,Tan Tjone-Kie.The mechanical behavior of clays[A].Proe.2thInt.Conf.on Rheology,1953,London,Britain, 247~259
[3]陈宗基.地下巷道长期稳定性的力学问题,岩石力学与工程学报,1982,1(1),1~20
[4] Saito M.1965.Forecasting the time of occurrence of slope failures.In:Proceedings of 6th International Conferences,220~227
[5]李朝奎,黄力民,曾卓乔.非线性模型与边坡蠕变观测数据的统计预报分析.湘潭工学院学报,1999,14(3):63~67
[6]周德培,朱本珍,毛坚强.流变力学原理及其在岩土工程中的应用.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1995
[7]沈忠言,苗丽娜,刘永.冻结黄土的拉伸蠕变特性.冰川冻土,1995,17(2):144~151
[8]张天庆,苗天德,王家澄,苗丽娜,李亚峰.冻结黄土蠕变损伤的电镜分析.冰川冻土,1995,17(增刊):54~59
[9]罗汀,姚仰平,蔡东艳.黄土蠕变的试验研究.西安建筑科技大学学报,1995,27(3):304~308
[10] HADAMARD J.Lecons sur la propagation des ondes et les equations de l’hydrodynamique.Librarie scientifique.Paris:A Hermann,1903
[11]Viggiani,G.,Rampello,S.,georgiannou,V.N..Experimental analysis of localization phenomena in triaxial tests on still clays.Proc.of Int.Symp.on Hard Soil rocks,Athens,1993,1:849~856
[12] Saada,A.S.,Blanchini,G.F.,LIQUN LTANG.Cracks,Bifurcation and shear bands propagation in saturated clays.Geotechnique,1994,44(1):35~64
[13] Hicher P Y., Wahydi H., Tessier D. Microstructural Analysis of Strain Localization In Clay.Computers and Geoetchnics,1994,16:205~222.
[14]蒋明镜,沈珠江.结构性粘土剪切带的微观分析.岩土工程学报,1998,20(2):101~108
[15]潘一山,杨小彬.白光数字散斑相关方法研究岩石变形局部化.岩土工程学报,2002,24(1):97~100
[16]钱建固,黄茂松,杨峻.真三维应力状态下土体应变局部化的非共轴理论.岩土工程学报,2006,28(4):510~515
[17] Hill R.,Hutchinson J W..Bifurcation phenomena in the plate tension test.Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1975,23:239~264.
[18]钱建固,黄茂松.轴对称状态下土体剪切带触发形成的分叉理论.岩土工程学报,2003,25(4):400~404
[19]陈胜宏,秦卫星,徐青.应变局部化带追踪模拟的复合单元方法与应用.岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(6):1116~1121
[20]Skempton,A.W..Long term stability of clay slopes.Geotechnique ,London,1964,14(1),77~101
[21]刘爱华,王思敬.平面坡体渐进破坏模型及其应用.工程地质学报,1994,2(l):1~8
[22]徐俊岭.高速远程滑坡研究现状综述.见:滑坡文集编委会.滑坡文集(第12集).北京:中国铁道出版社,1999.54-64
[23]王庚荪.边坡渐进破坏及稳定性分析.岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(1):29~33
[24]卢肇钧.粘性土抗剪强度研究的现状与展望.土木工程学报,1999,8:3~9
[25]吉锋,刘汉超.渐进性破坏随机法在边坡稳定性分析中的应用.水文地质工程地质.2004,31(3):62~65
[26]郑颖人,刘兴华.近代非线性科学与岩石力学问题.岩土工程学报, 1996,18(1), 98~100
[27]秦四清.非线性工程地质学导引.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1993
[28] Whitney H.On Singularities of eulidean Space.IMappings of the plane into the plane.Ann.of Mathm,1955,62(3):374~410
[29]Thom R.Stabilite Structurelle et Morphogenese.New York:Benjamin W A,Inc 1972
[30] Revilla J.,Castillo E..The Calculus of Variations Applied to Statibility of Slopes.Geotech,1977,27(1):1~11
[31]苗天德,方南山.滑坡发育的突变模型.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1998,24(4):45~50
[32]龙辉,秦四清,万志清.降雨触发滑坡的尖点突变模型.岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(4):502~508
[33]房营光.土质边坡失稳的突变性分析.力学与实践,2000,26(4):24~27
[34]姜永东,鲜学福,易俊.边坡失稳的尖点突变模型研究.重庆建筑大学学报,2008,30(1):40~43
[35]胡广韬.滑坡动力学.北京:地质出版社,1995
[36]毛彦龙,胡广韬,赵法锁,毛新虎.地震动触发滑坡体滑动的机理.西安工程学院学报,1998,20(4):45~52
[37]黄雅虹.地震作用下黄土斜坡的稳定性分析预.西比地震学报.1998,20(3):52~58
[38]王家鼎,张倬元.地震诱发高速黄土滑坡的机理研究.岩土工程学报,1999,21(6):670~674
[39]麦德维捷夫,黄秀铭(译).地震小区划.北京:地震出版社.1981
[40]张振中,段汝文.黄土震陷研究与震害.西北地震学报.1987,9(增刊):14~18
[41] Zhang Zhenzhong,Wang Lanming.Geological disasters in loess arecasduring the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.Geojournal.1995,36(2),269~274
[42] Prakash,S.,Puri,V.K..Liquefaction of loessial soils.Proc.Thifd International Conference on Seismic Microzonation ,Seattle,USA,1982,2:1101~1107
[43] Prakash,S.,Sandoval,J.A..Li quefaction of low plasticity silts.Journal of Soil Dynamics and Eathquake Engineering,1992,71(7):373~397
[44]白铭学,张苏民.高烈度地震时黄土地层的液化移动.工程勘察,1990,17(6):1~5
[45]王家鼎,刘悦.高速黄土滑坡蠕、滑动液化机理的进一步研究.西北大学学报(自然科学版).1999,29(1):79~81
[46] Terzaghi.K..Mechanism of landslides.In S.Paige(ed) Application of Geology to Engineering Practice,Geological Society of America,Berkey,1950:83~123
[47] Terzaghi K.,Peck R.B..Soil Mechanics In Engineering Practice.Newyork:John Willey&Sons(ZndED),1967
[48] Attewell P B.,Farmer I W..Principles Of Engineering Geology(成都地质学院工程地质教研室译).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[49]卢肇钧.土的破坏机理和土力学问题.见:中国地质学会工程地质专业委员会编.全国首届工程地质学术会议论文选集.北京:科学出版社,1983:115~120
[50]金培杰,曹玉立.甚低频电磁法在确定滑坡地下水分布中的应用.物探与化探,1991,17(2):150-153
[51]李芙林.直流电法在滑坡地下水调查中的应用.工程勘察,1999,27(5)65-66]
[52]金培杰,曹玉立.静电a卡法在探测滑坡地下水中的应用.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1992,3(3):52-70
[53]朱冬林,聂德新,葛修润. 3D-Modflow在模拟库岸滑坡工程地下水分布中的应用初探.岩体力学, 2002, 23(3):378-381
[54]孙云志,苏爱军.复杂滑坡体地下水分层观测技术与应用.地球科学:中国地质大学学报, 2005, 30(2): 241-244
[55]蒋中明,徐卫亚,张新敏.滑坡地下水位动态预测的径向基函数法.岩石学与工程学报, 2003, 22 (9): 1500 -1504
[56] E·П·叶米里扬诺娃.滑坡作用的基本规律,铁道部科学研究院西北所译.1986,重庆:重庆出版社
[57]曲焰.蠕变滑动与降雨量的相关关系.滑坡论文选集.1989,成都:四川科学技术出版社,198-205.
[58]王恭先,徐峻龄,刘光代,李传珠.滑坡学与滑坡防治技术.2004,北京:中国铁道出版社
[59]王念秦,曾思伟,吴玮江,刘顺华,杨重存.滑坡宏观迹象综合分析预报方法研究.甘肃科学学报,1999,11(1):34-38
[60]王家鼎,王念秦.天水市椒树湾泰山庙滑坡变形监测分析.兰州大学学报,1992,28(增刊):48-55
[61]郑乾墙.滑坡危险性的模糊综合评判.江西地质,199913( 4):299-303
[62] Saito M. Forecasting the time of occurrence of slope failures.In:Proceedings of 6th International Conferences, 1965,220-227
[63]孙景恒等.Pearl模型在边坡失稳时间预报中的应用.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1993,4(2):36-41
[64]梅荣生.滑坡剧滑时间预测模型建模方法.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1993,4(2):4-18
[65]蒋刚,林鲁生.边坡变形的灰色预测模.岩土力学,2000,21( 3):244-246
[66]李晓红,靳晓光,亢会明,卢义玉,杨新华.GM(1,1)优化模型在滑坡预测预报中的应用.山地学报,2001,19(3):265-269
[67]王震宇.孟陆波.滑坡预报的多元回归分析方法.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2003,14(3):21-23
[68]张卫中,尹光志,唐建新,康钦容.基于指数平滑法与回归分析相结合的滑坡预测.岩土力学,2007,28(8):1725~1728
[69]徐峻龄,廖小平,李荷生.黄茨大型滑坡的预报及其理论和方法.中国地质灾害与防治学报,7( 3):18~25
[70]杨文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究.北京:科学出版社,1995
[71]吴玮江.季节性冻融作用与斜坡整体变形破坏.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(4):59~64
[72] Knutsson S, L Domaschuk and N Chandler.1985. Analysis of large scale laboratory and in situ frost heave tests. Proc. of4th Internel Sympo. on Ground Freezing,65~70
[73]那平山,徐树林.毛乌素沙地柳湾林死亡原因的研究.中国沙漠,1989,9(4):62~73
[74] Williams P J.1984. Moisture migation in frozen soils, Final Proc. of4th Intern' l. Cont. on Permafrost,64~66
[75]陈玉超.冻融环境下岩土边坡稳定性研究初探:[学位论文].西安:西安科技大学,2004
[76]邱国庆,王雅卿,曾凯文等.兰州地区黄土的冻结温度.冰川冻土,1990,12(2):106~115
[77]王铁行,刘自成,岳彩坤.模拟气候因素黄土高原路基地表温度数值分析.路基工程,2008,1:1-2
[78]王铁行,刘自成,卢靖.黄土导热系数和比热容试验研究,岩土力学.2008,28(4):654-658
[79] Graham,J.and Au,V.C.S.Effects of freeze-thaw and softening on a natural clay at low stresses.Canadian Geotechnical Journal.1985,22(1):69-78
[80]雷汉忠.冻融土的工程性质及利用.煤炭设计,1994(6);39-44
[81]蔡文,杨春燕,王光华.一门交叉的学科-可拓学.中国科学基金,2004(05):14-18
[82] Saaty T L,Vargas L G.Uncertainty and rank order in the analytic hierarchy process.European Journal of Opera-tional Research,1987,32:107-117
[83]蔡文.物元分析.广州:广东高等教育出版社,1987:95-126
[84]高洁,盛昭翰.可拓层次分析法研究.系统工程,2002,20(5):6-11
[85]徐泽水,达庆利.一种基于可能度的区间判断矩阵排序法.中国管理科学,2003,11(1):63-65
[86]徐泽水.模糊互补判断矩阵排序的最小方差法.系统工程理论与实践,2001,21(10):93-96
[87]黄崇福,王家鼎.模糊信息分析与应用.北京:北京师范大学出版社.1992:111-117
[2] Geuze E C W A,Tan Tjone-Kie.The mechanical behavior of clays[A].Proe.2thInt.Conf.on Rheology,1953,London,Britain, 247~259
[3]陈宗基.地下巷道长期稳定性的力学问题,岩石力学与工程学报,1982,1(1),1~20
[4] Saito M.1965.Forecasting the time of occurrence of slope failures.In:Proceedings of 6th International Conferences,220~227
[5]李朝奎,黄力民,曾卓乔.非线性模型与边坡蠕变观测数据的统计预报分析.湘潭工学院学报,1999,14(3):63~67
[6]周德培,朱本珍,毛坚强.流变力学原理及其在岩土工程中的应用.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1995
[7]沈忠言,苗丽娜,刘永.冻结黄土的拉伸蠕变特性.冰川冻土,1995,17(2):144~151
[8]张天庆,苗天德,王家澄,苗丽娜,李亚峰.冻结黄土蠕变损伤的电镜分析.冰川冻土,1995,17(增刊):54~59
[9]罗汀,姚仰平,蔡东艳.黄土蠕变的试验研究.西安建筑科技大学学报,1995,27(3):304~308
[10] HADAMARD J.Lecons sur la propagation des ondes et les equations de l’hydrodynamique.Librarie scientifique.Paris:A Hermann,1903
[11]Viggiani,G.,Rampello,S.,georgiannou,V.N..Experimental analysis of localization phenomena in triaxial tests on still clays.Proc.of Int.Symp.on Hard Soil rocks,Athens,1993,1:849~856
[12] Saada,A.S.,Blanchini,G.F.,LIQUN LTANG.Cracks,Bifurcation and shear bands propagation in saturated clays.Geotechnique,1994,44(1):35~64
[13] Hicher P Y., Wahydi H., Tessier D. Microstructural Analysis of Strain Localization In Clay.Computers and Geoetchnics,1994,16:205~222.
[14]蒋明镜,沈珠江.结构性粘土剪切带的微观分析.岩土工程学报,1998,20(2):101~108
[15]潘一山,杨小彬.白光数字散斑相关方法研究岩石变形局部化.岩土工程学报,2002,24(1):97~100
[16]钱建固,黄茂松,杨峻.真三维应力状态下土体应变局部化的非共轴理论.岩土工程学报,2006,28(4):510~515
[17] Hill R.,Hutchinson J W..Bifurcation phenomena in the plate tension test.Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids,1975,23:239~264.
[18]钱建固,黄茂松.轴对称状态下土体剪切带触发形成的分叉理论.岩土工程学报,2003,25(4):400~404
[19]陈胜宏,秦卫星,徐青.应变局部化带追踪模拟的复合单元方法与应用.岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(6):1116~1121
[20]Skempton,A.W..Long term stability of clay slopes.Geotechnique ,London,1964,14(1),77~101
[21]刘爱华,王思敬.平面坡体渐进破坏模型及其应用.工程地质学报,1994,2(l):1~8
[22]徐俊岭.高速远程滑坡研究现状综述.见:滑坡文集编委会.滑坡文集(第12集).北京:中国铁道出版社,1999.54-64
[23]王庚荪.边坡渐进破坏及稳定性分析.岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(1):29~33
[24]卢肇钧.粘性土抗剪强度研究的现状与展望.土木工程学报,1999,8:3~9
[25]吉锋,刘汉超.渐进性破坏随机法在边坡稳定性分析中的应用.水文地质工程地质.2004,31(3):62~65
[26]郑颖人,刘兴华.近代非线性科学与岩石力学问题.岩土工程学报, 1996,18(1), 98~100
[27]秦四清.非线性工程地质学导引.成都:西南交通大学出版社,1993
[28] Whitney H.On Singularities of eulidean Space.IMappings of the plane into the plane.Ann.of Mathm,1955,62(3):374~410
[29]Thom R.Stabilite Structurelle et Morphogenese.New York:Benjamin W A,Inc 1972
[30] Revilla J.,Castillo E..The Calculus of Variations Applied to Statibility of Slopes.Geotech,1977,27(1):1~11
[31]苗天德,方南山.滑坡发育的突变模型.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1998,24(4):45~50
[32]龙辉,秦四清,万志清.降雨触发滑坡的尖点突变模型.岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(4):502~508
[33]房营光.土质边坡失稳的突变性分析.力学与实践,2000,26(4):24~27
[34]姜永东,鲜学福,易俊.边坡失稳的尖点突变模型研究.重庆建筑大学学报,2008,30(1):40~43
[35]胡广韬.滑坡动力学.北京:地质出版社,1995
[36]毛彦龙,胡广韬,赵法锁,毛新虎.地震动触发滑坡体滑动的机理.西安工程学院学报,1998,20(4):45~52
[37]黄雅虹.地震作用下黄土斜坡的稳定性分析预.西比地震学报.1998,20(3):52~58
[38]王家鼎,张倬元.地震诱发高速黄土滑坡的机理研究.岩土工程学报,1999,21(6):670~674
[39]麦德维捷夫,黄秀铭(译).地震小区划.北京:地震出版社.1981
[40]张振中,段汝文.黄土震陷研究与震害.西北地震学报.1987,9(增刊):14~18
[41] Zhang Zhenzhong,Wang Lanming.Geological disasters in loess arecasduring the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.Geojournal.1995,36(2),269~274
[42] Prakash,S.,Puri,V.K..Liquefaction of loessial soils.Proc.Thifd International Conference on Seismic Microzonation ,Seattle,USA,1982,2:1101~1107
[43] Prakash,S.,Sandoval,J.A..Li quefaction of low plasticity silts.Journal of Soil Dynamics and Eathquake Engineering,1992,71(7):373~397
[44]白铭学,张苏民.高烈度地震时黄土地层的液化移动.工程勘察,1990,17(6):1~5
[45]王家鼎,刘悦.高速黄土滑坡蠕、滑动液化机理的进一步研究.西北大学学报(自然科学版).1999,29(1):79~81
[46] Terzaghi.K..Mechanism of landslides.In S.Paige(ed) Application of Geology to Engineering Practice,Geological Society of America,Berkey,1950:83~123
[47] Terzaghi K.,Peck R.B..Soil Mechanics In Engineering Practice.Newyork:John Willey&Sons(ZndED),1967
[48] Attewell P B.,Farmer I W..Principles Of Engineering Geology(成都地质学院工程地质教研室译).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1982
[49]卢肇钧.土的破坏机理和土力学问题.见:中国地质学会工程地质专业委员会编.全国首届工程地质学术会议论文选集.北京:科学出版社,1983:115~120
[50]金培杰,曹玉立.甚低频电磁法在确定滑坡地下水分布中的应用.物探与化探,1991,17(2):150-153
[51]李芙林.直流电法在滑坡地下水调查中的应用.工程勘察,1999,27(5)65-66]
[52]金培杰,曹玉立.静电a卡法在探测滑坡地下水中的应用.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1992,3(3):52-70
[53]朱冬林,聂德新,葛修润. 3D-Modflow在模拟库岸滑坡工程地下水分布中的应用初探.岩体力学, 2002, 23(3):378-381
[54]孙云志,苏爱军.复杂滑坡体地下水分层观测技术与应用.地球科学:中国地质大学学报, 2005, 30(2): 241-244
[55]蒋中明,徐卫亚,张新敏.滑坡地下水位动态预测的径向基函数法.岩石学与工程学报, 2003, 22 (9): 1500 -1504
[56] E·П·叶米里扬诺娃.滑坡作用的基本规律,铁道部科学研究院西北所译.1986,重庆:重庆出版社
[57]曲焰.蠕变滑动与降雨量的相关关系.滑坡论文选集.1989,成都:四川科学技术出版社,198-205.
[58]王恭先,徐峻龄,刘光代,李传珠.滑坡学与滑坡防治技术.2004,北京:中国铁道出版社
[59]王念秦,曾思伟,吴玮江,刘顺华,杨重存.滑坡宏观迹象综合分析预报方法研究.甘肃科学学报,1999,11(1):34-38
[60]王家鼎,王念秦.天水市椒树湾泰山庙滑坡变形监测分析.兰州大学学报,1992,28(增刊):48-55
[61]郑乾墙.滑坡危险性的模糊综合评判.江西地质,199913( 4):299-303
[62] Saito M. Forecasting the time of occurrence of slope failures.In:Proceedings of 6th International Conferences, 1965,220-227
[63]孙景恒等.Pearl模型在边坡失稳时间预报中的应用.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1993,4(2):36-41
[64]梅荣生.滑坡剧滑时间预测模型建模方法.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1993,4(2):4-18
[65]蒋刚,林鲁生.边坡变形的灰色预测模.岩土力学,2000,21( 3):244-246
[66]李晓红,靳晓光,亢会明,卢义玉,杨新华.GM(1,1)优化模型在滑坡预测预报中的应用.山地学报,2001,19(3):265-269
[67]王震宇.孟陆波.滑坡预报的多元回归分析方法.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2003,14(3):21-23
[68]张卫中,尹光志,唐建新,康钦容.基于指数平滑法与回归分析相结合的滑坡预测.岩土力学,2007,28(8):1725~1728
[69]徐峻龄,廖小平,李荷生.黄茨大型滑坡的预报及其理论和方法.中国地质灾害与防治学报,7( 3):18~25
[70]杨文治,邵明安.黄土高原土壤水分研究.北京:科学出版社,1995
[71]吴玮江.季节性冻融作用与斜坡整体变形破坏.中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(4):59~64
[72] Knutsson S, L Domaschuk and N Chandler.1985. Analysis of large scale laboratory and in situ frost heave tests. Proc. of4th Internel Sympo. on Ground Freezing,65~70
[73]那平山,徐树林.毛乌素沙地柳湾林死亡原因的研究.中国沙漠,1989,9(4):62~73
[74] Williams P J.1984. Moisture migation in frozen soils, Final Proc. of4th Intern' l. Cont. on Permafrost,64~66
[75]陈玉超.冻融环境下岩土边坡稳定性研究初探:[学位论文].西安:西安科技大学,2004
[76]邱国庆,王雅卿,曾凯文等.兰州地区黄土的冻结温度.冰川冻土,1990,12(2):106~115
[77]王铁行,刘自成,岳彩坤.模拟气候因素黄土高原路基地表温度数值分析.路基工程,2008,1:1-2
[78]王铁行,刘自成,卢靖.黄土导热系数和比热容试验研究,岩土力学.2008,28(4):654-658
[79] Graham,J.and Au,V.C.S.Effects of freeze-thaw and softening on a natural clay at low stresses.Canadian Geotechnical Journal.1985,22(1):69-78
[80]雷汉忠.冻融土的工程性质及利用.煤炭设计,1994(6);39-44
[81]蔡文,杨春燕,王光华.一门交叉的学科-可拓学.中国科学基金,2004(05):14-18
[82] Saaty T L,Vargas L G.Uncertainty and rank order in the analytic hierarchy process.European Journal of Opera-tional Research,1987,32:107-117
[83]蔡文.物元分析.广州:广东高等教育出版社,1987:95-126
[84]高洁,盛昭翰.可拓层次分析法研究.系统工程,2002,20(5):6-11
[85]徐泽水,达庆利.一种基于可能度的区间判断矩阵排序法.中国管理科学,2003,11(1):63-65
[86]徐泽水.模糊互补判断矩阵排序的最小方差法.系统工程理论与实践,2001,21(10):93-96
[87]黄崇福,王家鼎.模糊信息分析与应用.北京:北京师范大学出版社.1992:111-117